A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder
Open accessAbstract
Functional neurological disorder reflects impairments in brain networks leading to distressing motor, sensory and/or cognitive symptoms that demonstrate positive clinical signs on examination incongruent with other conditions. A central issue in historical and contemporary formulations of functional neurological disorder has been the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotions. However, the debate has mostly omitted fundamental questions about the nature of emotions in the first place. In this perspective article, we first outline a set of relevant working principles of the brain (e.g. allostasis, predictive processing, interoception and affect), followed by a focused review of the theory of constructed emotion to introduce a new understanding of what emotions are. Building on this theoretical framework, we formulate how altered emotion category construction can be an integral component of the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder and related functional somatic symptoms. In doing so, we address several themes for the functional neurological disorder field including: (i) how energy regulation and the process of emotion category construction relate to symptom generation, including revisiting alexithymia, 'panic attack without panic', dissociation, insecure attachment and the influential role of life experiences; (ii) re-interpret select neurobiological research findings in functional neurological disorder cohorts through the lens of the theory of constructed emotion to illustrate its potential mechanistic relevance; and (iii) discuss therapeutic implications. While we continue to support that functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, consideration of how the theory of constructed emotion relates to the generation and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms offers an integrated viewpoint that cuts across neurology, psychiatry, psychology and cognitive-affective neuroscience.
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110 of 200 cited sources checked · 38 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The notion that discrete emotion categories can be reliably identified by specific behavioural patterns and/or physiological features has been seriously called into doubt by marked variability within instances of the same category as well as similarities across categories.
“The notion that discrete emotion categories can be reliably identified by specific behavioural patterns and/or physiological features has been seriously called into doubt by the marked variability within instances of the same category as well as similarities across categories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim8 of 10 sources checked- cites [52] Durán, 2021, Do emotions result in their predicted facial expressions? A meta-analysis of studies on the link between expression and emotion, Emotion source
The Confidence in the Findings section reports heterogeneity within some emotion categories, and Moving Beyond rejects the assumption that basic emotions uniformly produce their predicted facial expressions. Implications for Research also reports other reviews’ findings that classic emotions lack distinct autonomic fingerprints. But this paper does not establish the claimed similarities across categories; it notes that systematic information about unpredicted facial movements is lacking. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [53] Gendron, 2018, Universality reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [54] Gendron, 2020, Emotion perception in Hadza hunter-gatherers, Sci Rep source
- cites [55] Le Mau, 2021, Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs, Nat Commun source
The Introduction and Discussion report substantial variation in facial movements within emotion categories and similarities across categories, calling into question whether facial expressions reliably identify discrete emotions. The study examined actors’ facial poses in photographs; it does not establish the same point for physiological features or behavioural patterns beyond facial expressions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [56] Srinivasan, 2021, Cross-cultural and cultural-specific production and perception of facial expressions of emotion in the wild, IEEE Trans Affect Comput source
Section 2.6.2 reports multiple facial configurations for the same emotion and widely varying agreement on category labels, supporting the concern about variability in behavioural patterns. The paper also finds substantial cross-cultural consistency in identifying emotion categories; these passages do not establish the claimed similarities across categories or address physiological features. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [57] Barrett, 2019, Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements, Psychol Sci Public Interest source
- cites [34] Siegel, 2018, Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories, Psychol Bull source
- cites [60] Hoemann, 2020, Context-aware experience sampling reveals the scale of variation in affective experience, Sci Rep source
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- cites [62] Stemmler, 2007, Anger and fear: Separable effects of emotion and motivational direction on somatovisceral responses, Int J Psychophysiol source
- Premisecitation
Accumulating cognitive-affective neuroscience evidence from almost every domain of measurement is strongly inconsistent with the classical view of emotion and its implications.
“However, accumulating cognitive-affective neuroscience evidence from almost every domain of measurement is strongly inconsistent with this classical view of emotion and its implications (Barrett and Lida, submitted for publication).[47][48][49][50][51]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 6 sources checked- cites Barrett and Lida, submitted for publication
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [47] Mobbs, 2019, Viewpoints: Approaches to defining and investigating fear, Nat Neurosci source
In Q5 (LFB; page unavailable), Barrett challenges simple, dedicated fear circuits and argues that observed actions and physiological changes should not themselves be treated as fear. This supports the narrower point that some evidence and interpretations challenge a classical view. The paper does not establish the claim’s breadth—that accumulating evidence from almost every domain of measurement is strongly inconsistent with that view—and presents differing perspectives on fear circuits. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [48] Barrett, 2019, Historical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion, Neurosci Lett source
- cites [49] Barrett, 2012, Emotions are real, Emotion source
- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
The underlying mechanisms for functional neurological disorder remain incompletely understood.
“yet the underlying mechanisms for this condition remain incompletely understood.3,4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Stone, 2009, Symptoms ‘unexplained by organic disease’ in 1144 new neurology out-patients: How often does the diagnosis change at follow-up?, Brain source
- cites [4] Stephen, 2021, Assessment of emergency department and inpatient use and costs in adult and pediatric functional neurological disorders, JAMA Neurol source
The Introduction describes FND symptoms as inconsistent with other neurological disorders, and the Conclusions say funding for FND research is scant. Neither passage addresses whether FND’s underlying mechanisms are understood; searches for mechanisms, pathophysiology, and unknown causes found no passage that does. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Precision signals tune the different incoming predictions and prediction errors through engagement of the salience network.
“Therefore, precision signals (the third principle) tune the different incoming predictions and prediction errors through engagement of the salience network.[113][114][115]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [113] Shaffer, 2022, Allostasis, action and affect in depression: Insights from the theory of constructed emotion, Annu Rev Clin Psychol source
In Hypothesis 3, the paper says precision signals modulate both prediction signals and prediction errors. In “Interoception Gives Rise to Affect,” it hypothesizes that the salience network modulates which prediction errors are learned. It does not establish that the salience network tunes predictions as well, and presents the network’s role as a hypothesis rather than a settled mechanism. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [114] Berntson, 2021, Neural circuits of interoception, Trends Neurosci source
The Autonomic Efferent Pathways section says mice can modify interoceptive predictions in response to contextual changes, and the Integration section discusses feedback, feedforward, and incoming signals. Neither passage says that precision signals tune predictions or prediction errors through the salience network; searches for those terms found no such account in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [115] Seeley, 2007, Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control, J Neurosci source
In “Functional significance of the salience and executive-control networks” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that the salience network integrates sensory data with visceral and autonomic information to identify relevant inputs. It does not say that precision signals tune incoming predictions or prediction errors through that network. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Predictions of the future are continually generated within the brain based on previous life experiences, as an array of parallel predictive simulations that come with a certain probability.
“First, predictions of the future are continually generated within the brain: based on previous life experiences, an array of parallel predictive simulations are computed that all come with a certain probability. 96,[101][102]2][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 10 sources checked- cites [96] Sterling, 2012, Allostasis: A model of predictive regulation, Physiol Behav source
- cites [101] Clark, 2013, Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science, Behav Brain Sci source
Section 1.1 (p. 1) describes ongoing, multilayered brain predictions based on models that adapt to experience; section 2.4 (p. 10) describes probabilistic generative models. The passages do not establish the more specific claim that the brain computes an array of parallel simulations of possible futures, each with its own probability. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [102] Hohwy, 2020, Predictive processing as a systematic basis for identifying the neural correlates of consciousness, Philosophy Mind Sci source
Section 5, “Core properties of PP” (page not available), describes brain predictions, perceptual learning from new data, Bayesian inference, and the weighing of different models. Section 8 discusses expected future prediction error. Neither passage establishes that the brain continually computes an array of parallel future simulations, each with a probability; the paper also distinguishes stronger from weaker claims about whether the brain literally uses generative models. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
In “Predictive Processing: Some Core Hypotheses” (page unavailable), the paper says the brain continually runs a generative internal model that recombines past experiences to predict expected sensory inputs. It does not say that the brain computes an array of parallel predictive simulations, each assigned a probability; its reference to “parallel trajectories” in the Abstract describes research approaches, not simulations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [104] Ainley, 2016, ‘Bodily precision’: A predictive coding account of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
The Introduction (page not provided) describes probabilistic predictions in the brain’s generative models, informed by sensory evidence. Section 2 (page not provided) says predictions and their precision are updated. The paper does not describe an array of parallel simulations of possible futures based on previous life experiences. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [105] Allen, 2020, Unravelling the neurobiology of interoceptive inference, Trends Cogn Sci source
- cites [106] Seth, 2015 source
- cites [107] Schulkin, 2019, Allostasis: A brain-centered, predictive mode of physiological regulation, Trends Neurosci source
- cites [108] Friston, 2010, The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- cites [109] Smith, 2017, The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Premisecitation
Predictive processing to guide allostasis is rooted in the brain's cortical cytoarchitecture.
“Predictive processing to guide the performance of allostasis is rooted in the brain's cortical cytoarchitecture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
In “The role of energy regulation in mental events” (page not supplied), the paper links cortical anatomy to the proposed flow of prediction signals and links that architecture to anticipatory bodily regulation, or allostasis. It presents this anatomical account as a hypothesis, however, whereas the citing sentence states the connection without that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci source
- cites [128] Zhang, 2019, Intrinsic functional connectivity is organized as three interdependent gradients, Sci Rep source
- cites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
- Premisecitation
To perform allostasis efficiently, the system needs to anticipate, sense and integrate signals originating from within the body made available by interoception.
“To perform allostasis efficiently, the system needs to anticipate, sense and integrate signals originating from within the body made available by interoception: the brain's moment-to-moment modelling of the internal physiological state of the body.95,112,[116][117][118]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 5 sources checked- cites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
- cites [112] Sennesh, 2022, Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control, Biol Psychol source
- cites [116] Strigo, 2016, Interoception, homeostatic emotions and sympathovagal balance, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
Section 2, “The ascending interoceptive pathway” (page unavailable), says interoceptive activity represents bodily conditions and is needed for homeostasis; it also describes interoceptive integration and adaptive responses that balance anticipated outcomes with energy use. The paper supports the sensing, integration and anticipation elements, but frames them as homeostatic processes rather than specifically stating a requirement for efficient allostasis. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [117] Craig, 2009, How do you feel—now? The anterior insula and human awareness, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- cites [118] Craig, 2002, How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
The process of interoception is mostly outside of awareness, but provides a low-dimensional moment-to-moment characterization of the state of the body that is experienced as affect.
“The process of interoception is mostly outside of awareness, but provides a low-dimensional moment-to-moment characterization of the state of the body that is experienced by the individual as affect.95”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
In “Interoception and the Psychological Sense of Self” (page unavailable), the paper says interoceptive signals are typically in the background of awareness. In “Affective and emotional experience” (page unavailable), it describes affect as lower-dimensional and discusses a continually updated model of bodily state, but treats interoception’s specific role in affect as proposed and experimentally unresolved, rather than establishing that this bodily characterization is experienced as affect. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
New evidence over the last decade calls into question claims of the universality of emotion categories across cultures.
“Lastly, new evidence over the last decade calls into question claims of the universality of emotion categories across cultures.53”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] Gendron, 2018, Universality reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
- Premisecitation
Brain areas and networks are domain-general, meaning that one brain region or network can be involved in several functions.
