The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Scattering and Intrinsic Structure of Sagittarius A* at Radio Wavelengths
Open accessAbstract
Radio images of the Galactic Center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), are dominated by interstellar scattering. Previous studies of Sgr A* have adopted an anisotropic Gaussian model for both the intrinsic source and the scattering, and they have extrapolated the scattering using a purely λ 2 scaling to estimate intrinsic properties. However, physically motivated source and scattering models break all three of these assumptions. They also predict that refractive scattering effects will be significant, which have been ignored in standard model fitting procedures. We analyze radio observations of Sgr A* using a physically motivated scattering model, and we develop a prescription to incorporate refractive scattering uncertainties when model fitting. We show that an anisotropic Gaussian scattering kernel is an excellent approximation for Sgr A* at wavelengths longer than 1 cm, with an angular size of along the major axis, along the minor axis, and a position angle of . We estimate that the turbulent dissipation scale is at least 600 km, with tentative support for r in = 800 ± 200 km, suggesting that the ion Larmor radius defines the dissipation scale. We find that the power-law index for density fluctuations in the scattering material is β < 3.47, shallower than expected for a Kolmogorov spectrum ( β = 11/3), and we estimate in the case of r in = 800 km. We find that the intrinsic structure of Sgr A* is nearly isotropic over wavelengths from 1.3 mm to 1.3 cm, with a size that is roughly proportional to wavelength: . We discuss implications for models of Sgr A*, for theories of interstellar turbulence, and for imaging Sgr A* with the Event Horizon Telescope.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, signi fi cant refractive scattering in the interstellar medium produces additional substructure within the image that is not present in the intrinsic emission map”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Johnson et al. 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy
Thompson, A., Moran, J. M., & Swenson, G. W. (2017) · Astronomy and astrophysics library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44431-4 · Cited by 2,416
Self-citationToward a theory of interstellar turbulence. 2: Strong alfvenic turbulence
Goldreich, P., & Sridhar, S. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/175121 · Cited by 2,250
Relativistic jets as compact radio sources
Blandford, R. D., & Königl, A. (1979) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/157262 · Cited by 2,058
Inertial-Range Spectrum of Hydromagnetic Turbulence
Kraichnan, R. H. (1965) · The Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.1761412 · Cited by 1,737
Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
Yuan, F., & Narayan, R. (2014) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141003 · Cited by 1,529
Self-citationGRAVITY Collaboration, Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Anugu, N., Bauböck, M., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Blind, N., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., et al. (2018) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833718 · Cited by 946
Self-citationElectron density power spectrum in the local interstellar medium
Armstrong, J. W., Rickett, B. J., & Spangler, S. R. (1995) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/175515 · Cited by 928
Event-horizon-scale structure in the supermassive black hole candidate at the Galactic Centre
Doeleman, S. S., Weintroub, J., Rogers, A. E. E., Plambeck, R. L., Freund, R. W., Tilanus, R. P. J., Friberg, P., Ziurys, L. M., Moran, J. M., Corey, B. E., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07245 · Cited by 836
Self-citationRadio Propagation Through the Turbulent Interstellar Plasma
Rickett, B. J. (1990) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.003021 · Cited by 739
Greisen, E. W. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48080-8_7 · Cited by 722
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Celnikier, 1983, A&A, 126, 293
- Falcke, 2000, A&A, 362, 113
- Iroshnikov, 1964, SvA, 7, 566
- Krichbaum, 1998, A&A, 335, L106
- Krichbaum, 1993, A&A, 274, L37
- Psaltis, 2018, ApJ
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674 · Cited by 2,288
Self-citationFirst M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85 · Cited by 1,754
Self-citationFirst M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96 · Cited by 1,209
