A Universal Power-law Prescription for Variability from Synthetic Images of Black Hole Accretion Flows
Open accessAbstract
We present a framework for characterizing the spatiotemporal power spectrum of the variability expected from the horizon-scale emission structure around supermassive black holes, and we apply this framework to a library of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations and associated general relativistic ray-traced images relevant for Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sgr A*. We find that the variability power spectrum is generically a red-noise process in both the temporal and spatial dimensions, with the peak in power occurring on the longest timescales and largest spatial scales. When both the time-averaged source structure and the spatially integrated light-curve variability are removed, the residual power spectrum exhibits a universal broken power-law behavior. On small spatial frequencies, the residual power spectrum rises as the square of the spatial frequency and is proportional to the variance in the centroid of emission. Beyond some peak in variability power, the residual power spectrum falls as that of the time-averaged source structure, which is similar across simulations; this behavior can be naturally explained if the variability arises from a multiplicative random field that has a steeper high-frequency power-law index than that of the time-averaged source structure. We briefly explore the ability of power spectral variability studies to constrain physical parameters relevant for the GRMHD simulations, which can be scaled to provide predictions for black holes in a range of systems in the optically thin regime. We present specific expectations for the behavior of the M87* and Sgr A* accretion flows as observed by the EHT.
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The variability behavior is consistent with theoretical expectations from GRMHD simulations and empirical expectations from the Sgr A* light curve, both of which imply that the variable elements of Sgr A* emission should be uncorrelated beyond a timescale of a few hours.
“Furthermore, the variability behavior is consistent with theoretical expectations from GRMHD simulations and empirical expectations from the Sgr A * light curve, both of which imply that the variable elements of the Sgr A * emission should be uncorrelated beyond a timescale of a few hours”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Georgiev et al. 2022
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter several hours, the variable components of the image structure in Sgr A* are expected to be uncorrelated.
“After several hours, the variable components of the image structure in Sgr A * are expected to be uncorrelated”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Georgiev et al. 2022
Section 2.1 (page unavailable) says Sgr A* is expected to vary over an observing period of several hours. Section 3.1 says correlations weaken as temporal separation increases, but does not say the variable image structure becomes uncorrelated after several hours. The Summary and Conclusions further says the relevant breaking timescale depends on spatial scale and exceeds roughly 10³ GM/c³ on short baselines. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSource variability is theoretically expected to arise on a broad range of timescales and is explicitly seen in GRMHD simulations on timescales as short as minutes.
“Source variability is theoretically expected to arise on a broad range of timescales, and it is explicitly seen in GRMHD simulations on timescales as short as minutes”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Georgiev et al. 2022
From GRMHD simulations, the expected noise is well approximated by a broken power law along any radial direction.
“From GRMHD simulations, the expected noise is well approximated by a broken power law”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Georgiev et al. 2022
GRMHD simulations are universally described by a 'red-red' power spectrum, with the largest fluctuations in emission occurring on the longest timescales and the largest spatial scales.
“GRMHD simulations are universally described by a ' red -red ' power spectrum, with the largest fl uctuations in the emission occurring on the longest timescales and the largest spatial scales”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Georgiev et al. 2022
The excess variability is broadly consistent with that due to structural fluctuations anticipated by the GRMHD simulations discussed in Paper V and Georgiev et al. (2022).
