Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread worldwide. Risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia have not yet been well delineated. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or died. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective cohort study of 201 patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital in China between December 25, 2019, and January 26, 2020. The final date of follow-up was February 13, 2020. Exposures: Confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. Main Outcomes and Measures: The development of ARDS and death. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, management, treatment, and outcome data were also collected and analyzed. Results: Of 201 patients, the median age was 51 years (interquartile range, 43-60 years), and 128 (63.7%) patients were men. Eighty-four patients (41.8%) developed ARDS, and of those 84 patients, 44 (52.4%) died. In those who developed ARDS, compared with those who did not, more patients presented with dyspnea (50 of 84 [59.5%] patients and 30 of 117 [25.6%] patients, respectively [difference, 33.9%; 95% CI, 19.7%-48.1%]) and had comorbidities such as hypertension (23 of 84 [27.4%] patients and 16 of 117 [13.7%] patients, respectively [difference, 13.7%; 95% CI, 1.3%-26.1%]) and diabetes (16 of 84 [19.0%] patients and 6 of 117 [5.1%] patients, respectively [difference, 13.9%; 95% CI, 3.6%-24.2%]). In bivariate Cox regression analysis, risk factors associated with the development of ARDS and progression from ARDS to death included older age (hazard ratio [HR], 3.26; 95% CI 2.08-5.11; and HR, 6.17; 95% CI, 3.26-11.67, respectively), neutrophilia (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09-1.19; and HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17, respectively), and organ and coagulation dysfunction (eg, higher lactate dehydrogenase [HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.44-1.79; and HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.52, respectively] and D-dimer [HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; and HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04, respectively]). High fever (≥39 °C) was associated with higher likelihood of ARDS development (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.11-2.84) and lower likelihood of death (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.21-0.82). Among patients with ARDS, treatment with methylprednisolone decreased the risk of death (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20-0.72). Conclusions and Relevance: Older age was associated with greater risk of development of ARDS and death likely owing to less rigorous immune response. Although high fever was associated with the development of ARDS, it was also associated with better outcomes among patients with ARDS. Moreover, treatment with methylprednisolone may be beneficial for patients who develop ARDS.
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In data from Wuhan, age was the main risk factor for COVID-19 progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome and end-organ failure.
“data from Wuhan, China showed that age was the primary risk factor associated with COVID-19 progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and end-organ failure7”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Pro-thrombotic coagulopathy, high D-dimer, venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboses and fibrin-based occlusion of small vessels are associated with severe COVID-19.
“Pro-thrombotic coagulopathy, high levels of D-dimer, venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboses, and fibrin-based occlusion of small blood vessels have all been associated with cases of severe COVID-197,44,49,93-99.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In COVID-19 patients, elevated ferritin levels were related to disease severity, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death.
“In COVID-19 patients, elevated ferritin levels were related to disease severity, development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death [5,7,8].”
From Prevalence and Predictive Value of Anemia and Dysregulated Iron Homeostasis in Patients with COVID-19 Infection (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Many studies of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 note the empiric use of antibiotics in a majority of patients.
“Many studies of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 note the empiric use of antibiotics in a majority of patients;5 , 10 , 11”
From Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Wang, S., Chao, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Xiong, W., Xu, L., Zhou, F., Jiang, J., Bai, C., Zheng, J., & Song, Y.
- Affiliations
- Fudan University (CN)
- Jinyintan Hospital (CN)
- Tuberculosis and Respiratory Department, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Guhua Hospital (CN)
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zheng, Junhua
- Song, Yuanlin
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-07-01
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 934
- ISSN
- 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7070509
- OpenAlex
- W3011610993
- Cited by
- 8,249
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 179 · 2024: 420 · 2023: 777 · 2022: 1401 · 2021: 2315 · 2020: 3052 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 247.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fudan University
- Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Changzhou University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, mortality, risk factors, comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyspnea, clinical outcomes, Wuhan, SARS-CoV-2
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, China, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Care Planning, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Retrospective Studies, Critical Illness, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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