The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19 (Review)
Open accessAbstract
In view of the emerging COVID‑19 pandemic caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, the search for potential protective and therapeutic antiviral strategies is of particular and urgent interest. Zinc is known to modulate antiviral and antibacterial immunity and regulate inflammatory response. Despite the lack of clinical data, certain indications suggest that modulation of zinc status may be beneficial in COVID‑19. In vitro experiments demonstrate that Zn2+ possesses antiviral activity through inhibition of SARS‑CoV RNA polymerase. This effect may underlie therapeutic efficiency of chloroquine known to act as zinc ionophore. Indirect evidence also indicates that Zn2+ may decrease the activity of angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), known to be the receptor for SARS‑CoV‑2. Improved antiviral immunity by zinc may also occur through up‑regulation of interferon α production and increasing its antiviral activity. Zinc possesses anti‑inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF‑κB signaling and modulation of regulatory T‑cell functions that may limit the cytokine storm in COVID‑19. Improved Zn status may also reduce the risk of bacterial co‑infection by improving mucociliary clearance and barrier function of the respiratory epithelium, as well as direct antibacterial effects against S. pneumoniae. Zinc status is also tightly associated with risk factors for severe COVID‑19 including ageing, immune deficiency, obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, since these are known risk groups for zinc deficiency. Therefore, Zn may possess protective effect as preventive and adjuvant therapy of COVID‑19 through reducing inflammation, improvement of mucociliary clearance, prevention of ventilator‑induced lung injury, modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity. However, further clinical and experimental studies are required.
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1 retracted
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RetractedHoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286
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COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression
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Cited by
Shakoor, H., Feehan, J., Al Dhaheri, A. S., Ali, H. I., Platat, C., Ismail, L. C., Apostolopoulos, V., & Stojanovska, L. (2021) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003 · Cited by 465
COVID-19: Hemoglobin, Iron, and Hypoxia beyond Inflammation. A Narrative Review
Cavezzi, A., Troiani, E., & Corrao, S. (2020) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.4081/cp.2020.1271 · Cited by 430
The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis
Wessels, I., Rolles, B., & Rink, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712 · Cited by 336
Self-citationZinc is an important inter-kingdom signal between the host and microbe
Xia, P., Lian, S., Wu, Y., Yan, L., Quan, G., & Zhu, G. (2021) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s13567-021-00913-1 · Cited by 69
Parisi, G. F., Carota, G., Castruccio Castracani, C., Spampinato, M., Manti, S., Papale, M., Di Rosa, M., Barbagallo, I., & Leonardi, S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052465 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Skalny, A., Rink, L., Ajsuvakova, O., Aschner, M., Gritsenko, V., Alekseenko, S., Svistunov, A., Petrakis, D., Spandidos, D., Aaseth, J., Tsatsakis, A., & Tinkov, A.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Spandidos Publications
- Published
- 2020-04-14
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-26
- ISSN
- 1107-3756 (ISSN-L)
- 1791-244X
- OpenAlex
- W3016268727
- Cited by
- 435
- References
- 134
- FWCI
- 50.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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- Skalny, A., Rink, L., Ajsuvakova, O., Aschner, M., Gritsenko, V., Alekseenko, S., Svistunov, A., Petrakis, D., Spandidos, D., Aaseth, J., Tsatsakis, A., & Tinkov, A. (2020). Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19 (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575
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