THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope
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The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, Themis , which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of Themis , how Themis has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by Themis that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that Themis is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. Themis has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87.
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Visibility amplitudes are distributed according to a Rice distribution, which in the high signal-to-noise ratio limit becomes Gaussian.
“For each snapshot and baseline, the visibility amplitudes are distributed according to a Rice distribution, which in the high signal-to-noise ratio limit becomes Gaussian ( e.g., Wardle & Kronberg 1974; Broderick et al. 2020a ) .”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Broderick et al. 2020a
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Self-citationSimultaneous NIR/sub-mm observation of flare emission from Sagittarius A*
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Polarimetric Imaging of the Massive Black Hole at the Galactic Center
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Self-citationCoherence limits in VLBI observations at 3‐millimeter wavelength
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Self-citationDETECTING CHANGING POLARIZATION STRUCTURES IN SAGITTARIUS A* WITH HIGH FREQUENCY VLBI
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Self-citationIMAGING AN EVENT HORIZON: MITIGATION OF SOURCE VARIABILITY OF SAGITTARIUS A*
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Self-citationFaraday Conversion And Rotation In Uniformly Magnetized Relativistic PlasmasPreprint
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Self-citationVLBI observations of weak sources using fast frequency switching
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Self-citationRadiation Transfer of Emission Lines in Curved Space-Time
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Self-citationA FORMALISM FOR COVARIANT POLARIZED RADIATIVE TRANSPORT BY RAY TRACING
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Self-citationGRMHD Simulations of Visibility Amplitude Variability for Event Horizon Telescope Images of Sgr A*
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Self-citationDifferentiating disc and black hole-driven jets with EHT images of variability in M87
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Self-citationProbing spacetime around Sagittarius A* using modeled VLBI closure phases
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Self-citationTime Domain Filtering of Resolved Images of Sgr A∗
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“Visibility Amplitude Likelihood For each snapshot and baseline, the visibility amplitudes are distributed according to a Rice distribution, which in the high signal-to-noise ratio limit becomes Gaussian (e.g., Wardle & Kronberg 1974; Broderick et al. 2020a).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationConstraints on black-hole charges with the 2017 EHT observations of M87*
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Self-citationFirst Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring
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Self-citationFirst M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IX. Detection of Near-horizon Circular Polarization
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Verification of Radiative Transfer Schemes for the EHT
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Self-citationHybrid Very Long Baseline Interferometry Imaging and Modeling with themis
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Self-citationResolving the Inner Parsec of the Blazar J1924–2914 with the Event Horizon Telescope
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Self-citationFundamental physics opportunities with the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope
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Self-citationThe persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M87
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Self-citationThe Event Horizon Telescope Image of the Quasar NRAO 530
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Self-citationPersistent Non-Gaussian Structure in the Image of Sagittarius A* at 86 GHz
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Broderick, A., Tiede, P., Wielgus, M., Doeleman, S. S., Falcke, H., Akiyama, K., Bower, G. C., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac00b0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationHow narrow is the M87* ring? I. The choice of closure likelihood function
Lockhart, W., & Gralla, S. E. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3204 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe Role of Adaptive Ray Tracing in Analyzing Black Hole Structure
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Self-citationSoftware and Techniques for VLBI Data Processing and Analysis
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Self-citationLensing-band approach to spacetime constraints
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Bayesian Black Hole Photogrammetry
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Self-citationA Revised View of the Linear Polarization in the Subparsec Core of M87 at 7 mm
Park, J., Asada, K., Nakamura, M., Kino, M., Pu, H.-Y., Hada, K., Kravchenko, E. V., & Giroletti, M. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac26bf · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic and Polarimetric VLBI imaging with a multiscalar approach
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Self-citationNatarajan, I., Deane, R. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Wielgus, M., Blackburn, L., Blecher, T., Perkins, S. J., Smirnov, O. M., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac531 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPolarization Observations of AGN Jets: Past and Future
Park, J., & Algaba, J. C. (2022) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies10050102 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBayesian self-calibration and imaging in very long baseline interferometry
Kim, J.-S., Nikonov, A. S., Roth, J., Enßlin, T. A., Janssen, M., Arras, P., Müller, H., & Lobanov, A. P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449663 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing multiobjective optimization to reconstruct interferometric data
