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SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test

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O’connor, Brian P.·2000·Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

DOI 10.3758/bf03200807

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Abstract

Popular statistical software packages do not have the proper procedures for determining the number of components in factor and principal components analyses. Parallel analysis and Velicer's minimum average partial (MAP) test are validated procedures, recommended widely by statisticians. However, many researchers continue to use alternative, simpler, but flawed procedures, such as the eigenvalues-greater-than-one rule. Use of the proper procedures might be increased if these procedures could be conducted within familiar software environments. This paper describes brief and efficient programs for using SPSS and SAS to conduct parallel analyses and the MAP test.

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Authors: O’connor, B. P.
Affiliations: Lakehead University (CA)
Corresponding author: O’connor, Brian P.
ORCID: O’connor, Brian P.
Venue: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 396-402
ISSN: 0743-3808 (ISSN-L)
1532-5970
DOI: 10.3758/bf03200807
OpenAlex: W2124563089
Cited by: 4,116
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 140 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 212 · 2023: 190 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 268 · 2020: 285 · 2019: 245 · 2018: 249 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 227 · 2015: 252 · 2014: 221 · 2013: 207 · 2012: 169
FWCI: 12.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: number of components, parallel analysis, factor analysis, principal component analysis, SAS program
MeSH terms: Factor Analysis, Statistical, Psychology, Software

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SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test

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