Self-citationAkiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6672 · Cited by 627
Self-citationDetection of orbital motions near the last stable circular orbit of the massive black hole SgrA*
Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., Clénet, Y., du Foresto, V. C., de Zeeuw, P. T., Deen, C., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834294 · Cited by 499
Self-citationEvent Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429 · Cited by 449
Self-citationAkiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6675 · Cited by 419
Self-citationEvent Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6736 · Cited by 369
“It also applies the Johnson et al. (2018) diffractive scattering kernel directly to the model prior to computing visibilities.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationKey Science Goals for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope
Johnson, M. D., Akiyama, K., Blackburn, L., Bouman, K. L., Broderick, A. E., Cardoso, V., Fender, R. P., Fromm, C. M., Galison, P. L., Gómez, J. L., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11030061 · Cited by 177
Self-citationThe Size, Shape, and Scattering of Sagittarius A* at 86 GHz: First VLBI with ALMA
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Brinkerink, C. D., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Chael, A., Goddi, C., Martí-Vidal, I., Wagner, J., Doeleman, S. S., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf732 · Cited by 128
Self-citationFirst Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring
Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df0 · Cited by 149
Self-citationAkiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1 · Cited by 116
Self-citationMillimeter Light Curves of Sagittarius A* Observed during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
Wielgus, M., Marchili, N., Martí-Vidal, I., Keating, G. K., Ramakrishnan, V., Tiede, P., Fomalont, E., Issaoun, S., Neilsen, J., Nowak, M. A., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6428 · Cited by 112
Self-citationEvaluation of New Submillimeter VLBI Sites for the Event Horizon Telescope
Raymond, A. W., Palumbo, D. C. M., Paine, S. N., Blackburn, L., Rosado, R. C., Doeleman, S. S., Farah, J. R., Johnson, M. D., Roelofs, F., Tilanus, R. P. J., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abc3c3 · Cited by 110
Self-citationPark, J., Hada, K., Kino, M., Nakamura, M., Ro, H., & Trippe, S. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf9a9 · Cited by 97
Self-citationThe Black Hole Explorer: motivation and vision
Johnson, M. D., Akiyama, K., Baturin, R., Bilyeu, B., Blackburn, L., Boroson, D. M., Cárdenas-Avendaño, A., Chael, A., Chan, C., Chang, D. O., et al. (2024) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave · doi:10.1117/12.3019835 · Cited by 92
Self-citationThe resolved size and structure of hot dust in the immediate vicinity of AGN
Dexter, J., Shangguan, J., Hoenig, S., Kishimoto, M., Lutz, D., Netzer, H., Davies, R., Sturm, E., Pfuhl, O., Amorim, A., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936767 · Cited by 83
Self-citationTHEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope
Broderick, A. E., Gold, R., Karami, M., Preciado-López, J. A., Tiede, P., Pu, H.-Y., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4 · Cited by 81
Self-citationSimulations of imaging the event horizon of Sagittarius A* from space
Roelofs, F., Falcke, H., Brinkerink, C. D., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Gurvits, L. I., Martín‐Neira, M., Kudriashov, V., Klein‐Wolt, M., Tilanus, R. P. J., Krämer, M., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732423 · Cited by 82
Dexter, J., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Ressler, S. M., Tchekhovskoy, A., Bauböck, M., de Zeeuw, P. T., Eisenhauer, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Gao, F., Genzel, R., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa922 · Cited by 73
Self-citationToward Determining the Number of Observable Supermassive Black Hole Shadows
Pesce, D. W., Palumbo, D. C. M., Narayan, R., Blackburn, L., Doeleman, S. S., Johnson, M. D., Ma, C., Nagar, N. M., Natarajan, P., & Ricarte, A. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2eb5 · Cited by 68
Self-citationMeasuring Photon Rings with the ngEHT
Tiede, P., Johnson, M. D., Pesce, D. W., Palumbo, D. C. M., Chang, D. O., & Galison, P. L. (2022) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies10060111 · Cited by 63
Self-citationALMA Observations of the Terahertz Spectrum of Sagittarius A*