“Similarly, brain areas (and sets of brain regions organized into discrete networks) are also domain-general (one to many)-meaning that one brain region/network can be involved in several functions (such as nociception and cognitive control).51,127”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [127] Shackman, 2011, The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex, Nat Rev Neurosci source
The Functional imaging evidence of overlap in aMCC section reports that negative affect, pain, and cognitive control consistently activate the same brain region, supporting the one-region-to-several-functions example. The Limitations of the Available Evidence section says aMCC likely participates in those domains with dissociable networks; it does not establish that the same network serves several functions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Predictions in the cortex run from less laminated structures to higher laminated structures.
“Predictions in the cortex run from less laminated structures (i.e.four-layered agranular tissue referred to as limbic cortices including: ventral anterior insula, cingulate and posterior orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex; and the primary motor cortex with a small granular layer) to higher laminated structures (i.e.six-layered eulaminate areas such as the mid-to-posterior insula as the p”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
In “The role of energy regulation in mental events” (page unavailable), the paper hypothesizes that limbic cortices originate prediction signals that propagate through a cortical hierarchy. It does not specify that this flow runs from less laminated to more laminated cortex or give the cited layer counts, so the claim’s anatomical specificity is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci source
- cites [128] Zhang, 2019, Intrinsic functional connectivity is organized as three interdependent gradients, Sci Rep source
- cites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
- Premisecitation
Individuals who construct instances of emotion lower in granularity represent a range of negatively or positively valenced experiences using the same emotion word.
“Individuals who construct instances of emotion that are lower in granularity represent a range of negatively (or positively) valenced experiences using the same emotion word.[84][85][86]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [84] Hoemann, 2021, Expertise in emotion: A scoping review and unifying framework for individual differences in the mental representation of emotional experience, Psychol Bull source
In Results > Synthesizing Constructs Based on Features of Expertise (page unavailable), the review describes granularity as involving nuanced, precise emotion concepts that are specific rather than overlapping. This supports the general contrast with lower granularity, but the passage does not say that people with lower granularity use the same emotion word across a range of experiences of the same valence. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [85] Barrett, 2007, The experience of emotion, Annu Rev Psychol source
- cites [86] Hoemann, 2021, Investigating the relationship between emotional granularity and cardiorespiratory physiological activity in daily life, Psychophysiology source
- Premisecitation
Brain functions are not constrained to distinct sets of neurons but have degeneracy, meaning that engagement of a different set of brain areas can produce the same outcome.
“This complexity allows that brain functions are not constrained to distinct sets of neurons but rather have degeneracy (many to one functions) [122][123][124] : engagement of a different set of brain areas (activation patterns) can produce the same outcome.125,126”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [122] Raichle, 2015, The restless brain: How intrinsic activity organizes brain function, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
The sections on the organization of intrinsic activity describe functional networks and changing relationships among them, but do not say that different sets of neurons or brain areas can produce the same outcome. Searches for degeneracy, alternative activation patterns, and different networks accomplishing the same function found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci source
In “Implications > Integrating different functional domains and disorders” (page unavailable), the paper proposes a shared neural substrate for phenomena whose circuitry is usually assumed to be distinct. That supports the rejection of strictly separate circuitry, but it describes shared circuitry across different phenomena, not degeneracy in which different sets of brain areas produce the same outcome. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [124] Sajid, 2020, Degeneracy and redundancy in active inference, Cereb Cortex source
- cites [125] Edelman, 2001, Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- cites [126] Kamaleddin, 2022, Degeneracy in the nervous system: From neuronal excitability to neural coding, Bioessays source
- Premisereasoning
The interoceptive model works in the service of allostasis.
“Therefore, the interoceptive model works in the service of allostasis.95,112”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The long-term by-product of performing allostasis less efficiently is that the body's budget is in a chronic deficit, a general predisposing vulnerability for the development of psychopathology.
“The long-term by-product of performing allostasis less efficiently is that the body's budget is in a chronic deficit: a general predisposing vulnerability for the development of psychopathology.135,137”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [135] Barrett, 2016, An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
Section 4 hypothesizes that inefficient energy regulation lasting weeks to months puts a person at risk for depression. Section 2 says prolonged resource imbalances can make regulation still less efficient. The paper does not establish a chronic ‘body budget’ deficit as the consequence or extend the proposed vulnerability to psychopathology generally; it frames the link as a hypothesis about depression. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [137] Barrett, 2015, Interoceptive predictions in the brain, Nat Rev Neurosci source
In “Implications for illnesses” (page unavailable), the paper predicts that aberrant interoceptive predictions can create chronic physical burdens leading to various mental illnesses, and describes a long-term metabolic imbalance in its example of depression. It does not establish a chronic body-budget deficit as a general predisposing vulnerability for psychopathology; the cited account is a model prediction, while the claim states it as fact. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Based on past experiences that share features of equivalence with the present, the brain uses concepts that were relevant then, with all possible futures and associated action plans, to deal with and understand current incoming sensory signals.
“Based on past experiences that share features of equivalence with the present, our brain uses the concepts (i.e.abstract mental representations) that were relevant then, with all the possible futures and associated action plans to deal with and understand the current incoming sensory signals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim5 of 7 sources checked- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [98] Katsumi, Allostasis as a core feature of hierarchical gradients in the human brain, Network Neurosci source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [103] Hutchinson, 2019, The power of predictions: An emerging paradigm for psychological research, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
In “Predictive Processing: Some Core Hypotheses” (page unavailable), the paper says an internal model draws on past experience to predict sensory inputs associated with upcoming actions. It does not say the brain selects concepts from equivalent past experiences or considers all possible futures and associated action plans; those details go beyond the passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [110] Barsalou, 2003, Situated simulation in the human conceptual system, Lang Cogn Process source
- cites [123] Chanes, 2016, Redefining the role of limbic areas in cortical processing, Trends Cogn Sci source
The sections “A general organizational framework for predictive coding in the cerebral cortex” and “Limbic cortices in sensory systems” say that past experience shapes predictions used to interpret incoming sensory signals, and that perception and action are coupled. They do not describe selecting concepts from equivalent past experiences or considering all possible futures and associated action plans. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [137] Barrett, 2015, Interoceptive predictions in the brain, Nat Rev Neurosci source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Without direct access to what is causing advent sensory information, meaning is derived from past events that seem similar to the current state of the body and world.
“Without direct access to what is causing advent sensory information, meaning is derived from past events that seem similar to the current state of the body and world.136”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [136] Radulescu, 2021, Human representation learning, Annu Rev Neurosci source
The Introduction’s discussion of partially observable states says that the state of the world is not directly observable and must be inferred from current and past observations. “Learning to Remember” explains that similar experiences are grouped in memory and recalled to help infer the current state. These passages support the claim’s central idea, but they do not specifically address deriving meaning from the current state of the body. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Prediction errors are weighted for their potential allostatic relevance by the salience network.
“Prediction errors, on the other hand, are weighted for their potential allostatic relevance (i.e. the need to encode the prediction error) by the salience network.51,135”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [135] Barrett, 2016, An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
Section 2 proposes that the salience network anticipates which prediction errors are allostatically relevant and modulates their gain accordingly. This supports the mechanism described, but the citing sentence presents as established fact what the source explicitly frames as a hypothesis. No page number is provided in our copy’s passages. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
If a prediction (embodied concept) matches incoming sensory information and prediction error is minimized, similar features from the past are pieced together to give meaning to the present, constructing a situated or ad hoc category.
“If a prediction (i.e. the embodied concept) matches the incoming sensory information and the prediction error is minimized, similar features from the past are pieced together to give meaning to the present: constructing a situated or ad hoc category (Fig. 4).50,51,110,138,139”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [110] Barsalou, 2003, Situated simulation in the human conceptual system, Lang Cogn Process source
- cites [138] Barsalou, 1983, Ad hoc categories, Memory Cognit source
In “Constructing Category Concepts for Ad Hoc Categories” (page unavailable), Barsalou says novel categories can be constructed from properties in memory; the Discussion also says relevant contexts and current goals prime ad hoc categories. The paper does not connect that construction to an embodied prediction matching sensory input or to minimized prediction error. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [139] Casasanto, 2015 source
- Premisereasoning
Sociocultural and environmental factors transmit emotion concepts to new generations as a tool for regulating the body and each other.
“In this way, sociocultural and environmental factors transmit emotion concepts to the new generations as a tool for regulating the body and each other.50,51,[154][155][156]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [154] Theriault, 2021, The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure, Phys Life Rev source
The section on culture and norms says social expectations propagate across generations, and the biological-foundations section describes the brain as regulating the body and social behavior as making others more predictable. The Introduction also discusses categorization in emotion, but the paper does not say that sociocultural factors transmit emotion concepts to new generations as a tool for regulating bodies and one another. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [155] Boyd, 2011, The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
The child-development passage (indexed as Abstract; no page given) says children and adolescents acquire cultural information by learning from older individuals, supporting intergenerational transmission. It does not identify emotion concepts as the transmitted information or describe their use in regulating bodies or other people. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [156] Richerson, 2005 source
- Premisecitation
Insecure attachment is commonly identified in paediatric and adult populations with FND.
“While not always present, insecure attachment is commonly identified in paediatric and adult populations with FND 204,205”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [204] Asadi-Pooya, 2021, Social aspects of life in patients with functional seizures: Closing the gap in the biopsychosocial formulation, Epilepsy Behav source
- cites [205] Brown, 2016, Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): A systematic review, Clin Psychol Rev source
The ‘Insecure attachment styles’ section (p. 21) reports elevated attachment insecurity in patients with PNES, although one difference was attributable to a subgroup. The review does not establish the claim for paediatric patients or for FND populations beyond PNES; its summary (p. 38) cautions that PNES and other forms of FND have important differences. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Functional and structural alterations of the insula might lead to imprecise predictive interoceptive signal modelling and error detection, contributing to inefficiencies in performing allostasis.
“Functional and structural alterations of the insula (found in several FND neuroimaging studies) might lead to imprecise predictive interoceptive signal modelling and error detection, contributing to inefficiencies in performing allostasis.95,104,112,135”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [95] Quigley, 2021, Functions of interoception: From energy regulation to experience of the self, Trends Neurosci source
The ‘Affective and emotional experience’ section describes an internal model of bodily status updated by interoceptive prediction errors, with predicted sensory data used to maintain allostasis. ‘Allostasis and Homeostasis’ also says imprecise predictive regulation requires error correction. The paper discusses the insula in relation to interoception, but does not say that functional or structural alterations of the insula impair prediction-error detection or make allostasis inefficient; the parenthetical FND finding is attributed to other studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [104] Ainley, 2016, ‘Bodily precision’: A predictive coding account of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
The Introduction identifies the insula as a principal region in interoceptive processing, where predictions and prediction errors are reconciled. The clinical-disorders section links functional disorders to atypical precision in interoceptive processing. Neither section says that structural or functional alterations of the insula cause those problems or impair allostasis; a search for “allostasis” found it only in a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [112] Sennesh, 2022, Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control, Biol Psychol source
The Introduction says interoceptive internal modeling supports allostatic control, and the Discussion says interoceptive predictions are corrected by sensory data. Those passages support the proposed link between inaccurate modeling and inefficient allostasis, but the paper does not identify insula alterations as its cause; the Discussion explicitly says the model was not mapped to specific brain anatomy. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Adverse life experiences are approximately 3-fold more common in FND versus controls.
