The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test
Open accessAbstract
Popular statistical software packages do not have the proper procedures for determining the number of components in factor and principal components analyses. Parallel analysis and Velicer's minimum average partial (MAP) test are validated procedures, recommended widely by statisticians. However, many researchers continue to use alternative, simpler, but flawed procedures, such as the eigenvalues-greater-than-one rule. Use of the proper procedures might be increased if these procedures could be conducted within familiar software environments. This paper describes brief and efficient programs for using SPSS and SAS to conduct parallel analyses and the MAP test.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MAP suggests the smallest number of factors, while PA-SMC95 suggests the largest number of factors (O ' connor, 2000).”
From Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the experiential avoidance in caregiving questionnaire (EACQ) (2023) · cites this paper as O'Connor, 2000
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Empirically, parallel analysis (O’connor, 2000) indicated retention of five, theoretically consistent factors”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as O’connor, 2000
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,965
Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments.
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286 · Cited by 3,970
Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain.
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 · Cited by 3,270
Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations
Velicer, W. F. (1976) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02293557 · Cited by 2,438
Maxwell, A. E., & Harman, H. H. (1968) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2343736 · Cited by 1,853
Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research.
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Tinsley, D. J. (1987) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.34.4.414 · Cited by 1,286
Exploratory Factor Analysis: Its Role in Item Analysis
Gorsuch, R. L. (1997) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_5 · Cited by 1,062
Glorfeld, L. W. (1995) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164495055003002 · Cited by 733
Factors Influencing Four Rules For Determining The Number Of Components To Retain
Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1982) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5 · Cited by 519
A Comprehensive Trial Of The Scree And Kg Criteria For Determining The Number Of Factors
Cattell, R. B., & Vogelmann, S. (1977) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1203_2 · Cited by 516
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,033 of 1,033
Dowdy, E. T., Chin, J. K., Twyford, J. M., & Dever, B. V. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.03.005 · Cited by 39
Assessing sub-clinical psychosis phenotypes in the general population - A multidimensional approach
Rössler, W., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Müller, M., Rodgers, S., Haker, H., & Hengartner, M. P. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.033 · Cited by 35
Psychological Flexibility Among Competitive Athletes: A Psychometric Investigation of a New Scale
Johles, L., Gustafsson, H., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Classon, C., Hasselqvist, J., & Lundgren, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00110 · Cited by 38
“The parallel analysis suggested one factor (O’Connor, 2000), which was further examined according to recommendations (Costello and Osborne, 2005).”
MethodCorrelates of dementia attitudes in a sample of middle‐aged Australian adults
Phillipson, L., Magee, C. A., Jones, S. C., & Skladzien, E. (2014) · Australasian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2012.00624.x · Cited by 37
Morrison, A. S., Potter, C. M., Carper, M. M., Kinner, D. G., Jensen, D., Bruce, L., Wong, J., de Oliveira, I. R., Sudak, D. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2015.8.4.287 · Cited by 35
Miragall, M., Baños, R. M., Cebolla, A., & Botella, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01531 · Cited by 29
Oxytocin and vulnerable romantic relationships
Grebe, N. M., Kristoffersen, A. A., Grøntvedt, T. V., Emery Thompson, M., Kennair, L. E. O., & Gangestad, S. W. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.009 · Cited by 34
Tanis, M., Beukeboom, C. J., Hartmann, T., & Vermeulen, I. E. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.039 · Cited by 32
Development and validation of a measure of online deception and intimacy
Stanton, K., Ellickson-Larew, S., & Watson, D. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.015 · Cited by 29
Moodi Ghalibaf, A., Moghadasin, M., Emadzadeh, A., & Mastour, H. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04553-1 · Cited by 29