“The excess variability is broadly consistent with that due to structural fl uctuations anticipated by the GRMHD simulations discussed in Paper V and Georgiev et al. ( 2022 ) .”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Georgiev et al. 2022
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Calibration of ALMA as a Phased Array. ALMA Observations During the 2017 VLBI Campaign
Goddi, C., Martí-Vidal, I., Messias, H., Crew, G., Herrero-Illana, R., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Rottmann, H., Wagner, J., Fomalont, E. B., Matthews, L. D., et al. (2019) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationiharm3D: Vectorized General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics
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Self-citationBroderick, A. E., Loeb, A., & Reid, M. J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/735/1/57 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Structure of Radiatively Inefficient Black Hole Accretion Flows
White, C. J., Quataert, E., & Gammie, C. F. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab718e · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBroderick, A. E., Gold, R., Georgiev, B., Pesce, D. W., Tiede, P., Ni, C., Moriyama, K., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6584 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationRadioAstron Science Program Five Years after Launch: Main Science Results
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Most, E. R., & Noronha, J. L. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.103028 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Modelling the polarised emission from black holes on event horizon-scales
Younsi, Z., Porth, O., Mizuno, Y., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921318007263 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationgrim: A Flexible, Conservative Scheme for Relativistic Fluid Theories
Chandra, M., Foucart, F., & Gammie, C. F. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5f55 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling the polarised emission from black holes on event horizon-scales
Younsi, Z., Porth, O., Mizuno, Y., et al. (2020) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst Space-VLBI Observations of Sagittarius A*
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Self-citationPATOKA: Simulating Electromagnetic Observables of Black Hole Accretion
Wong, G. N., Prather, B. S., Dhruv, V., Ryan, B. R., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Chan, C., Joshi, A. V., Yarza, R., Ricarte, A., Shiokawa, H., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac582e
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Most, E. R., Noronha, J., & Philippov, A. A. 2021, arXiv:2111.05752 · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
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“Source variability is theoretically expected to arise on a broad range of timescales, and it is explicitly seen in GRMHD simulations on timescales as short as minutes (Georgiev et al. 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMillimeter Light Curves of Sagittarius A* Observed during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
Wielgus, M., Marchili, N., Martí-Vidal, I., Keating, G. K., Ramakrishnan, V., Tiede, P., Fomalont, E., Issaoun, S., Neilsen, J., Nowak, M. A., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6428 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Georgiev, B., Pesce, D. W., Broderick, A. E., Wong, G. N., Dhruv, V., Wielgus, M., Gammie, C. F., Chan, C.-K., Chatterjee, K., Emami, R., Mizuno, Y., Gold, R., Fromm, C. M., Ricarte, A., Yoon, D., Joshi, A. V., Prather, B., Cruz-Osorio, A., Johnson, M. D., Porth, O., Olivares, H., Younsi, Z., Rezzolla, L., Vos, J., Qiu, R., Nathanail, A., Narayan, R., Chael, A., Anantua, R., Moscibrodzka, M., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bauböck, M., Benson, B. A., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Boyce, H., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Bustamante, S., Byun, D.-Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Ceccobello, C., Chatterjee, S., Chen, M.-T., Chen 陈, Y. 永. 军., Cheng, X., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conroy, N. S., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crawford, T. M., Crew, G. B., Cui 崔, Y. 玉. 竹., Davelaar, J., Laurentis, M. D., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Dougal, S., Dzib, S. A., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Farah, J., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Ford, H. A., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fuentes, A., Galison, P., García, R., Gentaz, O., Goddi, C., Gómez-Ruiz, A. I., Gómez, J. L., Gu 顾, M. 敏., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Haggard, D., Haworth, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Heumann, D., Ho 何, L. C. 子., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C.-W. L., Huang 黄, L. 磊., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang 江, W. 悟., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, D.-J., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Kocherlakota, P., Kofuji, Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, C., Kramer, M., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C.-Y., Bella, N. L., Lauer, T. R., Lee, D., Lee, S.-S., Lehner, L., Leung, P. K., Levis, A., Li 李, Z. 志., Lico, R., Lindahl, G., Lindqvist, M., Lisakov, M., Liu 刘, J. 俊., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W.-P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C. J., Lu 路, R.-S. 如., Mao 毛, J. 基., Marchili, N., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Menten, K. M., Michalik, D., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Müller, C., Mus, A., Musoke, G., Myserlis, I., Nadolski, A., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Fuentes, S. N., Neilsen, J., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Nowak, M. A., Oh, J., Okino, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Palumbo, D. C. M., Paraschos, G. F., Park, J., Parsons, H., Patel, N., Pen, U.-L., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Pötzl, F. M., Preciado-López, J. A., Pu, H.-Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Romero-Cañizales, C., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruiz, I., Ruszczyk, C., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Argüelles, D., Sánchez-Portal, M., Sasada, M., Satapathy, K., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schonfeld, J., Schuster, K.-F., Shao, L., Shen 沈, Z. 志., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., SooHoo, J., Souccar, K., Sun 孙, H. 赫., Tazaki, F., Tetarenko, A. J., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Torne, P., Traianou, E., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Turk, M., Bemmel, I. V., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wiik, K., Witzel, G., Wondrak, M. F., Wu 吴, Q. 庆., Yamaguchi, P., Young, A., Young, K., Yuan 袁, F. 峰., Yuan 袁, Y.-F. 业. 飞., Zensus, J. A., Zhang, S., Zhao, G.-Y., & Zhao 赵, S.-S. 杉.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES)
- University of Malaya (MY)
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Yale University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- East Asian Observatory (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Trottier Space Institute at McGill (CA)
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (FR)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Cornell University (US)
- Fairfield University (US)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (US)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- Google (United States) (US)
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (MX)
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Boston University (US)
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (JP)
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (NL)
- Kogakuin University (JP)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- Perimeter Institute (CA)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (ES)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- Villanova University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Sejong University (KR)
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University College Cork (IE)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Peking University (CN)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- Brandeis University (US)
- Bard College (US)
- ORCID
- Georgiev, Boris
- Pesce, Dominic W.