“while not all individuals with FND report a history of early-life adversity or antecedent trauma, adverse life experiences are ∼3-fold more common in FND versus controls.196”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [196] Ludwig, 2018, Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies, Lancet Psychiatry source
- Premisecitation
Interoceptive trait prediction error positively correlates with dissociation severity in individuals with functional seizures.
“Nonetheless, interoceptive accuracy deficits are relevant when present, such as interoceptive trait prediction error positively correlating with dissociation severity in individuals with functional seizures.184”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia source
- Premisecitation
Interpersonal interactions are foundational to the way that humans learn to efficiently perform allostasis and thus regulate interoception, and therefore affect.
“Therefore, interpersonal interactions are foundational to the way that humans learn to efficiently perform allostasis and thus regulate interoception, and therefore affect.159,203”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Cohort studies have identified positive associations between the magnitude of previously experienced adverse life experiences and functional neurological symptom severity.
“Importantly, cohort studies have identified positive associations between the magnitude of previously experienced adverse life experiences and functional neurological symptom severity, underscoring the aetiological importance of adverse life experiences in this population 169,192,[197][198][199]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [169] Sar, 2004, Childhood trauma, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- cites [192] Roelofs, 2002, Childhood abuse in patients with conversion disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- cites [197] Roelofs, 2005, The impact of early trauma and recent life-events on symptom severity in patients with conversion disorder, J Nerv Ment Dis source
- cites [198] Selkirk, 2008, Clinical differences between patients with nonepileptic seizures who report antecedent sexual abuse and those who do not, Epilepsia source
- cites [199] Perez, 2017, Cingulo-insular structural alterations associated with psychogenic symptoms, childhood abuse and PTSD in functional neurological disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- Interpretationcitation
Findings related to cortisol, commonly framed as markers of emotion dysregulation, would be reframed by the theory of constructed emotion as representing inefficient energy management.
“While these findings, particularly those related to the 'stress hormone' cortisol, are commonly framed as markers of 'emotion dysregulation'-the theory of constructed emotion would reframe this as representing inefficient energy management.113”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [113] Shaffer, 2022, Allostasis, action and affect in depression: Insights from the theory of constructed emotion, Annu Rev Clin Psychol source
- Premisecitation
Between-group differences in default mode, salience and sensorimotor network areas have been identified in a range of FND populations compared to controls.
“While findings have not been entirely consistent across studies and FND sub-populations, between-group differences in default mode, salience and sensorimotor network areas have been identified in a range FND populations compared to controls.45,207,[209][210][211][212]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim5 of 6 sources checked- cites [45] Aybek, 2015, Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: An FMRI study, PLoS ONE source
The Results (Imaging results; page unavailable) report differences between conversion-disorder patients and controls in premotor/supplementary motor and cingulate areas, supporting the claim's motor-related component. The paper does not identify a default-mode-network difference, and its own comparison concerns one conversion-disorder population rather than a range of FND populations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [207] Bègue, 2019, Structural alterations in functional neurological disorder and related conditions: a software and hardware problem?, Neuroimage Clin source
- cites [209] Wegrzyk, 2018, Identifying motor functional neurological disorder using resting-state functional connectivity, Neuroimage Clin source
The Results (Post-hoc analyses; page unavailable) identify connectivity differences involving sensorimotor regions in motor FND patients compared with controls. This paper does not establish differences in default mode or salience network areas, or findings across a range of FND populations; it studies motor FND. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [210] Monsa, 2018, Self-reference, emotion inhibition and somatosensory disturbance: Preliminary investigation of network perturbations in conversion disorder, Eur J Neurol source
- cites [211] Espay, 2018, Dysfunction in emotion processing underlies functional (psychogenic) dystonia, Mov Disord source
- cites [212] Maurer, 2018, Gray matter differences in patients with functional movement disorders, Neurology source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports gray-matter differences in the left sensorimotor cortex between patients with functional movement disorders and healthy controls. Table 2 also reports a posterior cingulate difference in a nonmedicated subgroup. The paper does not establish differences across all three named networks in a range of FND populations; its own comparison is in patients with functional movement disorders. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Alexithymia is found in many people with FND.
“Alexithymia, a characteristic described as difficulties identifying/ describing feelings and having externally oriented thinking, is found in many people with FND.18,[185][186][187]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [18] Taylor, 1992, Alexithymia and somatic complaints in psychiatric out-patients, J Psychosom Res source
- cites [185] Sequeira, 2019, A comparison among the prevalence of alexithymia in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy, and the healthy population: A systematic review of the literature, Psychosomatics source
- cites [186] Demartini, 2014, The role of alexithymia in the development of functional motor symptoms (conversion disorder), J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- cites [187] Cuoco, 2021, Attachment styles, identification of feelings and psychiatric symptoms in functional neurological disorders, J Psychosom Res source
- Premisecitation
We can assemble multimodal summaries, i.e. features, in early infancy and later in life.
“and dimensionality reduction, suggesting that we can assemble multimodal summaries (i.e.features) in early infancy and later in life.129,141,142”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
The section on functional connectivity gradients describes dimensionality reduction and hypothesizes that the brain forms low-dimensional, multimodal summaries. It does not establish that this occurs in early infancy; the study examines healthy young adults. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci source
The sections on emotion-category learning describe infants using varying perceptual features, including facial movements and vocalizations, to infer meaning. The paper also proposes that these ideas could inform research across the lifespan, but it does not establish that people assemble multimodal summaries both in early infancy and later in life. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [142] Finlay, 2015, Developmental mechanisms channeling cortical evolution, Trends Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
Individuals who reported a subjective emotional response to certain images had reduced sympathetic responses compared to those who did not endorse intense emotional responses but exhibited large autonomic changes.
“individuals who reported a subjective emotional response to certain images had reduced sympathetic responses compared to those who did not endorse intense emotional responses but exhibited large autonomic changes.41”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Pick, 2018, Autonomic and subjective responsivity to emotional images in people with dissociative seizures, J Neuropsychol source
- Interpretationcitation
Aberrant emotion construction in general might be understood as a transdiagnostic vulnerability to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
“However, aberrant emotion construction in general might be understood as a transdiagnostic vulnerability to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.135”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [135] Barrett, 2016, An active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
The Introduction describes affective dysregulation and interoceptive difficulties as a transdisorder vulnerability to mental illness. Section 3 explains the theory of constructed emotion, but the paper does not identify aberrant emotion construction in general as that vulnerability; it distinguishes affect from emotion per se. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
High arousal states, which are associated with increased muscle tension and chronic pain disorders, may also activate some of the motor programmes recruited in functional dystonia.
“High arousal states-that are associated with increased muscle tension and chronic pain disorders-may also activate some of the motor programmes recruited in functional dystonia.175”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [175] Popkirov, 2019, Complex regional pain syndrome and functional neurological disorders—Time for reconciliation, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
In “The overlaps between CRPS and sensorimotor FND” (page unavailable), the paper says that pain can produce muscle stiffening and that such movement adaptations can become entrenched; it also links functional dystonia with regional pain. It does not say that high-arousal states activate motor programmes recruited in functional dystonia. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationreasoning
Altered emotion category construction can be an integral component of the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder and related functional somatic symptoms.
“we formulate how altered emotion category construction can be an integral component of the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder and related functional somatic symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Energy regulation is a core brain function.
“it is a fact that energy regulation is a core brain function.51”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
With allostasis, a model to help prepare the body's next action plan based on past experiences is implemented within the central nervous system.
“With allostasis, a model to help prepare the body's next action plan based on past experiences is implemented within the CNS.51”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
Interoception relies on comparing a predictive model to incoming sensory input arising within the body.
“Interoception relies on comparing a predictive model to incoming sensory input arising within the body.119”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [119] Barrett, 2021, Interoception: The secret ingredient, Cerebrum
- Premisecitation
Advances in understanding fundamental brain structure-function principles contributed to the emergence of constructionist perspectives such as the theory of constructed emotion.
“Advances in our understanding of fundamental brain structurefunction principles in recent years contributed to the emergence of new formulations of consciousness in general and emotion specifically, including constructionist perspectives such as the theory of constructed emotion.51”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Premisecitation
Structured variation is an intrinsic, instead of an epiphenomenal, property of emotions.
“Structured variation has been observed to be an intrinsic, instead of an epiphenomenal, property of emotions.50”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
- Interpretationreasoning
Inefficient emotion construction can also lead to hypervigilance and hyperarousal.
“Inefficient emotion construction can also lead to hypervigilance and hyperarousal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
FND symptoms in some people reflect chronic difficulties in allostatic energy management through inefficient use of emotion concepts.
“We posit that FND symptoms in some people reflect chronic difficulties in allostatic energy management through inefficient use of emotion concepts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
The process of creating and revising emotion concepts occurs across the life span.
“Therefore, the process of creating and revising emotion concepts occurs across the life span.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Neurotypical adults regulate their body by continuously updating well-fitting prediction models, including those related to emotion concepts, to efficiently meet the metabolic demands of the body.
“Neurotypical adults regulate their body by continuously updating well-fitting prediction models (including those related to emotion concepts) to efficiently meet the metabolic demands of the body.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms can emerge as a result of disruptions occurring across several points of predictive processing in the emotion category construction stream.
“Using the theory of constructed emotion, we propose that functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms can emerge as a result of disruptions occurring across several points of predictive processing in the emotion category construction stream (Fig. 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The high co-morbidity between FND, select psychiatric conditions and functional somatic disorders suggests shared inefficiencies in allostatic energy management.
“Thus, the high co-morbidity between FND, select psychiatric conditions and functional somatic disorders suggest shared inefficiencies in allostatic energy management.169,170”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisereasoning
Early-life adversity can bias concept creation to aid allostasis during hardship.
“Early-life adversity can also bias concept creation to aid allostasis during hardship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Conceptual categories for emotions are perceiver-dependent, indicating variability in the experience of a given emotion both between and within humans.
“Furthermore, since conceptual categories for emotions are constructed based on self-referential events, they are perceiverdependent, indicating that there is variability in the experience of a given emotion both between and within humans.51”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- Premisereasoning
The complete set of neuronal activation patterns and networks involved in constructing each conceptual category for emotion are unique to that moment, meaning that the neurocircuitry involved in an instance of emotion is not fixed.
“Similarly, the complete set of neuronal activation patterns and networks involved in constructing each conceptual category for emotion are also unique to that moment, meaning that the neurocircuitry involved in an instance of emotion is not fixed (albeit different instances of the same emotion category in a given individual do at times have some overlapping features).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A critical function of early-life experiences and development, including interactions with parents, caregivers, educators and peers, is to aid the child to curate relevant information and build concepts related to their bodies' needs and the world that will enable them to perform allostasis more efficiently on their own.