Bower, G. C., Dexter, J., Asada, K., Brinkerink, C. D., Falcke, H., Ho, P. T. P., Inoue, M., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Matsushita, S., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab3397 · Cited by 56
Self-citationZAKHAROV, A. F. (2022) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe8030141 · Cited by 52
EHT-HOPS Pipeline for Millimeter VLBI Data Reduction
Blackburn, L., Chan, C.-K., Crew, G., Fish, V. L., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Wielgus, M., Akiyama, K., Barrett, J., Bouman, K. L., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab328d · Cited by 66
Self-citationEHT-HOPS pipeline for millimeter VLBI data reduction
Blackburn, L., Chan, C., Crew, G., Fish, V. L., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Wielgus, M., Akiyama, K., Barrett, J., Bouman, K. L., et al. (2019) · CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) · Cited by 47
Self-citationSpacetime Tomography Using the Event Horizon Telescope
Tiede, P., Pu, H.-Y., Broderick, A. E., Gold, R., Karami, M., & Preciado-López, J. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab744c · Cited by 46
Self-citationGeorgiev, B., Pesce, D. W., Broderick, A. E., Wong, G. N., Dhruv, V., Wielgus, M., Gammie, C. F., Chan, C.-K., Chatterjee, K., Emami, R., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac65eb · Cited by 40
Self-citationSimulations of M87 and Sgr A* imaging with the Millimetron Space Observatory on near-Earth orbits
Andrianov, A. S., Baryshev, A. M., Falcke, H. D., Girin, I. A., de Graauw, T., Костенко, В. И., Kudriashov, V. V., Ladygin, V. A., Лихачев, С. Ф., Roelofs, F., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2709 · Cited by 43
Broderick, A. E., Gold, R., Georgiev, B., Pesce, D. W., Tiede, P., Ni, C., Moriyama, K., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6584 · Cited by 38
Self-citationDetection statistics of the RadioAstron AGN survey
Kovalev, Y. Y., Kardashev, N. S., Sokolovsky, K. V., Voitsik, P. A., An, T., Anderson, J. M., Andrianov, A. S., Avdeev, V. Y., Bartel, N., Bignall, H., et al. (2019) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2019.08.035 · Cited by 37
Self-citationOn the comparison of AGN with GRMHD simulations: I. Sgr A*
Anantua, R., Ressler, S. M., & Quataert, E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa318 · Cited by 36
Roelofs, F., Blackburn, L., Lindahl, G., Doeleman, S. S., Johnson, M. D., Arras, P., Chatterjee, K., Emami, R., Fromm, C. M., Fuentes, A., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11010012 · Cited by 35
Self-citationSYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline
Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, R. P., Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, K. L., Tilanus, R. P. J., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936622 · Cited by 34
Self-citationFirst Very Long Baseline Interferometry Detections at 870 μm
Raymond, A. W., Doeleman, S. S., Asada, K., Blackburn, L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Broguière, D., Chen, M., Crew, G., Dornbusch, S., et al. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad5bdb · Cited by 33
Self-citationZhu, Z., Johnson, M. D., & Narayan, R. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaef3d · Cited by 31
Self-citationEvidence for a jet and outflow from Sgr A*: a continuum and spectral line study
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Royster, M., Wardle, M., Cotton, W., Kunneriath, D., Heywood, I., & Michail, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2399 · Cited by 31
High-resolution imaging of a black hole shadow with Millimetron orbit around lagrange point l2
Лихачев, С. Ф., Rudnitskiy, A. G., Щуров, М. А., Andrianov, A. S., Baryshev, A., Чернов, С. В., & Костенко, В. И. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac079 · Cited by 30
Regimes in astrophysical lensing: refractive optics, diffractive optics, and the Fresnel scale
Jow, D. L., Pen, U., & Feldbrugge, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2332 · Cited by 29
Emami, R., Anantua, R., Chael, A., & Loeb, A. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2950 · Cited by 31
The Intrinsic Structure of Sagittarius A* at 1.3 cm and 7 mm
Cho, I., Zhao, G.-Y., Kawashima, T., Kino, M., Akiyama, K., Johnson, M. D., Issaoun, S., Moriyama, K., Cheng, X., Algaba, J. C., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4165 · Cited by 28
Self-citationNoodle model for scintillation arcs
Gwinn, C. R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz894 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPersistent Non-Gaussian Structure in the Image of Sagittarius A* at 86 GHz