Mus, A., Müller, H., Martí-Vidal, I., & Lobanov, A. P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348217 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSwarm intelligence for full Stokes dynamic imaging reconstruction of interferometric data
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Self-citationIdentifying synergies between VLBI and STIX imaging
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Self-citationCoincidence and reproducibility in the EHT black hole experiment
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Emission Modeling in the EHT–ngEHT Age
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Self-citationDeep learning inference with the Event Horizon Telescope
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Self-citationProspects of directly using closure traces for imaging in very long baseline interferometry
Müller, H. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450437 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Calibrating VLBI Polarization Data Using GPCAL. I. Frequency-dependent Calibration
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Self-citationAutoencoding Labeled Interpolator, Inferring Parameters from Image and Image from Parameters
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Self-citationTesting Bayesian inference of GRMHD model parameters from VLBI data
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Origin of the ring ellipticity in the black hole images of M87 *
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Self-citationRobustness and the Event Horizon Telescope: the case of the first image of M87*
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Interferometric image reconstruction using closure invariants and machine learning
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Kumar, S., & Nampalliwar, S. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc6d3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bayesian Constraints on the Ring Ellipticity of M87* 2017 Using Themis
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Self-citationRobust analysis of differential Faraday rotation based on interferometric closure observables
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Self-citationJipole : A Differentiable ipole -based Code for Radiative Transfer in Curved Spacetimes
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Self-citationHierarchical Interferometric Bayesian Imaging
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Self-citationProbing circular polarization and magnetic field structure in active galactic nuclei
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Self-citationBCDDM: Branch Correction Denoising Diffusion Model for Black Hole Image Generation
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Is the EHT black hole experiment a new experiment in the guise of an old experiment?
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Equatorial orbits and imaging of hairy cubic Galileon black holes
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Ray-tracing GR-MHD-generated outflows from AGNs hosting thin accretion disks
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New views of black holes from computational imaging
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Self-citationWhy Do You Think It is a Black Hole?Preprint
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PATOKA: Simulating Electromagnetic Observables of Black Hole Accretion
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Self-citationPolarization signatures of inspiraling hotspots around Kerr black holes
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Self-citationAccelerating black hole image generation via latent space diffusion models
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Строков, В. Н., & Popov, A. A. (2023) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.10205019
- Authors
- Broderick, A. E., Gold, R., Karami, M., Preciado-López, J. A., Tiede, P., Pu, H.-Y., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A.-K., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D.-Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M.-T., Chen 陈永, Y. 军., Cho, I., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gómez, J. L., Gu 顾敏, M. 峰., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho 何子, L. C. 山., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C.-W. L., Huang 黄, L. 磊., Hughes, D. H., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang 江, W. 悟., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C.-Y., Lee, S.-S., Li 李彦, Y.-R. 荣., Li 李志, Z. 远., Lindqvist, M., Lico, R., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W.-P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu 路如, R.-S. 森., MacDonald, N. R., Mao 毛基, J. 荣., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Palumbo, D. C. M., Park, J., Pen, U.-L., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Rottmann, H., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K.-F., Shao, L., Shen 沈志, Z. 强., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., SooHoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Traianou, E., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., van Bemmel, I., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu 吴庆, Q. 文., Yoon, D., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan 袁, F. 峰., Yuan 袁业, Y.-F. 飞., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S.-S., Zhu, Z., & The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Perimeter Institute (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- East Asian Observatory (US)
- Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NL)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (FR)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
- Rhodes University (ZA)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (MX)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Boston University (US)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (NL)
- Kogakuin University (JP)
- National Sun Yat-sen University (TW)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (US)
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (ES)
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Peking University (CN)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Brandeis University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Broderick, Avery E.
- ORCID
- Broderick, Avery E.
- Gold, Roman
- Karami, Mansour
- Preciado-López, Jorge A.
- Tiede, Paul
- Pu, Hung-Yi
- Akiyama, Kazunori
- Alberdi, Antxon
- Asada, Keiichi
- Azulay, Rebecca
- Baczko, Anne-Kathrin
- Baloković, Mislav
- Barrett, John
- Blackburn, Lindy
- Bouman, Katherine L.