Factorial Structure and Validity of the Quantified Behavior Test Plus (Qb+©)
Hirsch, O., & Christiansen, H. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116638426 · Cited by 26
Interpersonal goals as predictors of facebook use, social capital, and envy
Tobin, S. J., Chant, G., & Clay, R. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0446 · Cited by 24
Riecke, J., Holzapfel, S., Rief, W., Lachnit, H., & Glombiewski, J. (2016) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s92615 · Cited by 23
Adult ADHD: associations with personality and other psychopathology
Stanton, K., & Watson, D. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9519-5 · Cited by 23
Leite, Â., Cardoso, S., & Monteiro, A. P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20126136 · Cited by 21
Hong, R. Y., & Paunonen, S. V. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00683.x · Cited by 21
ATN 086/106 Protocol Teams for the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/ADS Interventions, van den Berg, J. J., Isabel Fernández, M., Fava, J. L., Operario, D., Rudy, B. J., & Wilson, P. A. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1550-3 · Cited by 19
Fergus, T. A., & Bardeen, J. R. (2017) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000247 · Cited by 19
Williams, C., Daley, D., Burnside, E., & Hammond-Rowley, S. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.006 · Cited by 19
Stephenson, K. R., Truong, L., & Shimazu, L. (2018) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.07.014 · Cited by 17
Trombello, J. M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Weissman, M. M., Grannemann, B. D., Cooper, C. M., Greer, T. L., Malchow, A. L., Jha, M. K., Carmody, T. J., Kurian, B. T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.003 · Cited by 16
Exploring Posttraumatic Growth in Sierra Leone Using Mixed Methods
Exenberger, S., Steidl, A., Kamara, A., & Huber, A. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00419-9 · Cited by 15
Zacharia, M., Ioannou, M., Theofanous, A., Vasiliou, V. S., & Karekla, M. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.01.003 · Cited by 11
The Experiential Approach Scale: Development and preliminary psychometric properties
Swails, J. A., Zettle, R. D., Burdsal, C. A., & Snyder, J. J. (2016) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-016-0188-x · Cited by 12
Stenlund, T., & Jonsson, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2017.00002 · Cited by 10
Plohl, N., Mlakar, I., Aquilino, L., Bisconti, P., & Smrke, U. (2025) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2384821 · Cited by 9
Defining and Measuring Tolerance of Uncontrollability
Hay, A., Barthel, A. L., Moskow, D. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10259-9 · Cited by 8
Validating an Adapted Version of the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire in Hong Kong Chinese
Lo, H. H. M., Powell, C. L. Y. M., Chan, S. H. W., Leung, B. F. H., Tsang, E. Y. H., & Leung, S. S. M. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-10020-w · Cited by 6
“Using syntaxes developed by O’Connor (2000), we conducted principal component analysis (PCA) for the student sample.”
MethodMorimoto, H., Kishita, N., Kondo, H., Tanaka, N., Abe, Y., & Muto, T. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.02.003 · Cited by 6
“MAP suggests the smallest number of factors, while PA-SMC95 suggests the largest number of factors (O’connor, 2000).”
BackgroundPuccinelli, C., Cameron, D. H., Ouellette, M. J., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10029-9 · Cited by 5
Atai-Tabar, M., Zareian, G., Amirian, S. M. R., & Adel, S. M. R. (2024) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-04-2023-0169 · Cited by 4
Morimoto, H., Kishita, N., Kondo, H., & Muto, T. (2023) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2163951 · Cited by 4
Krause, K. L., Stewart, K. E., Cassin, S. E., & Antony, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.32.4.241 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- O’connor, B. P.
- Affiliations
- Lakehead University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- O’connor, Brian P.
- ORCID
- O’connor, Brian P.
- Venue
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 396-402
- ISSN
- 0743-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5970
- OpenAlex
- W2124563089
- Cited by
- 4,116
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 140 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 212 · 2023: 190 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 268 · 2020: 285 · 2019: 245 · 2018: 249 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 227 · 2015: 252 · 2014: 221 · 2013: 207 · 2012: 169
- FWCI
- 12.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- number of components, parallel analysis, factor analysis, principal component analysis, SAS program
- MeSH terms
- Factor Analysis, Statistical, Psychology, Software
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