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Broderick, A., Tiede, P., Wielgus, M., Doeleman, S. S., Falcke, H., Akiyama, K., Bower, G. C., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac00b0 · Cited by 29
Self-citationThe internal Faraday screen of Sagittarius A*
Wielgus, M., Issaoun, S., Martí-Vidal, I., Emami, R., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Brinkerink, C. D., Goddi, C., & Fomalont, E. B. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347772 · Cited by 28
Simulations of imaging the event horizon of Sagittarius A* from space
Roelofs, F., Falcke, H. D., Brinkerink, C. D., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Gurvits, L. I., Martín‐Neira, M., Kudriashov, V. V., Klein‐Wolt, M., Tilanus, R. P. J., Krämer, M., et al. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732423/pdf · Cited by 29
Liu, K., Desvignes, G., Eatough, R. P., Karuppusamy, R., Krämer, M., Torné, P., Wharton, R., Chatterjee, S., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf9a2 · Cited by 22
Self-citationTo see the invisible: Image of the event horizon within the black hole shadow
Dokuchaev, V. I. (2019) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271819410050 · Cited by 22
Tsunetoe, Y., Mineshige, S., Ohsuga, K., Kawashima, T., & Akiyama, K. (2021) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psab054 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMultiwavelength Variability of Sagittarius A* in 2019 July
Boyce, H., Haggard, D., Witzel, G., von Fellenberg, S. D., Willner, S. P., Becklin, E. E., Do, T., Eckart, A., Fazio, G. G., Gurwell, M., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6104 · Cited by 25
Tracing Milky Way scattering by compact extragalactic radio sources
Koryukova, T. A., Pushkarev, A. B., Plavin, A. V., & Kovalev, Y. Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1898 · Cited by 20
Self-citationChen, B.-Y., Bower, G. C., Dexter, J., Markoff, S., Ridenour, A., Gurwell, M., Rao, R., & Wallström, S. H. J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd250 · Cited by 17
Self-citationHow Spatially Resolved Polarimetry Informs Black Hole Accretion Flow Models
Ricarte, A., Johnson, M. D., Kovalev, Y. Y., Palumbo, D. C. M., & Emami, R. (2022) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11010005 · Cited by 19
Self-citationAn Event Horizon Imager (EHI) Mission Concept Utilizing Medium Earth Orbit Sub-mm Interferometry
Kudriashov, V. V., Martín‐Neira, M., Roelofs, F., Falcke, H. D., Brinkerink, C. D., Baryshev, A. M., Hogerheijde, M. R., Young, A., Pourshaghaghi, H. R., Klein‐Wolt, M., et al. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Space Science · doi:10.11728/cjss2021.02.211 · Cited by 16
Akiyama, K., Algaba, J. C., An, T., Asada, K., Asanok, K., Byun, D., Chanapote, T., Chen, W., Chen, Z., Cheng, X., et al. (2022) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies10060113 · Cited by 16
Self-citationTracing Hot Spot Motion in Sagittarius A* Using the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT)
Emami, R., Tiede, P., Doeleman, S. S., Roelofs, F., Wielgus, M., Blackburn, L., Liska, M., Chatterjee, K., Ripperda, B., Fuentes, A., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11010023 · Cited by 16
Self-citationThe Black Hole Explorer: instrument system overview
Marrone, D. P., Houston, J., Akiyama, K., Bilyeu, B., Boroson, D. M., Grimes, P., Haworth, K., Lehmensiek, R., Peretz, E., Rana, H., et al. (2024) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave · doi:10.1117/12.3019589 · Cited by 15
Self-citationMulti-wavelength torus–jet model for Sagittarius A*
Vincent, F. H., Abramowicz, M. A., Zdziarski, A. A., Wielgus, M., Paumard, T., Perrin, G. S., & Straub, O. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834946 · Cited by 17
Natarajan, I., Deane, R. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Wielgus, M., Blackburn, L., Blecher, T., Perkins, S. J., Smirnov, O., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac531 · Cited by 15
Self-citationAnalysis of orbital configurations for Millimetron space observatory
Rudnitskiy, A. G., Мжельский, П. В., Щуров, М. А., Syachina, T. A., & Запевалин, П. Р. (2022) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.03.036 · Cited by 14
VLBI imaging of black holes via second moment regularization
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Mościbrodzka, M., Chael, A., & Falcke, H. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936156 · Cited by 14
Self-citationPosition and Proper Motion of Sagittarius A* in the ICRF3 Frame from VLBI Absolute Astrometry