- Bower, Geoffrey C.
- Bremer, Michael
- Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
- Brissenden, Roger
- Britzen, Silke
- Bronzwaer, Thomas
- Byun, Do-Young
- Carlstrom, John E.
- Chael, Andrew
- Chatterjee, Shami
- Chatterjee, Koushik
- Chen, Ming-Tang
- Chen 陈永, Yongjun 军
- Cho, Ilje
- Conway, John E.
- Cordes, James M.
- Crew, Geoffrey B.
- Cui, Yuzhu
- Davelaar, Jordy
- De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
- Deane, Roger
- Dempsey, Jessica
- Desvignes, Gregory
- Doeleman, Sheperd S.
- Eatough, Ralph P.
- Falcke, Heino
- Fish, Vincent L.
- Fomalont, Ed
- Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
- Friberg, Per
- Fromm, Christian M.
- Galison, Peter
- Gammie, Charles F.
- García, Roberto
- Gentaz, Olivier
- Georgiev, Boris
- Goddi, Ciriaco
- Gómez, José L.
- Gu 顾敏, Minfeng 峰
- Gurwell, Mark
- Hada, Kazuhiro
- Hecht, Michael H.
- Hesper, Ronald
- Ho 何子, Luis C. 山
- Ho, Paul
- Honma, Mareki
- Huang 黄, Lei 磊
- Inoue, Makoto
- Issaoun, Sara
- James, David J.
- Janssen, Michael
- Jeter, Britton
- Jiang 江, Wu 悟
- Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra
- Johnson, Michael D.
- Jorstad, Svetlana
- Jung, Taehyun
- Karuppusamy, Ramesh
- Kawashima, Tomohisa
- Keating, Garrett K.
- Kettenis, Mark
- Kim, Jae-Young
- Kim, Jongsoo
- Kino, Motoki
- Koay, Jun Yi
- Koch, Patrick M.
- Koyama, Shoko
- Kramer, Michael
- Kramer, Carsten
- Krichbaum, Thomas P.
- Kuo, Cheng-Yu
- Lee, Sang-Sung
- Li 李彦, Yan-Rong 荣
- Li 李志, Zhiyuan 远
- Lindqvist, Michael
- Lico, Rocco
- Liu, Kuo
- Liuzzo, Elisabetta
- Lo, Wen-Ping
- Lobanov, Andrei P.
- Loinard, Laurent
- Lonsdale, Colin
- Lu 路如, Ru-Sen 森
- MacDonald, Nicholas R.
- Mao 毛基, Jirong 荣
- Marscher, Alan P.
- Martí-Vidal, Iván
- Matsushita, Satoki
- Matthews, Lynn D.
- Menten, Karl M.
- Mizuno, Yosuke
- Mizuno, Izumi
- Moran, James M.
- Moriyama, Kotaro
- Moscibrodzka, Monika
- Müller, Cornelia
- Nagai, Hiroshi
- Nagar, Neil M.
- Nakamura, Masanori
- Narayan, Ramesh
- Narayanan, Gopal
- Natarajan, Iniyan
- Neri, Roberto
- Ni, Chunchong
- Noutsos, Aristeidis
- Okino, Hiroki
- Olivares, Héctor
- Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
- Oyama, Tomoaki
- Palumbo, Daniel C. M.
- Park, Jongho
- Pen, Ue-Li
- Pesce, Dominic W.
- Piétu, Vincent
- Plambeck, Richard
- PopStefanija, Aleksandar
- Porth, Oliver
- Prather, Ben
- Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
- Rao, Ramprasad
- Rawlings, Mark G.
- Raymond, Alexander W.
- Rezzolla, Luciano
- Ripperda, Bart
- Roelofs, Freek
- Rogers, Alan
- Ros, Eduardo
- Rose, Mel
- Rottmann, Helge
- Ruszczyk, Chet
- Ryan, Benjamin R.
- Rygl, Kazi L. J.
