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Origin and Evolution of Short-period Comets
Open accessAbstract
Comets are icy objects that orbitally evolve from the trans-Neptunian region into the inner solar system, where they are heated by solar radiation and become active due to the sublimation of water ice. Here we perform simulations in which cometary reservoirs are formed in the early solar system and evolved over 4.5 Gyr. The gravitational effects of Planet 9 (P9) are included in some simulations. Different models are considered for comets to be active, including a simple assumption that comets remain active for perihelion passages with perihelion distance . The orbital distribution and number of active comets produced in our model is compared to observations. The orbital distribution of ecliptic comets (ECs) is well reproduced in models with and without P9. With P9, the inclination distribution of model ECs is wider than the observed one. We find that the known Halley-type comets (HTCs) have a nearly isotropic inclination distribution. The HTCs appear to be an extension of the population of returning Oort-cloud comets (OCCs) to shorter orbital periods. The inclination distribution of model HTCs becomes broader with increasing , but the existing data are not good enough to constrain from orbital fits. is required to obtain a steady-state population of large active HTCs that is consistent with observations. To fit the ratio of the returning-to-new OCCs, by contrast, our model implies that , possibly because the detected long-period comets are smaller and much easier to disrupt than observed HTCs.
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“While these effects are generally weak for orbits with a < 1000 au, they can play an important role for objects that diffuse outwards to much larger semimajor axes, before being scattered back to shorter orbital periods by Neptune.”
From Generation of Low-inclination, Neptune-crossing Trans-Neptunian Objects by Planet Nine (2024) · cites this paper as Nesvorný et al. 2017
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“P9 is hypothesized, via its gravitational shepherding effects, to produce the non-uniform distribution of orbital angles of known extreme KBOs (a > 150 au, q > 35 au; Trujillo & Sheppard 2014, Batygin & Brown 2016a).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nesvorný, D., Vokrouhlický, D., Dones, L., Levison, H. F., Kaib, N., & Morbidelli, A.
- Affiliations
- Charles University (CZ)
- Southwest Research Institute (US)
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2017-08-09
- Volume
- 845
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2686004880
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 8.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Satellite Systems and Control
- Keywords
- short-period comets, Planet Nine, Halley-type comets, Oort cloud comets, orbital inclination distribution, perihelion distance, cometary activity, early solar system
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