Subjective organization in free recall of "unrelated" words.
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Except for semantic clustering experiments by Tulving and others, the experiments cited by Wixted and Rohrer involve retrieval of already familiar items (chunks), so their finding is correctly interpreted as showing that latencies between successive whole chunks increase with time.
“Except for experiments on semantic clustering by Tulving (1962) and others, all of the experiments cited by Wixted and Rohrer involve retrieving already familiar items (chunks) from memory; hence the correct interpretation of their finding is that when successive whole chunks are retrieved, the latencies between chunks will grow with time.”
From Expert Chess Memory: Revisiting the Chunking Hypothesis (1998) · cites this paper as Tulving (1962)
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Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2 · Cited by 4,479 · see citing works
The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x · Cited by 2,037 · see citing works
Barsalou, L. W. (1983) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196968 · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
Alba, J. W., & Hasher, L. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.93.2.203 · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Précis of Elements of episodic memory
Tulving, E. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004440x · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Self-citationHypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic”
Spanos, N. P. (1986) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00046537 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Hurlstone, M. J., Hitch, G. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034221 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Stimulus-independent thought depends on central executive resources
Teasdale, J. D., Dritschel, B. H., Taylor, M. J., Proctor, L., Lloyd, C. A., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Baddeley, A. D. (1995) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197257 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Expert Chess Memory: Revisiting the Chunking Hypothesis
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1998) · Memory · doi:10.1080/741942359 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Greene, J. D. W., Baddeley, A. D., & Hodges, J. R. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00151-4 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
The relation between source memory and aging.
Schacter, D. L., Kaszniak, A. W., Kihlstrom, J. F., & Valdiserri, M. (1991) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.559 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
The testing effect in free recall is associated with enhanced organizational processes
Zaromb, F. M., & Roediger, H. L. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.38.8.995 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Task context and organization in free recall
Polyn, S. M., Norman, K. A., & Kahana, M. J. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cognitive retraining for organizational impairment in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Buhlmann, U., Deckersbach, T., Engelhard, I., Cook, L. M., Rauch, S. L., Kathmann, N., Wilhelm, S., & Savage, C. R. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.10.012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tulving, E.
- Corresponding author
- Tulving, Endel
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1962-07
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 344-354
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2046260226
- Cited by
- 867
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- free recall, subjective organization, semantic organization, memory organization, word recall
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Memory, Mental Recall
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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