Comprehension exposures to words in sentence contexts impact spoken word production
Abstract
Comprehension or production of isolated words and production of words embedded in sentence contexts facilitated later production in previous research. The present study examined the extent to which contextualized comprehension exposures would impact later production. Two repetition priming experiments were conducted with Spanish-English bilingual participants. In Experiment 1 (N = 112), all encoding stimuli were presented visually, and in Experiment 2 (N = 112), all encoding stimuli were presented auditorily. After reading/listening or translating isolated words or words embedded in sentences at encoding, pictures corresponding to each target word were named aloud. Repetition priming relative to new items was measured in RT and accuracy. Relative to isolated encoding, sentence encoding reduced RT priming but not accuracy priming. In reading/listening encoding conditions, both isolated and embedded words elicited accuracy priming in picture naming, but only isolated words elicited RT priming. In translation encoding conditions, repetition priming effects in RT (but not accuracy) were stronger for lower-frequency words and with lower proficiency in the picture-naming response language. RT priming was strongest when the translation response at encoding was produced in the same language as final picture naming. In contrast, accuracy priming was strongest when the translation stimulus at encoding was comprehended in the same language as final picture naming. Thus, comprehension at encoding increased the rate of successful retrieval, whereas production at encoding speeded later production. Practice of comprehension may serve to gradually move less well-learned words from receptive to productive vocabulary.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lexical repetition priming: words are retrieved faster and/or more accurately when they have been recently heard or produced than when this is not the case.
“there is strong evidence from many laboratory studies demonstrating lexical repetition priming, with words being retrieved faster and/or more accurately when they have been recently heard or produced than when this is not the case”
From Timing in Conversation (2023) · cites this paper as Francis et al., 2022
Speech planning can be primed.
“There is no doubt that speech planning can be primed.”
From Timing in Conversation (2023) · cites this paper as Francis et al., 2022
Cites
Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.6.2.174 · Cited by 5,604 · see citing works
A theory of lexical access in speech production [target paper]
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99001776 · Cited by 5,173 · see citing works
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328 · see citing works
Praat : doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]
Boersma, P. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
Intons-Peterson, M. J. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/h0078016 · Cited by 3,261 · see citing works
DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.
Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.1.204 · Cited by 3,178 · see citing works
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
D., C. P. (1979) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421932 · Cited by 2,935 · see citing works
Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.4.977 · Cited by 2,821 · see citing works
Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system
GREEN, D. W. (1998) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728998000133 · Cited by 2,807 · see citing works
Cohen, J., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03204507 · Cited by 2,802 · see citing works
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works
Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80016-9 · Cited by 2,296 · see citing works
The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728902003012 · Cited by 1,730 · see citing works
Power Analysis and Effect Size in Mixed Effects Models: A Tutorial
Brysbaert, M., & Stevens, M. (2018) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.10 · Cited by 1,420 · see citing works
On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults?
Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., Worthley, J. S., & Wade, E. (1991) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(91)90026-g · Cited by 973 · see citing works
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF HUMAN MEMORY
Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.87 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Cera, C., & Sandoval, T. C. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.07.001 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Stages of lexical access in language production
Dell, G. S., & O’Séaghdha, P. G. (1992) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(92)90046-k · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and proficient bilinguals
Potter, M. C., So, K., Eckardt, B. V., & Feldman, L. B. (1984) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90489-4 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Time to understand pictures and words
Potter, M. C., & Faulconer, B. A. (1975) · Nature · doi:10.1038/253437a0 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Roediger, H. L., III, & Blaxton, T. A. (1987) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197728 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Determinants of word translation.
de Groot, A. M. B. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.1001 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Forward and Backward Word Translation by Bilinguals
Degroot, A. M. B., Dannenburg, L., & Vanhell, J. G. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1029 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis.
Gollan, T. H., Slattery, T. J., Goldenberg, D., Assche, E. V., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0022256 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Tracing the time course of picture-word processing.
Smith, M. C., & Magee, L. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.109.4.373 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
The Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech
Shook, A., & Marian, V. (2012) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000466 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Cognitive integration of language and memory in bilinguals: semantic representation.
Francis, W. S. (1999) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.193 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffin, Z. M., & Bock, K. (1998) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2547 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The Locus of Repetition Priming of Spoken Word Production
Wheeldon, L. R., & Monsell, S. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749208401307 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Persistent repetition priming in picture naming and its dissociation from recognition memory.
Mitchell, D. B., & Brown, A. J. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.2.213 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Patterns of lexical processing in a nonnative language.
Chen, H.-C., & Leung, Y.-S. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.2.316 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Dell, G. S., Martin, N., & Schwartz, M. F. (2006) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.05.007 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Transfer Between Picture Naming and Translation: A Test of Asymmetries in Bilingual Memory
Sholl, A., Sankaranarayanan, A., & Kroll, J. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00303.x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Intact and long-lasting repetition priming in amnesia.
Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.3.509 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Age of Acquisition, Word Frequency, and the Locus of Repetition Priming of Picture Naming
Barry, C. T., Hirsh, K. W., Johnston, R., & Williams, C. L. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2743 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Very Long-Lasting Priming in Picture Naming
Cave, C. B. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00446.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Facilitation in naming and categorizing repeated pictures and words.
Durso, F. T., & Johnson, M. K. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.5.5.449 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
SUBTLEX-ESP: Spanish word frequencies based on film subtitles
Cuetos, F., Glez-Nosti, M., Barbón, A., & Brysbaert, M. (2011) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew–English bilinguals
Gollan, T. H., & Silverberg, N. B. (2001) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672890100013x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
de Groot, A. M. B., & Poot, R. (1997) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/0023-8333.71997007 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Duyck, W., & Brysbaert, M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.5.889 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The role of visual and semantic codes in object naming
Bartram, D. (1974) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90016-4 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Bilingual Semantic and Conceptual Representation
Francis, W. S. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195151770.003.0014 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationCarroll, M., Byrne, B., & Kirsner, K. (1985) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197690 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Word context during initial exposure influences degree of priming in word fragment completion.
MacLeod, C. M. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.3.398 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Repetition of Lexicalization across Languages: A Further Test of the Locus of Priming
Monsell, S., Matthews, G. H., & Miller, D. C. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749208401308 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Repetition and recency effects in word recognition
Oliphant, G. (1983) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049538308258751 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Reprocessing text: Indirect measures of word and message level processes.
Levy, B. A., & Kirsner, K. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.407 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Lee, M.-W., & Williams, J. N. (2001) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728901000426 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Transfer of processing in repetition priming: Some inappropriate findings.
Brown, A. S., Neblett, D. R., Jones, T. C., & Mitchell, D. B. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.3.514 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Francis, W., Augustini, B. K., & Sáenz, S. P. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1283 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationRepetition Priming Across the Adult Lifespan—The Long and Short of It
Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J., & Martin, A. D. (2006) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/138255890968718 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Smith, M. C. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.2.234 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Francis, W., & Gallard, S. L. K. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03206447 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Monitoring in Speaking: In Defense of a Comprehension-Based Account
Roelofs, A. (2020) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.61 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Repetition priming endurance in picture naming and translation: Contributions of component processes
Francis, W., & Sáenz, S. P. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193288 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationDecomposition of repetition priming components in picture naming.
Francis, W. S., Corral, N. I., Jones, M. L., & Sáenz, S. P. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.137.3.566 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationFrancis, W. S., Tokowicz, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0338-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationRepetition priming in picture naming: sustained learning through the speeding of multiple processes
Francis, W. S. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0610-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationTransfer Effects across Contextual and Linguistic Boundaries: Evidence from Poor Readers
Bourassa, D. C., Levy, B. A., Dowin, S., & Casey, A. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1998.2459 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Taking the “text” out of context effects in repetition priming of word identification
Masson, M. E. J., & MacLeod, C. M. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211810 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Assche, E. V., Duyck, W., & Gollan, T. H. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2016.02.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Perceptual and Conceptual Priming of Individual Words in Coherent Texts
Nicolas, S. (1998) · Memory · doi:10.1080/741943374 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Decomposition of Repetition Priming Processes in Word Translation
Francis, W., Duran, G., Augustini, B. K., Luévano, G., Arzate, J. C., & Sáenz, S. P. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0021326 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHanley, J. R., & Nickels, L. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.09.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tsuboi, N., Francis, W. S., & Jameson, J. T. (2021) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2020.1845740 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationThe unbearable lightness of priming
Speelman, C. P., Simpson, T. A., & Kirsner, K. (2002) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(02)00049-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Francis, W. S., Camacho, A., & Lara, S. C. V. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0423-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationObject salience and code separation in picture naming
Lachman, R., Lachman, J. L., Thronesbery, C., & Sala, L. S. (1980) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329517 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Meyer, A. S. (2023) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.268 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Francis, W. S., Morales, E. L. G., Luján, M. R. M., & Tovar, A. T. (2024) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2024.104572 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFrancis, W. S., Morales, E. L. G., & Gurrola, B. V. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01721-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRepresentations and processes in bilingual memory: advances since Cognitive processing in bilinguals
Francis, W. S. (2025) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105656 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRetuning conceptual-lexical access: does interference promote more robust learning?
Hambric, C. E. (2025) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-025-02169-2
Wang, Z., Fan, L., & Tian, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1857807
- Authors
- Francis, W. S., Gurrola, B. V., & Martínez, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- Corresponding author
- Francis, Wendy S.
- ORCID
- Francis, Wendy S.
- Venue
- Memory & Cognition
- Published
- 2021-08-27
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 192-215
- ISSN
- 0090-502X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5946
- OpenAlex
- W3194799861
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Memory & Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- spoken word production, sentence context, repetition priming, bilingualism, Spanish-English bilinguals, picture naming, word frequency, language proficiency, translation, word retrieval
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Language, Reading, Vocabulary, Comprehension, Repetition Priming
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review