“Therefore, a critical function of early-life experiences and development, including interactions with parents, caregivers, educators and peers, is to aid the child to curate relevant information and build concepts related to their bodies' needs and the world that will enable them to perform allostasis more efficiently on their own. 153”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [153] Tenenbaum, 2011, How to grow a mind: Statistics, structure, and abstraction, Science source
- Premisereasoning
The dynamics of predictive processing suggest that action preparation gives rise to experience, not the other way around.
“In this way, the dynamics of predictive processing suggest that action preparation gives rise to experience, not the other way around.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Despite clinical heterogeneity of FND, fatigue is the most common shared symptom, reported by 93% of 1048 individuals surveyed across 16 countries.
“Despite the clinical heterogeneity of FND, fatigue is the most common shared symptom, reported by 93% of 1048 individuals surveyed across 16 countries.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Butler, 2021, International online survey of 1048 individuals with functional neurological disorder, Eur J Neurol source
- Premisecitation
Every category implemented in any human brain is an ad hoc event: its features of equivalence are always constructed in a particular individual for a particular function in a particular situation.
“By implication, every category implemented in any human brain is an ad hoc event 139,145-147 : its features of equivalence are always constructed in a particular individual for a particular function in a particular situation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisereasoning
The primary purpose of the brain's constructed category, whether for an instance of emotion or otherwise, is allostasis.
“The primary purpose of the brain's constructed category, whether for an instance of emotion or otherwise, is allostasis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The wide clinical heterogeneity of FND suggests that any pathomechanistic principle outlined here might not be universally relevant to symptom production across all cases.
“Importantly, the wide clinical heterogeneity of FND suggests that any pathomechanistic principle outlined here might not be universally relevant to symptom production across all cases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
An individual with FND who experienced previous post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may report that such experiences are seemingly no longer consciously relevant, yet the predictive processing consequences of these past experiences can persist.
“Within this context, an individual with FND who experienced previous post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may indeed report that such experiences are seemingly no longer consciously relevant, yet the predictive processing consequences of these past experiences can persist.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Insecure attachment is evidence of the inefficient allostatic model a person has been running to regulate their body's budget with others.
“Thus, insecure attachment is evidence of the inefficient allostatic model a person has been running to regulate their body's budget with others.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Awareness measures only assess one small facet of interoception.
“Therefore, awareness measures only assess one small facet of interoception.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.
- Interpretationreasoning
Adverse life experiences, particularly childhood abuse and neglect, prime concept formation that can have long-term disadvantages as environmental conditions change, leading to maladaptive predictions.
“We support the notion that adverse life experiences (particularly childhood abuse and neglect) prime concept formation that can have long-term disadvantages as environmental conditions change, leading to maladaptive predictions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Aberrant emotion construction and related factors contributing to inefficient allostatic modelling, such as insecure attachment, may mediate correlations between FND symptom severity and adverse life event burden.
“Here, we theorize that aberrant emotion construction and related factors contributing to inefficient allostatic modelling (e.g.insecure attachment) may mediate correlations between FND symptom severity and adverse life event burden.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Abuse is associated with early symptom onset in people with FND.
“relatedly, abuse is associated with early symptom onset in people with FND.200”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [200] Morsy, 2022, The relationship between types of life events and the onset of functional neurological (conversion) disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychol Med source
- Interpretationreasoning
Concepts developed in the face of early-life adversity that were adaptive in that context might prove inefficient later in life.
“In other words, concepts developed in the face of early-life adversity that were adaptive in that context, might prove inefficient later in life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The propensity to develop and maintain functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms may occur in the setting of inefficient emotion construction driven by perturbations within and across the default mode, salience and/or sensorimotor networks.
“While principles of degeneracy and domain-generality suggest that there is probably not one universal neural signature for FND, the propensity to develop and maintain functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms may occur in the setting of inefficient emotion construction driven by perturbations within and across the default mode, salience and/or sensorimotor networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Caregivers early in life perform allostasis for newborns by managing their entire energetic state.
“Furthermore, caregivers early in life perform allostasis for newborns by managing their entire energetic state (e.g.their sleep, food, temperature).50”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
- Interpretationcitation
Cortisol, with a primary role in stimulating gluconeogenesis, might be understood to be a metabolic rather than a 'stress' hormone.
“Cortisol, with a primary role in stimulating gluconeogenesis, might be understood to be a metabolic rather than a 'stress' hormone.228,229”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Functional motor symptoms are postulated to be experienced along the spectrum of arousal and valence.
“Within this formulation, functional motor symptoms are postulated to be experienced along the spectrum of arousal and valence as detailed previously.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Some individuals with FND might be using inefficient allostatic and/or interoceptive models due in part to altered prediction error learning, including the influence of precision signals originating in the salience network.
“We also put forward that some individuals with FND might be using inefficient allostatic and/or interoceptive models due in part to altered prediction error learning (including the influence of precision signals originating in the salience network).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
In alexithymia there is a limited availability of granular emotion concepts, promoting inefficiencies in adaptively contextualizing sensory input.
“Here, we suggest that in alexithymia there is a limited availability of granular emotion concepts, promoting inefficiencies in adaptively contextualizing sensory input.50,51,148,188”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
- cites [51] Barrett, 2017, The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [148] Turati, 2010, Holistic face processing in newborns, 3-month-old infants, and adults: evidence from the composite face effect, Child Dev source
- Premisecitation
Most studies on FND onset have identified highly distressing physical events as triggers.
“Indeed, most studies on FND onset have identified highly distressing physical events as triggers.[176][177][178]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [176] Stone, 2012, Functional weakness: Clues to mechanism from the nature of onset, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- cites [177] Pareés, 2014, Physical precipitating factors in functional movement disorders, J Neurol Sci source
- cites [178] Popkirov, 2018, Scared or scarred: Could ‘dissociogenic’ lesions predispose to nonepileptic seizures after head trauma?, Seizure source
- Interpretationreasoning
'Panic attack without panic' can be understood as an instance where a conceptual category for an emotion was not constructed.
“Given that individuals with functional seizures frequently also experience panic attacks 189 (suggesting the potential availability of the 'panic' emotion concept), 'panic attack without panic' can be understood as an instance where a conceptual category for an emotion was not constructed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [189] Rawlings, 2017, Panic symptoms in transient loss of consciousness: Frequency and diagnostic value in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy and syncope, Seizure source
- Interpretationreasoning
Chronic deficits in performing allostasis efficiently may be facilitated by a range of neuropsychological constructs that can interfere with prediction error learning.
“Thus, in addition to themes related to available emotion concepts and potential deficits in constructing a conceptual category for an emotion, chronic deficits in performing allostasis efficiently may be facilitated by a range of neuropsychological constructs that can interfere with prediction error learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Individuals with functional seizures frequently also experience panic attacks.
“Given that individuals with functional seizures frequently also experience panic attacks 189”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [189] Rawlings, 2017, Panic symptoms in transient loss of consciousness: Frequency and diagnostic value in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy and syncope, Seizure source
- Premisenone given
FND ranks fourth among 19 common psychiatric conditions in terms of the highest self-reported dissociation scores.
“FND ranks fourth among 19 common psychiatric conditions in terms of the highest self-reported dissociation scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Not all forms of aberrant emotion construction are relevant to the development and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms.
“We would also like to point out that not all forms of aberrant emotion construction are relevant to the development and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 19
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSupposed prototypic brain biomarkers for a given emotion category vary substantially across studies and across subjects within a given study.
“Even the supposed prototypic brain 'biomarkers' for a given emotion category vary substantially across studies, 65,[72][73][74][75][76] and across subjects within a given study.34,55,63,65,69,[77][78][79][80][81][82][83]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim8 of 10 sources checked- cites [65] Wilson-Mendenhall, 2015, Variety in emotional life: Within-category typicality of emotional experiences is associated with neural activity in large-scale brain networks, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports different neural activity for typical versus atypical experiences within emotion categories, supporting variability in emotion-related brain activity. The cited paper does not establish that proposed brain biomarkers vary substantially across studies or across subjects within a study; its analyses report group-level effects. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [72] Horikawa, 2020, The neural representation of visually evoked emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions, iScience source
The Results section, “Inter-Individual Consistency in Brain Regions Representing Distinct Emotions” (page unavailable), concludes that emotion-related brain patterns were consistent across individuals, contrary to the claim of substantial within-study variation. The paper does not establish how biomarkers vary across studies; its Limitations section only raises individual differences as a possibility. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [73] Kassam, 2013, Identifying emotions on the basis of neural activation, PLoS ONE source
The Introduction’s “Search for Neural Correlates of Emotion” section reports that meta-analyses found no brain region consistently and specifically activated by one emotion category, supporting the across-studies point for localized biomarkers. But the Results and Discussion report that emotion-related activation patterns share significant commonality across participants. Although the Results acknowledge individual variability, they do not establish that the patterns vary substantially across subjects within this study. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [74] Kragel, 2015, Multivariate neural biomarkers of emotional states are categorically distinct, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
- cites [75] Wager, 2015, A Bayesian model of category-specific emotional brain responses, PLoS Comput Biol source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says patterns that appear to distinguish emotion categories may vary from study to study, supporting the across-studies portion. The Discussion describes diverse instances within an emotion category, but this meta-analysis does not establish substantial variation across subjects within a given study; it also reports reliable category-level patterns across studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [76] Zhou, 2021, A distributed fMRI-based signature for the subjective experience of fear, Nat Commun source
The Within-subject trial-wise prediction passage (page unavailable) describes fear experiences as differing between individuals and the population model as summarizing highly variable instances. But it does not establish that brain biomarkers vary substantially across studies or across subjects within a study; the Discussion instead says the fear signature generalized across participants, paradigms, and scanners. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [34] Siegel, 2018, Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories, Psychol Bull source
The Discussion (page not provided) says that proposed neural fingerprints for emotion categories do not replicate across studies, supporting the across-studies part. It discusses variation within individuals in behavior and autonomic responses, but does not establish that brain biomarkers vary across subjects within a single study. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [55] Le Mau, 2021, Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs, Nat Commun source
The Introduction and Discussion describe variation in facial movements and photographed expressions across emotion instances and people. Searches for brain biomarkers and neural variability found no passage about brain biomarkers varying across studies or subjects within a study. The facial-expression findings do not establish the attributed brain-biomarker claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [63] Clark-Polner, 2017, Multivoxel pattern analysis does not provide evidence to support the existence of basic emotions, Cereb Cortex source
- cites [69] Guillory, 2014, Exploring emotions using invasive methods: Review of 60 years of human intracranial electrophysiology, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that fear is represented in multiple brain areas and lists several sites where stimulation evoked it, supporting variation across studies rather than a unique anatomical marker. The Introduction (page unavailable) mentions individual variability in lesion-study behavioral results, but does not establish that brain biomarkers vary across subjects within a given study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA central issue in contemporary discussions of functional neurological disorder has been the extent to which emotions play a mechanistic and aetiological role.