- Broderick, Avery E.
- Wong, George N.
- Dhruv, Vedant
- Wielgus, Maciek
- Gammie, Charles F.
- Chan, Chi-kwan
- Chatterjee, Koushik
- Emami, Razieh
- Mizuno, Yosuke
- Gold, Roman
- Fromm, Christian M.
- Ricarte, Angelo
- Yoon, Doosoo
- Joshi, Abhishek V.
- Prather, Ben
- Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro
- Johnson, Michael D.
- Porth, Oliver
- Olivares, Héctor
- Younsi, Ziri
- Rezzolla, Luciano
- Vos, Jesse
- Qiu, Richard
- Nathanail, Antonios
- Narayan, Ramesh
- Chael, Andrew
- Anantua, Richard
- Moscibrodzka, Monika
- Akiyama, Kazunori
- Alberdi, Antxon
- Algaba, Juan Carlos
- Asada, Keiichi
- Azulay, Rebecca
- Bach, Uwe
- Baczko, Anne-Kathrin
- Ball, David
- Baloković, Mislav
- Barrett, John
- Bauböck, Michi
- Benson, Bradford A.
- Blackburn, Lindy
- Blundell, Raymond
- Bouman, Katherine L.
- Bower, Geoffrey C.
- Boyce, Hope
- Bremer, Michael
- Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
- Brissenden, Roger
- Britzen, Silke
- Broguiere, Dominique
- Bronzwaer, Thomas
- Bustamante, Sandra
- Byun, Do-Young
- Carlstrom, John E.
- Ceccobello, Chiara
- Chatterjee, Shami
- Chen, Ming-Tang
- Chen 陈, Yongjun 永 军
- Cheng, Xiaopeng
- Cho, Ilje
- Christian, Pierre
- Conroy, Nicholas S.
- Conway, John E.
- Cordes, James M.
- Crawford, Thomas M.
- Crew, Geoffrey B.
- Cui 崔, Yuzhu 玉 竹
- Davelaar, Jordy
- Laurentis, Mariafelicia De
- Deane, Roger
- Dempsey, Jessica
- Desvignes, Gregory
- Dexter, Jason
- Doeleman, Sheperd S.
- Dougal, Sean
- Dzib, Sergio A.
- Eatough, Ralph P.
- Falcke, Heino
- Farah, Joseph
- Fish, Vincent L.
- Fomalont, Ed
- Ford, H. Alyson
- Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
- Freeman, William T.
- Friberg, Per
- Fuentes, Antonio
- Galison, Peter
- García, Roberto
- Gentaz, Olivier
- Goddi, Ciriaco
- Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
- Gómez, José L.
- Gu 顾, Minfeng 敏峰
- Gurwell, Mark
- Hada, Kazuhiro
- Haggard, Daryl
- Hecht, Michael H.
- Hesper, Ronald
- Heumann, Dirk
- Ho 何, Luis C. 子山
- Ho, Paul
- Honma, Mareki
- Huang, Chih-Wei L.
- Huang 黄, Lei 磊
- Ikeda, Shiro
- Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette
- Inoue, Makoto
- Issaoun, Sara
- James, David J.
- Jannuzi, Buell T.
- Janssen, Michael
- Jeter, Britton
- Jiang 江, Wu 悟
- Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra
- Jorstad, Svetlana
- Jung, Taehyun
- Karami, Mansour
- Karuppusamy, Ramesh
- Kawashima, Tomohisa
- Keating, Garrett K.
- Kettenis, Mark
- Kim, Dong-Jin
- Kim, Jae-Young
- Kim, Jongsoo
- Kim, Junhan
- Kino, Motoki
- Koay, Jun Yi
- Kocherlakota, Prashant
- Kofuji, Yutaro
- Koch, Patrick M.
- Koyama, Shoko
- Kramer, Carsten
- Kramer, Michael
- Krichbaum, Thomas P.
- Kuo, Cheng-Yu
- Bella, Noemi La
- Lauer, Tod R.
- Lee, Daeyoung
- Lee, Sang-Sung
- Lehner, Luis
- Leung, Po Kin
- Levis, Aviad
- Li 李, Zhiyuan 志远
- Lico, Rocco
- Lindahl, Greg
- Lindqvist, Michael
- Lisakov, Mikhail
- Liu 刘, Jun 俊
- Liu, Kuo
- Liuzzo, Elisabetta
- Lo, Wen-Ping
- Lobanov, Andrei P.