Gordon, D., de Witt, A., & Jacobs, C. S. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aca65b · Cited by 17
Micro-arcsecond structure of Sagittarius A∗ revealed by high-sensitivity 86 GHz VLBI observations
Brinkerink, C. D., Müller, C., Falcke, H. D., Issaoun, S., Akiyama, K., Bower, G. C., Krichbaum, T. P., Deller, A. T., Castillo-Domínguez, E., Doeleman, S. S., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834148 · Cited by 14
Self-citationFirst Space-VLBI Observations of Sagittarius A*
Johnson, M. D., Kovalev, Y. Y., Lisakov, M., Voitsik, P. A., Gwinn, C. R., & Bruni, G. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac3917 · Cited by 13
Self-citationBlack Hole Shadow Observations with Space-Ground Interferometers
Mikheeva, E. V., Repin, S. V., & Lukash, V. N. (2020) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s1063772920080065 · Cited by 10
VLBI imaging of black holes via second moment regularization
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Chael, A., & Falcke, H. D. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936156/pdf · Cited by 11
Self-citationMulti-wavelength torus–jet model for Sagittarius A
Vincent, F. H., Abramowicz, M. A., Zdziarski, A. A., Wielgus, M., Paumard, T., Perrin, G. S., & Straub, O. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 9
An independent hybrid imaging of Sgr A* from the data in EHT 2017 observations
Miyoshi, M., Kato, Y., & Makino, J. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1158 · Cited by 8
Oyama, T., Nagayama, T., Yamauchi, A., Sakai, D., Imai, H., Honma, M., Asakura, Y., Hada, K., Hagiwara, Y., Hirota, T., et al. (2024) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psad088 · Cited by 7
Scintillation Arc Brightness and Electron Density for an Analytical Noodle Model
Gwinn, C. R., & Sosenko, E. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2364 · Cited by 7
Self-citationBella, N. L., Issaoun, S., Roelofs, F., Fromm, C. M., & Falcke, H. D. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245344 · Cited by 7
Probing Accretion Turbulence in the Galactic Center with EHT Polarimetry
Ni, C., Broderick, A. E., & Gold, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9b47 · Cited by 6
Self-citationAtmospheric Limitations for High-frequency Ground-based Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Pesce, D. W., Blackburn, L., Chaves, R., Doeleman, S. S., Freeman, M., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Lindahl, G., Natarajan, I., Paine, S. N., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3961 · Cited by 6
Self-citationProspects of Detecting a Jet in Sagittarius A* with Very-long-baseline Interferometry
Chavez, E., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Tiede, P., Fromm, C. M., & Mizuno, Y. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6b1f · Cited by 6
Self-citationDeep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope
Janssen, M., Chan, C., Davelaar, J., Natarajan, I., Olivares, H., Ripperda, B., Röder, J., Rynge, M., & Wielgus, M. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553784 · Cited by 6
Testing Bayesian inference of GRMHD model parameters from VLBI data
Yfantis, A., Zhao, S.-S., Gold, R., Mościbrodzka, M. A., & Broderick, A. E. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2509 · Cited by 5
Self-citationCheng, X., Cho, I., Kawashima, T., Kino, M., Zhao, G.-Y., Algaba, J. C., Kofuji, Y., Lee, S.-S., Lee, J. W., Cheong, W. Y., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11020046 · Cited by 5
Self-citationGiammarchi, M. G., & Ricci, F. (2022) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym14112276 · Cited by 4
Zhao, S.-S., Huang, L., Lu, R. S., & Shen, Z. Q. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3482 · Cited by 4
SYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline
Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, R. P., Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, K. L., Tilanus, R. P. J., et al. (2020) · University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.01161 · Cited by 4
Self-citationScientific Objectives of the Lunar Millimeter and Submillimeter Observatory
Лихачев, С. Ф., Larchenkova, T. I., Andrianov, A. S., Vasiliev, E. O., Литвинов, Д. А., Пилипенко, С. В., Rudnitskiy, A. G., & Щуров, М. А. (2024) · Astronomy Letters · doi:10.1134/s1063773725700112 · Cited by 3
Searching for Radio Outflows from M31* with VLBI Observations
Peng, S., Li, Z., Sjouwerman, L. O., Yang, Y., Jiang, W., & Shen, Z.-Q. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdddd · Cited by 3
Lensing Point-spread Function of Coherent Astrophysical Sources and Nontrivial Wave Effects