“A central issue in contemporary discussions has revolved around questioning the extent to which emotions play a mechanistic and aetiological role in FND.23,28,30,31”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [23] Edwards, 2012, A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’, Brain source
- cites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- cites [30] Kanaan, 2016, Freud’s hysteria and its legacy, Handb Clin Neurol source
- cites [31] Linden, 2013, Shell shock at Queen Square: Lewis Yealland 100 years on, Brain source
In the Introduction section ‘In skilful and determined hands,’ the paper discusses psychological and physiological processes in the aetiology of functional neurological syndromes. ‘The power of suggestion’ contrasts Yealland’s approach with Myers’s search for an ‘emotional origin.’ These passages support discussion of possible psychological and emotional causes, but do not establish that the mechanistic and aetiological role of emotions is a central issue in contemporary debate. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAllostasis is concerned with metabolic efficiency instead of bringing a system back to a set point.
“Distinct from homeostasis, allostasis is concerned with metabolic efficiency instead of bringing a system back to a set point (or various set-points).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisecitationWhen an experience of emotion is used as a reference for the present constructed category, a conceptual category for emotion is constructed.
“When an experience of emotion is used as a reference for the present constructed category, we are constructing a conceptual category for emotion.58,143”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSupervised category learning such as word learning is an important source of emotional development and cultural inheritance.
“Thus, 'supervised category learning' such as word learning is an important source of emotional development and cultural inheritance.58,141,157,158”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [58] Hoemann, 2019, Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis, Dev Psychol source
In “A Constructionist Proposal for Emotional Development” (page unavailable), the authors propose that caregiver emotion words may guide children’s learning of emotion categories and their cultural inheritance. The claim presents this as an established source of development and calls it “supervised” learning, whereas the paper frames it as a hypothesis and says infants more often observe incidental uses of emotion words than receive explicit labels. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci source
In “Applying a Developmental Cascades Approach to Emotion Category Learning” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that caregivers’ emotion labels and children’s word learning may shape developing emotion categories. “Implications for Future Research” discusses cultural variation in emotion categories, but does not establish word learning as a mechanism of cultural inheritance. The paper also presents the developmental role of labels as a hypothesis, rather than an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [157] Gelman, 2017, How language shapes the cultural inheritance of categories, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
The Abstract (page not provided) describes category labels and word learning as means of transmitting categories across generations, and the Conclusions say labels and generics enhance cumulative cultural evolution. The paper notes cultural variation in how emotions are classified, but it does not establish that word learning is an important source of emotional development or characterize the process as ‘supervised category learning.’ (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [158] Gendron, 2020 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHyperarousal is common in FND, exemplified by the observation of panic attack without panic in people with functional seizures, as well as increased sympathetic tone and abnormal startle responses in FND populations.
“Hyperarousal is common in FND; this is exemplified by the observation of 'panic attack without panic' in people with functional seizures, as well as increased sympathetic tone and abnormal startle responses in FND populations.21,46,164,165”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [21] Goldstein, 2006, Ictal symptoms of anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and dissociation in patients with dissociative seizures, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- cites [46] Paredes-Echeverri, 2022, Autonomic, endocrine, and inflammation profiles in functional neurological disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports increased autonomic arousal and more consistent markers of increased sympathetic tone in children and adolescents with FND, but emphasizes heterogeneous findings in adults. Results > Autonomic Findings (page unavailable) reports an increased startle-response probability in one study of functional movement disorder and no group difference in another. The paper does not report the cited observation of a ‘panic attack without panic’ in people with functional seizures, so it does not support that example or the unqualified generalization across FND populations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [164] Dreissen, 2017, Startle responses in functional jerky movement disorders are increased but have a normal pattern, Parkinsonism Relat Disord source
- cites [165] Seignourel, 2007, Abnormal affective startle modulation in individuals with psychogenic [corrected] movement disorder, Mov Disord source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationOther proposed emotion processing mechanisms for FND are not incorrect, but rather incomplete, with a constructionist perspective addressing an important gap.
“Furthermore, we think that other proposed emotion processing mechanisms for FND are not incorrect, but rather incomplete-with a constructionist perspective addressing an important gap.27,28”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationNeuroimaging studies in FND cohorts have detected subtle functional and structural alterations compared to healthy controls, as well as correlates of illness severity and predisposing vulnerabilities.
“Neuroimaging studies in FND cohorts using a range of imaging modalities have detected subtle functional and structural alterations compared to healthy controls, as well as correlates of illness severity and predisposing vulnerabilities.8,207,208”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] Baizabal-Carvallo, 2019, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders, Neurobiol Dis source
- cites [207] Bègue, 2019, Structural alterations in functional neurological disorder and related conditions: a software and hardware problem?, Neuroimage Clin source
- cites [208] Sasikumar, 2021, The neuroimaging evidence of brain abnormalities in functional movement disorders, Brain source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSuch miscalculations could predispose to chronic negative affect and altered predictions, which offers an explanatory framework for behavioural and physiological findings of altered responses to 'emotional' stimuli in people with FND.
“Such 'miscalculations' could predispose to chronic negative affect and altered predictions, which offers an explanatory framework for behavioural and physiological findings of altered responses to 'emotional' stimuli in people with FND.27,28,44”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] Sojka, 2018, Processing of emotion in functional neurological disorder, Front Psychiatry source
In “Affective excitation in FND” (page unavailable), the review proposes inefficient interoceptive predictions and reports heightened cortical and autonomic arousal. “Organization of studies” (page unavailable) describes altered responses to emotional stimuli in FND. The paper does not establish the claimed link from these prediction errors to chronic negative affect. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [28] Pick, 2019, Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- cites [44] Jungilligens, 2020, Impaired emotional and behavioural awareness and control in patients with dissociative seizures, Psychol Med source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe expansion of the human brain allows for compression and dimensionality reduction, suggesting that we can assemble multimodal summaries (features) in early infancy and later in life.
“The expansion of the human brain allows for compression and dimensionality reduction, suggesting that we can assemble multimodal summaries (i.e.features) in early infancy and later in life.129,141,142”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [129] Katsumi, Functional connectivity gradients as a common neural architecture for predictive processing in the human brain. source
The section on functional connectivity gradients describes compression and dimensionality reduction of sensory information and hypothesizes that low-dimensional, multimodal summaries are reassembled as prediction signals (page unavailable). It does not attribute this process to expansion of the human brain or establish that it occurs in early infancy and later life; the Methods describe datasets of young adults. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [141] Hoemann, 2020, Developing an understanding of emotion categories: Lessons from objects, Trends Cogn Sci source
In “Learning Abstract Categories via Developmental Cascades” (page unavailable), the paper describes infants learning abstract object features and inferring functional similarities across perceptually different instances. It does not link this ability to expansion of the human brain or describe it as compression or dimensionality reduction; nor does it establish the claimed process later in life. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [142] Finlay, 2015, Developmental mechanisms channeling cortical evolution, Trends Neurosci source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningSince FND is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, a range of other mechanisms articulated in the field remain relevant.
“Lastly, since FND is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, a range of other mechanisms articulated in the field remain relevant.8,22,23,[26][27][28][29]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] Baizabal-Carvallo, 2019, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders, Neurobiol Dis source
- cites [22] Baslet, 2011, Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a model of their pathogenic mechanism, Seizure source
The Conclusion describes several possible pathogenic mechanisms and different combinations of vulnerabilities in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). Section 2.1.4 also says PNES episodes may involve multiple mechanisms and may or may not relate to past trauma. This supports mechanistic and aetiological heterogeneity for PNES, but the paper does not establish the claim for FND as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [23] Edwards, 2012, A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’, Brain source
In “Influences from outside the somatomotor network” (page unavailable), the paper allows contributions from other brain areas, and its Conclusions describe a range of predisposing factors. But it proposes a single final common pathway for functional motor and sensory symptoms; it does not support the claim that they are mechanistically heterogeneous or that distinct mechanisms remain relevant on that basis. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn FND populations, elevated dissociation has been related to anxiety levels, lower interoceptive accuracy, maternal disfunction, other psychiatric comorbidities and childhood trauma.
“In FND populations, elevated dissociation has been related to anxiety levels, 21 lower interoceptive accuracy, 184,191 maternal disfunction, 192 other psychiatric comorbidities 169 and childhood trauma.169”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [21] Goldstein, 2006, Ictal symptoms of anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and dissociation in patients with dissociative seizures, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes dissociative seizures as a response to acute anxiety and heightened arousal, supporting a link between dissociation and attack-related anxiety. But the study found no raised general anxiety levels in the dissociative-seizure group, so it does not support an unqualified association with anxiety levels. This citation is attached only to the anxiety part of the sentence, not the other listed factors. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports both higher dissociation and lower interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional seizures than in controls. But within patients, dissociation was significantly associated with the discrepancy between perceived and measured interoceptive ability, not with accuracy alone. This verdict concerns only the lower-interoceptive-accuracy clause attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [191] Pick, 2020, Dissociation and interoception in functional neurological disorder, Cogn Neuropsychiatry source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHeightened arousal is linked to defensive behaviours driven by the periaqueductal grey, such as tonic immobility and fight or flight responses, which are behavioural programmes that share overlapping semiological features with functional seizures.
“Additionally, heightened arousal is linked to defensive behaviours driven by the periaqueductal grey, such as tonic immobility and fight or flight responses-behavioural programmes that share overlapping semiological features with functional seizures.45,[171][172][173][174]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 5 sources checked- cites [45] Aybek, 2015, Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: An FMRI study, PLoS ONE source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [171] Roelofs, 2017, Freeze for action: Neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [172] Diez, 2019, Corticolimbic fast-tracking: enhanced multimodal integration in functional neurological disorder, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [173] Zito, 2019, Abnormal postural behavior in patients with functional movement disorders during exposure to stress, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- cites [174] Schneider, 2022, Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Are they a freeze reaction?, Epilepsy Behav source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSome people with FND show deficits in sensory processing, interoceptive accuracy, biased attention and impairments in motor learning.
“While individual differences are important, data indicate that some people with FND show deficits in sensory processing, interoceptive accuracy, biased attention and impairments in motor learning.90,91,[179][180][181][182][183][184]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim6 of 8 sources checked- cites [90] Huys, 2021, Misdirected attentional focus in functional tremor, Brain. source
The Results (Part I) and Discussion report altered attentional focus in people with functional tremor: they attended more to visual feedback of their movement than the control groups. The paper measured detection of movement-related signals, but does not establish a general sensory-processing deficit or report deficits in interoceptive accuracy or motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [91] Lin, 2020, Dissociated motor learning and de-adaptation in patients with functional gait disorders, Brain source
- cites [179] Pareés, 2012, ‘Jumping to conclusions’ bias in functional movement disorders, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry source
- cites [180] Pick, 2018, Implicit attentional bias for facial emotion in dissociative seizures: Additional evidence, Epilepsy Behav source
- cites [181] Bakvis, 2009, Trauma, stress, and preconscious threat processing in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Epilepsia source
The Discussion reports that patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures showed an attentional bias toward masked angry faces and describes impaired emotional information processing. This supports the biased-attention part of the claim, but the paper does not establish deficits in interoceptive accuracy or motor learning, or a general sensory-processing deficit. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [182] Sojka, 2021, Individual differences in interoceptive accuracy and prediction error in motor functional neurological disorders: A DTI study, Hum Brain Mapp source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports prior evidence of cardiac interoceptive deficits in FND and suggests that impairment may occur only in a subset, consistent with the claim’s 'some people' qualifier. The study itself found no group-level difference in cardiac interoceptive accuracy. The Introduction mentions attentional biases and sensory-related processes, but the passages do not establish the claimed deficits in sensory processing, biased attention, or motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [183] Ricciardi, 2021, Exploring three levels of interoception in people with functional motor disorders, Parkinsonism Relat Disord source
The Discussion reports lower cardiac interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional motor disorders than in healthy controls, supporting the interoceptive-accuracy part of the claim. The paper does not establish biased attention or impaired motor learning; its Results report no significant group difference on the attention and executive-function test. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [184] Koreki, 2020, Trait and state interoceptive abnormalities are associated with dissociation and seizure frequency in patients with functional seizures, Epilepsia source
The Results (Group comparisons; page not provided) report significantly reduced interoceptive accuracy in patients with functional seizures, supporting that part of the sentence. The passages do not establish the other listed deficits—sensory processing more broadly, biased attention, or impaired motor learning. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningPrediction errors are the mismatch between anticipated and actual sensory input, and are used to update and improve subsequent predictions.