- Loinard, Laurent
- Lonsdale, Colin J.
- Lu 路, Ru-Sen 如森
- Mao 毛, Jirong 基荣
- Marchili, Nicola
- Markoff, Sera
- Marrone, Daniel P.
- Marscher, Alan P.
- Martí-Vidal, Iván
- Matsushita, Satoki
- Matthews, Lynn D.
- Menten, Karl M.
- Michalik, Daniel
- Mizuno, Izumi
- Moran, James M.
- Moriyama, Kotaro
- Müller, Cornelia
- Mus, Alejandro
- Musoke, Gibwa
- Myserlis, Ioannis
- Nadolski, Andrew
- Nagai, Hiroshi
- Nagar, Neil M.
- Nakamura, Masanori
- Narayanan, Gopal
- Natarajan, Iniyan
- Neilsen, Joey
- Neri, Roberto
- Ni, Chunchong
- Noutsos, Aristeidis
- Nowak, Michael A.
- Oh, Junghwan
- Okino, Hiroki
- Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
- Oyama, Tomoaki
- Palumbo, Daniel C. M.
- Paraschos, Georgios Filippos
- Park, Jongho
- Parsons, Harriet
- Patel, Nimesh
- Pen, Ue-Li
- Piétu, Vincent
- Plambeck, Richard
- PopStefanija, Aleksandar
- Pötzl, Felix M.
- Preciado-López, Jorge A.
- Pu, Hung-Yi
- Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
- Rao, Ramprasad
- Rawlings, Mark G.
- Raymond, Alexander W.
- Ripperda, Bart
- Roelofs, Freek
- Rogers, Alan
- Ros, Eduardo
- Romero-Cañizales, Cristina
- Roshanineshat, Arash
- Rottmann, Helge
- Roy, Alan L.
- Ruiz, Ignacio
- Ruszczyk, Chet
- Rygl, Kazi L. J.
- Sánchez, Salvador
- Sánchez-Argüelles, David
- Sánchez-Portal, Miguel
- Sasada, Mahito
- Satapathy, Kaushik
- Savolainen, Tuomas
- Schloerb, F. Peter
- Schonfeld, Jonathan
- Schuster, Karl-Friedrich
- Shao, Lijing
- Shen 沈, Zhiqiang 志强
- Small, Des
- Sohn, Bong Won
- SooHoo, Jason
- Souccar, Kamal
- Sun 孙, He 赫
- Tazaki, Fumie
- Tetarenko, Alexandra J.
- Tiede, Paul
- Tilanus, Remo P. J.
- Titus, Michael
- Torne, Pablo
- Traianou, Efthalia
- Trent, Tyler
- Trippe, Sascha
- Turk, Matthew
- Bemmel, Ilse van
- van Langevelde, Huib Jan
- van Rossum, Daniel R.
- Wagner, Jan
- Ward-Thompson, Derek
- Wardle, John
- Weintroub, Jonathan
- Wex, Norbert
- Wharton, Robert
- Wiik, Kaj
- Witzel, Gunther
- Wondrak, Michael F.
- Wu 吴, Qingwen 庆文
- Yamaguchi, Paul
- Young, André
- Young, Ken
- Yuan 袁, Feng 峰
- Yuan 袁, Ye-Fei 业 飞
- Zensus, J. Anton
- Zhang, Shuo
- Zhao, Guang-Yao
- Zhao 赵, Shan-Shan 杉杉
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2022-05-01
- Volume
- 930
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- L20
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W4280640520
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1207704, 12192223, 1144085, 11933007, 1265383, 1140030, 1818253, 1743442, 11991053, DEAC05- 00OR22725, HST-HF2-51431.001-A, 18KK0090, 1221421, 1248097, 1310896, 1715061, ACI-1 548 562, 0096454, 0705062, 1548562, 0905844, 1207730, 1614868, 11991052, JP18K13594, 0521233, 1615796, TG-AST080026N, 1228509, 0735191, 0922984, 11650110427, 89233218CNA000001, 2034306, 1126433, 11725312, AST-1555365, FR 4069/2-1, 0352953, 1716327, 1852617, 12192220, 1207752, 1903847)
- Smithsonian Institution
- U.S. Department of Energy (#89233218CNA000001, AC05-00OR22725, DE--AC05--00OR22725, DE-AC05?, ACI-1548562, No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, 00OR22725)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (89233218CNA000001, ACI-1548562, AC05-00OR22725, DE-AC05-00OR22725, 80NSSC20K0645, 2016YFA0400702, AST-2034306, NAS 526555, 80NSSC20K0527, 80NSSC20K1567, HST-HF2-51431.001-A)
- Simons Foundation (001-001)
- University of Chicago
- University of Arizona (1228509)
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences
- Compute Canada
- Space Telescope Science Institute (HST-HF2-51494.001, AST-1614868, NAS5- 26555, AST-2034306, 26555, HST-HF2-51431.001-A)
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2020-117404GB-C21, SEV-2017-0709, PID2019, PGC 2018, PID2020, AYA2016-80889-P, PGC2018-098915-B-C21, PID2019-108995GB-C22)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory
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- Flatiron Health
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- Leverhulme Trust
- European Commission (DE-AC05-00OR22725, HORIZON2020, 610058, SEV-2017-0709, 101018682, 312496, 246083, 730562, 275201)
- National Research Foundation (77948, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752)
- University of Pretoria