- Sánchez, Salvador
- Sánchez-Arguelles, David
- Sasada, Mahito
- Savolainen, Tuomas
- Schloerb, F. Peter
- Schuster, Karl-Friedrich
- Shao, Lijing
- Shen 沈志, Zhiqiang 强
- Small, Des
- Sohn, Bong Won
- SooHoo, Jason
- Tazaki, Fumie
- Tilanus, Remo P. J.
- Titus, Michael
- Toma, Kenji
- Torne, Pablo
- Traianou, Efthalia
- Trippe, Sascha
- van Bemmel, Ilse
- van Langevelde, Huib Jan
- van Rossum, Daniel R.
- Wagner, Jan
- Wardle, John
- Weintroub, Jonathan
- Wex, Norbert
- Wharton, Robert
- Wielgus, Maciek
- Wong, George N.
- Wu 吴庆, Qingwen 文
- Yoon, Doosoo
- Young, André
- Young, Ken
- Younsi, Ziri
- Yuan 袁, Feng 峰
- Yuan 袁业, Ye-Fei 飞
- Zensus, J. Anton
- Zhao, Guangyao
- Zhao, Shan-Shan
- Zhu, Ziyan
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2020-07-01
- Volume
- 897
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W3041989541
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- OpenBU (Boston University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1207704, 11633006, 1144085, SEV-2017-0709, 1265383, 1140030, 1743442, 1440254, 18KK0090, 1248097, 1310896, 1715061, ACI-1 548 562, 0096454, 0705062, 11573051, 1548562, 0905844, 1207730, 1337663, 11721303, JP18K13594, 0521233, 1615796, 1743747, TG-AST080026N, 1228509, 0735191, 0922984, 11650110427, AFB-170002, 10625314, 89233218CNA000001, 610058, 1126433, 11725312, 1816420, AST-1555365, ACT172033, 0352953, 1716327, 1207752)
- U.S. Department of Energy (#89233218CNA000001, 1548562, Contract 89233218CNA000001, ACI-1548562)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (89233218CNA000001, AST-1816420, ACI-1548562, OISE-1743747, 2016YFA0400702, 80NSSC17K0649)
- John Templeton Foundation (OISE-1743747)
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF5278, AST-1440254, GBMF3561)
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (SEV-2017-0709, PGC 2018, AYA2016-80889-P, PGC2018-098915-B-C21)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory
- International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology
- Government of Canada
- Leverhulme Trust
- European Commission (HORIZON2020, 610058, SEV-2017-0709, 730562, 275201)
- National Research Foundation (NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752)
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP18K13594, 25120007, 18H01245, AST-1440254, JP17J08829)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (ACI-1548562, 11650110427, 31140007, (11721303, 11633006, 11573051, 11725312, 2016YFA0400704, 18KK0090, 2016YFA0400702)
- Academia Sinica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, 2016YFA0400702, 18KK0090, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008, 11721303)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (279006, 104497, 281692, 275201)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (639.043.513)
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SEV-2017-0709, AYA2016–80889–P, PGC2018)
- Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2018, APOSTD/2018/177)
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2015H1D3A1066561, 2015R1D1A1A01056807, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, ACI-1548562, 2015H1A2A1033752)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Vetenskapsrådet (2017-00648)
- China Scholarship Council (2016YFA0400702)
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST106-2112-M001-011, MOST107-2119-M001-017, MOST106-2119-M001-027, MOST107-2119-M110-005, MOST107-2119-M001-020)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IN112417, SEV-2017-0709)
- Russian Science Foundation (89233218CNA000001, 17-12-01029, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420)
- Recruitment Program of Global Experts
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV‐2017‐0709)
- Institut Périmètre de physique théorique
- Toray Science Foundation
- National Nuclear Security Administration (89233218C-NA000001)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17J08829, AST-1440254, 610058, 89233218CNA000001, 18H03721, 1548562, 18KK0090, 18K03656, 18K03709, 275201, 18K13594, 25120007, 18H01245)
- Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (PIA ACT172033, ACT172033, 170002, AFB-170002)
- Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IN112417)
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702)
- Office of International Science and Engineering (17-43747)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (89233218CNA 000001, Contract 89233218CNA000001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Event Horizon Telescope, THEMIS, parameter estimation, black hole imaging, supermassive black holes, black hole accretion, very long baseline interferometry, systematic effects, M87, high-performance computing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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