Shi, X. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad75fb · Cited by 2
The Unexpected Lack of Asymmetry in the Horizon-scale Image of Sagittarius A*
Faggert, J. C., Özel, F., & Psaltis, D. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9689 · Cited by 2
Self-citationStructural and spectral properties of Galactic plane variable radio sources
Yang, J., Cheng, X., Gurvits, L. I., Paragi, Z., Yang, A. Y., Yang, X., & Shen, Z. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3804 · Cited by 2
SaraerToosi, A., & Broderick, A. E. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf6b7 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCharacterization of black hole accretion through image moment invariants
Jiménez-Rosales, A., Yfantis, A., Mościbrodzka, M. A., & Dexter, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3233 · Cited by 1
Self-citationFraga-Encinas, R., Mościbrodzka, M. A., & Falcke, H. D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243400 · Cited by 4
Probing Accretion Turbulence in the Galactic Centre with EHT Polarimetry
Ni, C. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Morris, M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394163724.ch2
Cherkas, S. L., & Kalashnikov, V. L. (2023) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe9090424
ScatteringOptics.jl: An Interstellar Scattering Framework in the Julia Programming Language
Tartaglia, A., Akiyama, K., & Tiede, P. (2025) · The Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.06354
Self-citationRudnitskiy, A. G., Щуров, М. А., Khudchenko, A. V., & Syachina, T. A. (2024) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s1063772925701380
Tamar, A., Hudson, B., & Palumbo, D. C. M. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452668
Mus, A., Toscano, T., Müller, H., Zhao, G.-Y., Lobanov, A. P., & Goddi, C. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453038
Self-citationLearning to See: Applying Inverse Recurrent Inference Machines to See through Refractive Scattering
Kouroshnia, A., Nguyen, K., Ni, C., SaraerToosi, A., & Broderick, A. E. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcabf
Self-citationLong-term Astrometric Monitoring of the Galactic Center Magnetar PSR J1745−2900
Bower, G. C., Deller, A. T., Demorest, P. B., Dexter, J., Brunthaler, A., Desvignes, G., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H. D., Goddi, C., Krämer, M., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade0be
Self-citationHeavy interstellar scattering toward the near end of the Galactic bar
Pushkarev, A. B., Brunthaler, A., Kovalev, Y. Y., Lisakov, M., Pashchenko, I. N., Plavin, A. V., Roy, N., Voitsik, P. A., Dzib, S. A., Koryukova, T. A., et al. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag655
Self-citationPlavin, A. V., Pushkarev, A. B., & Kovalev, Y. Y. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae60f4
Self-citationObservable-level consistency of M87* and Sgr A* from EHT ring diameters: A minimal forward model
Bustanji, S. A., Hussein, H. A., Vaghela, C. R., Reddy, M. S., Bains, P. S., Kumar, S., Eshmetov, R., & Ataullaev, Z. (2026) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732326501622
Dark matter halo inference with higher order photon rings and closure data in multi frequency VLBI
Pradhan, A., Ghaderi, K., & Zeyauddin, M. (2026) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2026.117553
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, M. D., Narayan, R., Psaltis, D., Blackburn, L., Kovalev, Y. Y., Gwinn, C. R., Zhao, G.-Y., Bower, G. C., Moran, J. M., Kino, M., Kramer, M., Akiyama, K., Dexter, J., Broderick, A. E., & Sironi, L.
- Affiliations
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Kogakuin University (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Michael D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2018-09-27
- Volume
- 865
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 104
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2889248467
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 5.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1440254, 1312651, 1716536)
- John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF5278, AST-1440254)
- Harvard University
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/P000649/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18K03656)
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
- Keywords
- Sgr A*, Galactic center supermassive black hole, radio wave scattering, refractive scattering, interstellar turbulence, density fluctuations, ion Larmor radius, wavelength scaling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