“Prediction errors, the second principle, are the mismatch between anticipated and actual sensory input, and are used to update and improve subsequent predictions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAffect serves as a subjective barometer of the in-the-moment estimation of the energetic state of the body, and influences the moment-to-moment perception of incoming information.
“Affect serves as a subjective barometer of the in-the-moment estimation of the energetic state of the body, and influences the moment-to-moment perception of incoming information.121”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [121] Wormwood, Emotion and threat detection: The roles of affect and conceptual knowledge, Emotion source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFatigue is highly prevalent and a chief predictor of quality of life in motor FND, more so than motor symptom severity.
“Fatigue is highly prevalent and a chief predictor of quality of life in motor FND, more so than motor symptom severity.6,163”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEach constructed conceptual category for an emotion is situation-specific; therefore, the category itself encompasses varying features and there are no two identical instances of an emotion.
“Importantly, each constructed conceptual category for an emotion is situation-specific; therefore, the category itself encompasses varying features (i.e.we can construct happiness with the touch of warm water in a winter day or cold water in a summer day) and there are no two identical instances of an emotion (i.e. the happiness felt on the summer day is different from that of the winter day).50”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] Barrett, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningThe theory of constructed emotion offers a constructionist approach to understanding what emotions are by leveraging the brain's primary role in energy regulation and predictive processing.
“The theory of constructed emotion offers a constructionist approach to understanding what emotions are by leveraging the brain's primary role in energy regulation and predictive processing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningAd hoc conceptual categories of emotion are compressed summaries that categorize physical signals, give them emotional meaning and render the experience an instance of that emotion category.
“Therefore, ad hoc conceptual categories of emotion are compressed summaries that categorize physical signals, give them emotional meaning and render the experience an instance of that emotion category (Fig. 5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenLife experiences, especially those in critical developmental stages, form the basis of concept formation, which might be updated throughout life to enable a more fine-grained repertoire of emotion concepts.
“Relatedly, life experiences, especially those in critical developmental stages, form the basis of concept formation, which might be updated throughout life to enable a more fine-grained repertoire of (emotion) concepts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenHigh arousal states that are frequently although not exclusively coupled with a negative valence are recognized to be associated with paroxysmal motor phenomena and perceptual distortions.
“High arousal states that are frequently although not exclusively coupled with a negative valence (e.g. during an altercation or in the immediate aftermath of a car crash) are recognized to be associated with paroxysmal motor phenomena (e.g.tremulous movements, stuttering speech), perceptual distortions (e.g.dizziness, derealization)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
PremisereasoningThe ability to construct abstract categories is determined by the degree of compression in the features that the brain can support.
“The ability to construct abstract categories is determined by the degree of compression in the features that the brain can support.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn FND populations, insecure attachment has been linked to increased symptom severity, childhood maltreatment and poor clinical outcomes.
“in this population, insecure attachment has also been linked to increased symptom severity, childhood maltreatment and poor clinical outcomes.206”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [206] Brown, 2013, Emotional dysregulation, alexithymia, and attachment in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Epilepsy Behav source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenWhen people with FND state that they are not anxious or depressed, despite externally presenting information seemingly to the contrary, they are correct.
“When people with FND state that they are not anxious or depressed, despite externally presenting information seemingly to the contrary, they are correct.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life, suggesting that the qualities of certain acquired concepts may be carried forward and less malleable to modification later in life.
“Relatedly, the human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life, suggesting that the qualities of certain acquired concepts may be carried forward and less malleable to modification later in life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenAltered emotion construction in some individuals is sufficient to mechanistically explain the development and maintenance of FND and related functional somatic symptoms.
“We argue that the altered emotion construction in some individuals is sufficient to mechanistically explain the development and maintenance of FND and related functional somatic symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe theory of constructed emotion offers a framework for reconceptualizing and integrating the relevance of emotion and its aberrant construction in the pathophysiology of FND.
“In conclusion, the theory of constructed emotion offers a framework for reconceptualizing and integrating the relevance of emotion (and its aberrant construction) in the pathophysiology of FND.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIn some people with FND, functional neurological symptoms occur due to deficits in the repertoire of available emotion concepts and/or impairments in constructing a conceptual category for an emotion in a particular instance.
“In some people with FND, we posit that functional neurological symptoms occur due to deficits in the repertoire of available emotion concepts and/or impairments in constructing a conceptual category for an emotion in a particular instance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe theory of constructed emotion framework provides insight into potential mechanisms most relevant for people with FND who report alexithymia, 'panic attack without panic', comorbid psychopathology, fatigue and/or a high burden of early-life adversity.
“Thus, the theory of constructed emotion framework provides insight into potential mechanisms most relevant for people with FND who report alexithymia, 'panic attack without panic', comorbid psychopathology, fatigue and/or a high burden of early-life adversity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThere is altered prediction error learning in FND.
“Proposal 3: There is altered prediction error learning in FND”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSome forms of functional weakness can be conceptualized as either a derivative of tonic immobility occurring during high arousal, or potentially a manifestation of a low arousal and probably non-conscious low motivational state.
“By extension, some forms of functional weakness can be conceptualized as either a derivative of tonic immobility occurring during high arousal, or potentially a manifestation of a low arousal (and probably non-conscious low motivational) state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe availability and reliance on non-emotion, bodily/health-focused concepts, and the related pervasive tendency to categorize incoming afferent sensory information as non-emotion instances, is specific to functional disorders.
“Rather, we posit that the availability and reliance on non-emotion, bodily/health-focused concepts (and the related pervasive tendency to categorize incoming afferent sensory information as non-emotion instances) is specific to functional disorders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningDissociation within the theory of constructed emotion framework could be conceptualized in part as the momentary uncoupling of the brain's higher-level generative models of the internal state of the body and of the body in the world.
“While dissociation is probably mechanistically heterogeneous, dissociation within the theory of constructed emotion framework could be conceptualized in part as the momentary uncoupling of the brain's higher-level generative models of the internal state of the body (interoception) and of the body in the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenSymptoms such as the tremor, stutter and cognitive difficulties in such situations are both physiological and involuntary.
“Symptoms such as the tremor, stutter and cognitive difficulties in such situations are both physiological and involuntary.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThis uncoupling could then be experienced as a dissociative event, where the conscious feature of interoception, affect, does not 'match' the constructed experience in the service of allostasis.
“This uncoupling could then be experienced as a dissociative event, where the conscious feature of interoception, affect, does not 'match' the constructed experience in the service of allostasis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIndividuals may make sense of physical symptoms by constructing a conceptual category of 'fear' or 'being shocked'.
“In such instances, individuals may make sense of these physical symptoms by constructing a conceptual category of 'fear' or 'being shocked'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIf an individual lacks a relevant emotion concept or does not construct a conceptual category for an emotion in that instance, such experiences could be represented as a non-emotion category, for example 'shaking'.
“If an individual lacks a relevant emotion concept or does not construct a conceptual category for an emotion in that instance, such experiences could be represented as a non-emotion category (e.g.'shaking').”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The ongoing debate about emotions in functional neurological disorder has largely omitted the question of what emotions are in the first place.
“Critical in this context, however, is that this ongoing debate has largely omitted the question of what emotions are in the first place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous.
“While we continue to support that functional neurological disorder is mechanistically and aetiologically heterogenous, consideration of how the theory of constructed emotion relates to the generation and maintenance of functional neurological and functional somatic symptoms offers an integrated viewpoint that cuts across neurology, psychiatry, psychology and cognitive-affective neuroscience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The respective roles of the proposed mechanisms across individuals with functional neurological disorder may vary.
“Their respective roles across individuals with FND may also vary.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.
“This inconsistency may relate in part to the notion that the brain's modelling of the condition of the body is mostly not accessible to awareness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life.
“Relatedly, the human brain is most neuroplastic earlier in life, suggesting that the qualities of certain acquired concepts may be carried forward and less malleable to modification later in life.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Illness-promoting psychological processes that emerge in the minds of children with FND function in a top-down fashion to activate and modulate the stress system, thereby contributing to the activation or maintenance of the illness process.
“We look at illness-promoting psychological processes that emerge in the minds of children with FND and that function—in a top-down fashion—to activate and modulate the stress system, thereby contributing to the activation or maintenance of the illness process [23,24,25,26,27].”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
In “Allostasis and the predictive brain” (page unavailable), the paper describes brain-based concepts guiding bodily regulation through regions connected to autonomic and endocrine systems. “Proposal 1” (page unavailable) suggests that inefficient emotion construction may contribute to the development and maintenance of FND symptoms, and discusses children with FND. It does not specifically establish that psychological processes in children with FND activate a stress system to initiate or maintain illness; it instead frames the mechanism as a proposed account of inefficient allostasis. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA child's expectations are reflected in her body, thoughts, and feelings and can potentially affect the course of her symptoms through mind-brain-body pathways.
“The child’s expectations will thus be reflected in her body, thoughts, and feelings and can potentially, through a range of mind–brain–body pathways, affect the course of her symptoms [24,25,27,38,39].”
From Illness-Promoting Psychological Processes in Children and Adolescents with Functional Neurological Disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
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Understanding Functional Neurological Disorder: Recent Insights and Diagnostic Challenges
Mavroudis, I. A., Kazis, D. A., Kamal, F. Z., Gurzu, I. L., Ciobica, A. S., Pădurariu, M., Novac, B., & Iordache, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084470 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Neuroscientists inspect the neural mechanisms underlying FND [136].”
BackgroundNielsen, G., Stone, J., Lee, T. C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00135-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“A facetoface appointment with a member of the research team was held with consenting individuals, during which a second screening for eligibility was done, informed consent was obtained, and baseline assessments were completed before random assignment (appendix pp 8–15).”
InfluentialOverall comorbidities in functional neurological disorder: A narrative review
Carle, G., Goutte, J., Do-Quang-Cantagrel, N., Mouchabac, S., Joly, C., & Garcin, B. (2023) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.06.004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Pain and functional neurological disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Steinruecke, M., Mason, I., Keen, M., McWhirter, L., Carson, A. J., Stone, J., & Hoeritzauer, I. (2024) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-332810 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“2 55–57 Key risk factors are shared between FND and chronic pain, including adverse childhood experiences, gender and physical triggering events.”