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SEV-2017-0709, AST-2034306, FR 4069/2-1, DE-AC05-00OR22725)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP18K13594, AST-2034306, 25120007, 18H01245, AST-1614868, JPMXP1020200109, JP17J08829)
- Universiteit Leiden
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (ACI-1548562, DE-AC05-00OR22725, 11650110427, 12 192 220, 12192223, AST-2034306, (11721303, 11991052, 0 and, 11873028, 11725312, 2016YFA0400704, 18KK0090, 11991053, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702, 11933007)
- Universiteit van Amsterdam
- Radboud Universiteit
- Academia Sinica
- Academy of Finland (274477, 312496, 284495, 315721)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, 2016YFA0400702, JCYJ-SHFY2021-013, 2017YFA0402700, 18KK0090, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008, AST-2034306, 11991052, 11721303, ZDBS-LY-SLH011, 11933007)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (11991052, 2020M671266, 11721303)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (U0004-246083, 279006, U0004-259839, F0003-281692, M0037-279006, 263356, 104497, 281692, 275201, F0003-272050)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (DE-AC05-00OR22725, 639.043.513, OCENW.KLEIN.113)
- Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2018, APOSTD/2018/177, CIDEGENT/2018/021)
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2015H1D3A1066561, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2019R1F1A1059721, ACI-1548562, DE-AC05-00OR22725, 2015H1A2A1033752)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (2017YFA0402700)
- Vetenskapsrådet (2017-00648)
- Ministry of Education, India
- China Scholarship Council (2016YFA0400702, DE-AC05-00OR22725)
- European Southern Observatory
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST106-2112-M001-011, MOST107-2119-M001-017, MOST106-2119-M001-027, MOST105-2119-M001-042, MOST106-2923-M001-005, MOST107-2119-M001-041, MOST107-2119-M110-005, MOST106-2119-M001-013, MOST107-2119-M001-020, MOST107-2923-M001-009)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AYA2016-80889-P, SEV2017-0709, PID2019, PID2019-108995GB-C22, PGC2018, PGC2018-098915-B-C21, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020, PID2020-117404GB-C21)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IN112417, IN112820, SEV-2017-0709)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- Recruitment Program of Global Experts
- Junta de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709, P18-FR-1769)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (2022R1C1C1005255)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV‐2017‐0709)
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (NCN19-058, Fondecyt 1221421, 1221421, DE-AC05-00OR22725)
- Institut Périmètre de physique théorique
- East Asian Core Observatories Association
- Toray Science Foundation
- Office of Science (DEAC05- 00OR22725, 89233218CNA000001, No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, ACI-1548562, AC05-00OR22725)
- National Nuclear Security Administration (89233218C-NA000001, #DE-AC05-00OR22725)
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (DE-AC05-00OR22725)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17J08829, DE-AC05-00OR22725, 610058, 21H01137, 89233218CNA000001, AST-1614868, 19K14761, AST-2034306, 18H03721, 18KK0090, 11933007, 18K03709, 275201, 18K13594, 25120007, 246083, JPMXP1020200109, 18H01245)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (AYA2016-80889-P, 2019AEP112, SEV-2017-0709)
- Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IN112820, IN112417, 263356)
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702, 2017YFA0402700, 2017YFA0402703)
- Astrophysics Division (NAS5-26555)
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (AC05-00OR22725, DE-AC05-00OR22725)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (89233218CNA 000001, DE-AC05-00OR22725)
- H2020 European Research Council (884631)
- Compute Ontario
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- black hole accretion flows, light curve variability, power spectrum, red noise, broken power law, supermassive black holes, Sgr A*, M87, Event Horizon Telescope, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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