Functional neurological disorder and placebo and nocebo effects: shared mechanisms
Fiorio, M., Braga, M., Marotta, A., Villa‐Sánchez, B., Edwards, M. J., Tinazzi, M., & Barbiani, D. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00711-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Management of Psychological Complications Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Self-citationNeuropsychological evaluation of functional cognitive disorder: A narrative review
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“Affective neuroscience research has revealed an important role for altered predictive processing of bodily sensations in the FND (Hallett et al., 2022; Jungilligens et al., 2022) that may be equally relevant for FCD (Bhome et al., 2019; larner, 2021).”
BackgroundIntrinsic timescales and predictive allostatic interoception in brain health and disease
Ibanez, A., & Northoff, G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105510 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Predictive Processing and the Pathophysiology of Functional Neurological Disorder
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Self-citationFunctional neurological disorder: defying dualism
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“Jungilligens et al. ’ s 2022 perspective article relates the theory of constructed emotion to the FND predictive processing framework, [45] where incoming sensory information from the body and world is compared to features that have already been classified (i.e., a prediction/emotion concept) and…”
Westlin, C., Guthrie, A. J., Bleier, C., Finkelstein, S. A., Maggio, J., Ranford, J., MacLean, J., Godena, E. J., Millstein, D. J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., et al. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf195 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“78 Other treatments may therefore seek to help individuals re-construct experiences using emotional concepts, which may aid in more efficient allostasis.”
Self-citationWestlin, C., Guthrie, A. J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., Maggio, J., Finkelstein, S. A., Godena, E. J., Millstein, D. J., MacLean, J., Ranford, J., Freeburn, J. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-333499 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…processing views also implicate these regions (nodes of the default mode and salience networks) in concept generation and precision signalling, processes that are theorised to be altered in FND. 35 36 Many features also showed high importance unique to only the FND-mixed versus PCs classification.”
Self-citationSojka, P., Serranová, T., Khalsa, S. S., Perez, D. L., & Diez, I. P. (2024) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20240070 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationGonzález‐Herrero, B., Happe, F. G. E., Nicholson, T. R., Morgante, F., Pagonabarraga, J., Deeley, Q., & Edwards, M. J. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70168 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Illustrating the pathway from affect to somatic symptom: the Affective Picture Paradigm*
Petzke, T. M., Weber, K., den Bergh, O. V., & Witthöft, M. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2319273 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Incongruence in FND: time for retirement
Stone, J. (2024) · Practical Neurology · doi:10.1136/pn-2023-003897 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flasbeck, V., Jungilligens, J., Lemke, I., Beckers, J., Öztürk, H., Wellmer, J., Seliger, C., Juckel, G., & Popkirov, S. (2024) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2024-000665 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurometabolic alterations in children and adolescents with functional neurological disorder
Charney, M. F., Foster, S., Shukla, V., Zhao, W., Jiang, S. H., Kozlowska, K., & Lin, A. P. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103557 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Perez, D. L., Finkelstein, S. A., Adams, C. N., & Saxena, A. R. (2023) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationBabiloni, C., Cacciola, E. G., Tucci, F., Vassalini, P., Chilovi, A., Jakhar, D., Musat, A. M., Salvatore, M., Soricelli, A., Stocchi, F., et al. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.02.034 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pick, S., Millman, L. S. M., Sun, Y., Short, E., Stanton, B. R., Winston, J. S., Mehta, M. A., Nicholson, T. R., Reinders, A. A. T. S., David, A. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2245110 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…control (Baslet, 2011; Brown & Reuber, 2016; Perez et al., 2012; Voon et al., 2013), attentional processing (Baslet, 2011; Brown & Reuber, 2016; Edwards et al., 2012), affective information processing and social cognition (Jungilligens et al., 2022; Kozlowska et al., 2015; Pick et al., 2019).”
BackgroundExpectancies and avoidance: Towards an integrated model of chronic somatic symptoms
Nadinda, P. G., van Laarhoven, A. I. M., Van den Bergh, O., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Peters, M. L., & Evers, A. W. M. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105808 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The blink reflex and its modulation – Part 2: Pathophysiology and clinical utility
Gündüz, A., Valls‐Solé, J., Serranová, T., Coppola, G., Köfler, M., & Jääskeläinen, S. K. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.02.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tamilson, B., Poole, N. A., & Agrawal, N. (2024) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2025.2452259 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“TCE posits that emotions are constructed by the brain through the integration of past experiences with sensory information, linking emotions to the brain’s core function of energy regulation to meet physiological needs (Jungilligens et al., 2022).”
Kozlowska, K., Schollar-Root, O., Savage, B., Hawkes, C., Chudleigh, C., Raghunandan, J., Scher, S., & Helgeland, H. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10111724 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The child’s expectations will thus be reflected in her body, thoughts, and feelings and can potentially, through a range of mind–brain–body pathways, affect the course of her symptoms [24,25,27,38,39].”
BackgroundFinkelstein, S. A., O’Neal, M. A., Baslet, G. C., Dworetzky, B. A., Godena, E. J., Maggio, J., Millstein, D. J., Milligan, T. A., & Perez, D. L. (2023) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological Factors Associated with Functional Tic-like Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Berg, L., Pringsheim, T. M., Lerario, M. P., & Martino, D. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01184-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…may have a specific neuroanatomical substrate, as a dismissing attachment style in females with FND was associated with reduced cortical thickness in the left para-hippocampal cortex, suggesting aberrant social-emotional and contextual appraisal (Jungilligens et al., 2022; Williams et al., 2018).”
Migraine and functional neurological disorder (FND)—a review of comorbidity and potential overlap
Stone, J., Coebergh, J. A., Khoja, L., Butler, M., Nicholson, T. R., & Dodick, D. W. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf288 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“98 Allostasis and predictive processing have also been recently integrated into a mechanistic account of migraine, 99,100 which proposes that symptoms arise from multimodal sensory amplifications of prediction errors initiated as forms of a ‘failsafe’ procedure to maintain allostasis.”
Outcome of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures following diagnosis in the epilepsy monitoring unit
Nahed, R. A., Li, J., Carlier, J., Birca, V., Bérubé, A.-A., & Nguyen, D. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1363459 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Future studies are needed to assess how dedicated/specialized FND clinics can impact the outcome of PNES patients.”
InfluentialOstuzzi, G., Geroin, C., Gastaldon, C., Tedeschi, F., Clesi, F. M., Trevisan, G., Bidello, G., Vita, G., Marcuzzo, E., Sandri, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-334788 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An active inference approach to interpersonal differences in depression
Kirchner, L., Eckert, A.-L., Berg, M., Endres, D., Straube, B., & Rief, W. (2024) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101092 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Guthrie, A. J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., Bleier, C., Adams, C. N., Millstein, D. J., Ranford, J., & Perez, D. L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPick, S., Millman, L. S. M., Ward, E., Short, E., Stanton, B. R., Reinders, A. S., Winston, J. S., Nicholson, T. R., Edwards, M. J., Goldstein, L. H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-332364 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“specifically, has been a recurrent theme in theoretical models of functional neurological disorder (FND)[2-5].”
BackgroundFunctional Neurological Disorder: Historical Trends and Urgent Directions
Velazquez-Rodriguez, Y., & Fehily, B. (2023) · Journal of Neurology Research · doi:10.14740/jnr754 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Motor actions across psychiatric disorders: a research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective
Osborne, K. J., Walther, S., & Mittal, V. A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102511 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
How do I manage functional visual loss
Ramsay, N., McKee, J. B., Al-Ani, G., & Stone, J. (2024) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-024-03126-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Another useful way to think about FND is a disorder of the predictive brain [11].”
BackgroundSynthèse des principes et schémas de prise en charge dans les troubles neurologiques fonctionnels
Carle, G., Hingray, C., Alaoui, O. M., Aybek, S., Mouchabac, S., & Garcin, B. (2023) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.06.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pick, S., Millman, L. S. M., Davies, J., Hodsoll, J. P., Stanton, B. R., David, A. S., Edwards, M. J., Goldstein, L. H., Mehta, M. A., Nicholson, T. R., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116247 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“• Greater objective sleep disturbance and higher physical activity levels would be correlated with FNS ratings (Geroin et al., 2022; Millman et al., 2024).”
Liu, S., Cai, Y., Yao, S., Chai, J., Jia, Y., Ge, H., Huang, R., Li, A., & Cheng, H. (2024) · Future Oncology · doi:10.1080/14796694.2024.2370237 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Anger regulation in patients with functional neurological disorder: A systematic review
van Dijl, T. L., Videler, A. C., Aben, H. P., & Kop, W. J. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fusunyan, M. A., Medina, M., Giambarberi, L., & Bajestan, S. N. (2024) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20230060 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Emotional arousal in patients with functional movement disorders: A pupillometry study
Slovák, M., Anýž, J., Erlebach, J., Sieger, T., Forejtová, Z., Fabián, V., Rošíková, T., Nováková, L., Růžička, E., Edwards, M. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111043 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stoffel, N., Sojka, P., Gninenko, N., Mouthon, M., von der Weid, L., Serranová, T., & Aybek, S. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf283 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“From a psychiatric perspective, emphasis has been placed on adverse life experiences 2,3 and emotional distress 4,5 as precipitating factors or acute triggers in FND.”
Wang, L., Griffin, M., He, J., Li, X., & Tong, R. (2025) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2025.107004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cope, S. R., Smith, J. G., El‐Leithy, S., Vanzan, S., Hogwood, P., Golder, D., Turner, K. J., Crowley, M., Billings, J., Pick, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13219-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Spatial navigation entropy suggests allocentric dysfunction in PPPD
Faúndez, F., Arévalo-Romero, C. A., Villarroel, K., Lavín, C., Kevin Alarcón, P., Vial, G., Artus, F., Billeke, P. B., Delano, P. H., & Breinbauer, H. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1599307 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This perspective aligns with contemporary frameworks used to explain functional disorders, in which multiple pathophysiological factors have been proposed (30–34).”
Dissociative amnesia – A valid construct for repressed memories
Markowitsch, H. J., & Staniloiu, A. (2025) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12276 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Weber, S., Jungilligens, J., Aybek, S., & Popkirov, S. (2024) · Epilepsia Open · doi:10.1002/epi4.13050 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“39,44 Fittingly, in a previous study from our group also using the CAP approach in an over-lapping, larger sample of patients with mixed functional neurological disorder, we found co-deactivation of the bilateral insulae (the primary interoceptive cortices) with the default mode network.”
Self-citationYan, H., Zhou, A., Li, Q.-H., & Wu, C. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104151 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccination in Young People with Functional Neurological Disorder: A Case-Control Study
Lim, N., Wood, N., Prasad, A., Waters, K. A., Singh‐Grewal, D., Dale, R. C., Elkadi, J., Scher, S., & Kozlowska, K. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10122031 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dean, S. L., & Torbey, S. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.09.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chalder, T., Landau, S., Stone, J., Carson, A. J., Reuber, M., Medford, N., Robinson, E. J., & Goldstein, L. H. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003665 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The legacy of psychoanalysis for functional neurological disorder (FND): insights and harms
Stone, J. (2025) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2025.2493065 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Predictive processing models are a powerful way of understanding many human experiences including phantom limb phenomena, migraine (Sedley et al., 2024) and FND (Jungilligens et al., 2022).”
Lamm, T. T., von Schrottenberg, V., Rauch, A., Bach, B., Pedersen, H. F., Rask, M. T., Ørnbøl, E., Wellnitz, K. B., & Frostholm, L. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102529 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Abnormalities of the Descending Inhibitory Nociceptive Pathway in Functional Motor Disorders
Squintani, G. M., Geroin, C., Pasquali, A., Cavazzana, E., Segatti, A., Lippolis, M., Bonetto, C., Antelmi, E., & Tinazzi, M. (2024) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29770 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Funktionelle Bewegungsstörungen verstehen und verständlich machen
Popkirov, S., Jungilligens, J., & Michaelis, R. (2024) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-024-01619-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, C., Lei, X., Ma, W., Long, J., Long, S., Chen, X., Luo, J., & Tao, Q. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230703 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Case of Functional Cognitive Disorder: Psychotherapy and Speech and Language Therapy Insights
Godena, E. J., Freeburn, J. L., Silverberg, N. D., & Perez, D. L. (2023) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000379 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain evolution and the meaning of catatonia - An update
Fricchione, G. L. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.01.026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Greenfield, M. J., Fobian, A. D., Fargason, R. E., & Birur, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1288828 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nepožitek, J., Dostálová, S., Věchetová, G., Sieger, T., Forejtová, Z., Nováková, L., Galušková, K., Milata, M., Varga, Z., Tanaka, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14098 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…proprioceptive abnormalities (Ricciardi et al., 2016; Ricciardi et al., 2021), along with the mismatch between subjective and objective measures of distress, arousal, and symptom burden (Jungilligens et al., 2022; Slovak et al., 2022) and a higher frequency of alexithymia (Demartini et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFunctional seizures: Are they consistent over time?
Bahous, E., Wagner, R., & Herskovitz, M. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3375 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Regardless of whether the reflex is conditioned or inherent, its activation occurs without the involvement of higher processing levels, and inmost cases, a similar activation pattern is anticipated (Brown & Reuber, 2016a, 2016b; Jungilligens et al., 2022; Reuber, 2009).”
BackgroundResultLin, Y., Hsu, C., Lin, C., Kuroda, R., Chiang, D.-L., Lai, F., & Wu, S. (2023) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02644-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Therefore, their use of precision signals and PEs to improve predictions is limited (Jungilligens et al. 2022).”
BackgroundMillstein, D. J., Perez, D. L., & Langfitt, J. T. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2023.01.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationThe pulvinar nucleus and its role in cognitive functions
Cortes, N., Mandel, C., Ikan, L., & Casanova, C. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111672 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Westlin, C., Guthrie, A. J., Bleier, C., Finkelstein, S. A., Maggio, J., Ranford, J., MacLean, J., Godena, E. J., Millstein, D. J., Freeburn, J. L., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.10.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional Neurological Disorder
Butler, M., & Nicholson, T. R. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623861.018 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Social cognition in Parkinson’s disease and functional movement disorders
Silveri, M. C., Monaco, M. R. L., Tondinelli, A., Petracca, M., Zinzi, P., Fragapane, S., Pozzi, G., Pagnini, F., Bentivoglio, A. R., & Tella, S. D. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07452-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pick, S., Millman, L. S. M., Ward, E., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.23294462 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Functional neurological disorder: Past, present and future
Stone, J. (2023) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.06.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
BiTCAN: An emotion recognition network based on saliency in brain cognition
An, Y., Hu, S., Liu, S., et al. (2023) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2023953 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ultra-high field brain MRI for functional neurological disorder: opportunities and challenges
Myren, S., Jungilligens, J., Diez, I. P., Bøen, E., Elvsåshagen, T., Forstmann, B. U., Ziaei, M., & Doan, T. P. (2026) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2026.103972 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCole, R. H., Smythe, L., Edwards, M. J., Happe, F. G. E., & Nicholson, T. R. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251393504 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…of FND as a failure to apply emotion concepts (impaired interoceptive inference), or a lack of emotion concepts (alexithymia), are that inaccurate or less granular emotion categories result in misattribution of arousal and physical sensations as illness or dysfunction (Jungilligens et al., 2022).”
Putica, A., Agathos, J. A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00479-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This process, which is vital for recovery from adverse, stressful or traumatic experiences, is impaired in both disorders and might contribute to symptom persistence, albeit with distinct manifestations 30,172 .”
InfluentialPathophysiology of functional neurological disorder for the general neurologist
Phillips, W. (2025) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2025-001309 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“69 This might underlie the frequently observed alexithymia in patients and the phenomenon seen frequently in functional seizures, ‘panic without panic’.”
Butler, M., Bird, C. I. V., Maggio, C., Durden, A., Modlin, N., Campbell-Coker, K., Edwards, M., Pick, S., Millman, L. M. M., Lowery, E., et al. (2024) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Outcomes of specialist physiotherapy for functional motor disorder: the Physio4FMD RCT
Nielsen, G., Marston, L., Hunter, R. M., Carson, A. J., Goldstein, L. H., Holt, K., Lee, T. C., Novere, M. L., Marsden, J. F., Nazareth, I., et al. (2025) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/mkac9495 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Erweiterte Diagnostik bei dissoziativen Anfällen
Schöne, C., Abourafia, K., & Pensel, M. C. (2024) · Clinical Epileptology · doi:10.1007/s10309-024-00683-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bérubé, A., Turgeon, J., Tsur, N., & Talmon, A. (2024) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12572 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lanzara, R., Conti, C., Lalli, V., Cannizzaro, P., Affaitati, G., Giamberardino, M., Williams, A., & Porcelli, P. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3436 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Interoceptive disruption in functional neurological disorder: a multimodal brain imaging studyPreprint
Sojka, P., Serranová, T., Khalsa, S. S., Perez, D. L., & Diez, I. P. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.24303546 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Potential disruptions in interoception have been proposed to contribute to the development and/or maintenance of FND through impairments in allostasis (i.e., the active process of forecasting the energetic needs of the body by modeling the body in the world) (Jungilligens et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationForensic assessment of somatoform and functional neurological disorders
Datta, V., & Blum, A. W. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2651 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Vroege, L., van Dijl, T. L., Jong, J. E. W.-D., Videler, A. C., & Kop, W. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2024.2335599 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that differences exist in personality factors between patients with FND versus individuals without FND (Bodde et al., 2011; Hallet et al., 2022; Jalilianhasanpour et al., 2018; Jungilligens et al., 2022; Testa et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLiu, S., Chai, J., Jia, Y., Yao, S., Ge, H., Huang, R., Li, A., & Cheng, H. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3087962/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Roberts, N. A., Villarreal, L. D., & Burleson, M. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1135590 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neuroscience in pictures: Functional neurological disorder
Westlin, C., Keshavan, M. S., & Perez, D. L. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104449 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHeartbeat evoked potentials and autonomic arousal during dissociative seizuresPreprint
Flasbeck, V., Jungilligens, J., Lemke, I., Beckers, J., Wellmer, J., & Popkirov, S. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/wcqft · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropsychiatric Treatment in Functional Neurological Disorder: Foundations and Future
Gonsalvez, I., Lane, C. E., & Baslet, G. C. (2026) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/a-2786-3694 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Westlin, C., Rioux, M., Lee, J., Panenka, W. J., Palombo, D. J., Todd, R. M., Silverberg, N. D., & Perez, D. L. (2025) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103936 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMammì, A., Harper, K., Gray, C., Reuber, M., & Brown, R. J. (2025) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112473 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Patients with severe ME/CFS need hope and expert multidisciplinary care
Miller, A., Symington, F., Garner, P., & Pedersen, M. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.r977 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rush, B. K., Traver, K. J., Geissler, E. N., Travis, M., di Ciccone, B. L., Moutvic, M. A., & Chauhan, M. (2025) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10538135251325460 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Patient perceptions of control are thought to be crucial to onset and perpetuation of FND and FMD (Jungilligens et al., 2022) which relates well to the construct of IU.”
InfluentialAbnormal Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology in Functional Movement Disorders
Serranová, T., Slovák, M., Forejtová, Z., Sieger, T., Dušek, P., Srpová, B., Mrázová, K., Růžička, E., Šonka, K., Espay, A. J., et al. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001307 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although interoceptive abnormalities are increasingly recognized in functional neurological disorders, it will be important to address changes also in these nonsynaptic pathways in FMD (53 – 55).”
BackgroundThe relationship of action, affect, and metacognition in functional seizures
Jungilligens, J., Flohr, M.-C., Lange, M., Wellmer, J., & Popkirov, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2287778 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This is highly relevant for functional seizures, as alterations of the salience network have emerged as potential key pathomechanisms (Drane et al., 2020; Jungilligens, Paredes-Echeverri, et al., 2022; Jungilligens, Popkirov, et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSone, D. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s402378 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Die interdisziplinäre – integrative – Versorgung von funktionellen neurologischen Störungen
Schmidt, R., van Husen, D. K., Gegusch, M., Steurer, A., Hausteiner‐Wiehle, C., & Schmid, D. A. (2023) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2086-2481 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Bei all dem schließen sich biologische und psychosoziale Einflüsse nicht aus, sondern sind komplementär aufeinander bezogen, sie bedingen sich wechselseitig und können oft gar nicht scharf voneinander getrennt werden [35].”
BackgroundSleep in Functional Motor Disorders: A Case–Control Polysomnographic Study
Nepožitek, J., Dostálová, S., Jirásek, M., Chaloupková, G., Forejtová, Z., Nováková, L., Rottová, V., Konvičná, V., Šonka, K., Edwards, M. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70163 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Together, these findings reinforce growing evidence that in FMD, subjective symptom experiences frequently do not align with physiological or behavioural measures (Adewusi et al. 2021; Jungilligens et al. 2022; Slovak et al. 2022).”
Attenuated heartbeat-evoked potentials in functional neurological disorder
Stoffel, N., Mouthon, M., Yang, H., von der Weid, L., Concetti, C., Blanke, O., & Aybek, S. (2026) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf503 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“8,9 Interoception refers to the sensing, integration and interpretation of bodily signals, at conscious and unconscious levels.”
- Authors
- Jungilligens, J., Paredes-Echeverri, S., Popkirov, S., Barrett, L. F., & Perez, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum (DE)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jungilligens, Johannes
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-06-02
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2648-2663
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC9905015
- OpenAlex
- W4281736248
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (K23MH111983)
- Ruhr University Bochum Research School
- NIH
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- conversion disorder, theory of constructed emotion, functional somatic symptoms, allostasis, predictive processing, interoception, affect, energy regulation, alexithymia, dissociation, insecure attachment, life experience, symptom generation, therapeutic implications
- MeSH terms
- Medically Unexplained Symptoms, Affective Symptoms, Brain, Conversion Disorder, Emotions, Humans
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