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Iron regulatory protein 1 promotes ferroptosis by sustaining cellular iron homeostasis in melanoma

Yao, Fengping, Cui, Xiaohong, Zhang, Ying, Bei, Zhuchun, Wang, Hongquan, Zhao, Dongxu, Wang, Hong, Yang, Yongfei·2021·Oncology Letters
DOI 10.3892/ol.2021.12918PMC PMC8299017
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Figure 1. Erastin and RSL3 promote the expression of IRP1 and IRP2 in A375 melanoma cells. (A and B) mRNA levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were increased in (A) erastin- or (B) RSL3-treated A375 cells. (C and D) Protein levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were increased in (A) erastin- or (B) RSL3-treated A375 cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein.
Figure 1. Erastin and RSL3 promote the expression of IRP1 and IRP2 in A375 melanoma cells. (A and B) mRNA levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were increased in (A) erastin- or (B) RSL3-treated A375 cells. (C and D) Protein levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were increased in (A) erastin- or (B) RSL3-treated A375 cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 2. Knockdown of IRP1 and IRP2 inhibits erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. (A) IRP1 and IRP2 knockdown inhibited erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptotic cell death in A375 melanoma cells. (B) Knockdown of IRP1 and IRP2 inhibited erastin- and RSL3-induced iron accumulation in A375 cells. (C and D) Knockdown of IRP1 and IRP2 suppressed erastin- and RSL3-induced (C) MDA and (D) lipid ROS accumulation. The black line represents the control cells; the red line represents IRP1 knockdown; the green line represents IRP2knockdown and the blue line represents IRP1 and IRP2 knockdown. (E) Protein levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were detected following IRP1 and IRP2 knockdown. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein. IRP, iron regulatory protein; sh, short hairpin RNA.
Figure 2. Knockdown of IRP1 and IRP2 inhibits erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. (A) IRP1 and IRP2 knockdown inhibited erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptotic cell death in A375 melanoma cells. (B) Knockdown of IRP1 and IRP2 inhibited erastin- and RSL3-induced iron accumulation in A375 cells. (C and D) Knockdown of IRP1 and IRP2 suppressed erastin- and RSL3-induced (C) MDA and (D) lipid ROS accumulation. The black line represents the control cells; the red line represents IRP1 knockdown; the green line represents IRP2knockdown and the blue line represents IRP1 and IRP2 knockdown. (E) Protein levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were detected following IRP1 and IRP2 knockdown. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein. IRP, iron regulatory protein; sh, short hairpin RNA.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 3. Overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2 promotes erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. (A) IRP1 and IRP2 overexpression promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptotic cell death in A375 melanoma cells. (B) Overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2 increased erastin- and RSL3-induced iron accumulation in A375 cells. (C and D) Overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2 promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced (C) MDA and (D) lipid ROS accumulation. The black line represents the control cells; the red line represents overexpression of IRP1; the green line represents overexpression of IRP2 andthe blue line represents overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2. (E) Protein levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were detected following IRP1 and IRP2 overexpression. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; HA, hemagglutinin.
Figure 3. Overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2 promotes erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. (A) IRP1 and IRP2 overexpression promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptotic cell death in A375 melanoma cells. (B) Overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2 increased erastin- and RSL3-induced iron accumulation in A375 cells. (C and D) Overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2 promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced (C) MDA and (D) lipid ROS accumulation. The black line represents the control cells; the red line represents overexpression of IRP1; the green line represents overexpression of IRP2 andthe blue line represents overexpression of IRP1 and IRP2. (E) Protein levels of IRP1 and IRP2 were detected following IRP1 and IRP2 overexpression. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; HA, hemagglutinin.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 4. Erastin and RSL3 promote the transition of ACO to IRP1. (A) ACO activity decreased significantly in A375 melanoma cells following erastin and RSL3 treatment. (B) Erastin and RSL3 promoted the IRE-binding activity of IRP1. (C) Erastin and RSL3 had no significant effect on the IRE-binding activity of IRP2. The relative abundances of IRP1-Flag and IRP2-Flag were analyzed by RNA immunoprecipitation. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. ACO, aconitase; IRP, iron regulatory protein; IRE, iron-responsive element; sh, short hairpin RNA; n.s., not significant.
Figure 4. Erastin and RSL3 promote the transition of ACO to IRP1. (A) ACO activity decreased significantly in A375 melanoma cells following erastin and RSL3 treatment. (B) Erastin and RSL3 promoted the IRE-binding activity of IRP1. (C) Erastin and RSL3 had no significant effect on the IRE-binding activity of IRP2. The relative abundances of IRP1-Flag and IRP2-Flag were analyzed by RNA immunoprecipitation. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. ACO, aconitase; IRP, iron regulatory protein; IRE, iron-responsive element; sh, short hairpin RNA; n.s., not significant.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 5. IRP1 is essential for the expression of iron-regulating proteins in ferroptosis. (A) Knockdown of IRP1 suppressed the mRNA expression levels expression of TFRC in A375 melanoma cells following erastin and RSL3 treatment. (B and C) Knockdown of IRP1 had no significant effect on the mRNA expression levels of (B) FPN and (C) FTH1 following erastin and RSL3 treatment. (D) Protein levels of TFRC, FPN and FTH1 in A375 cells treated with erastin or RSL3. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein; TFRC, transferrin receptor; FPN, ferroportin; FTH1, ferritin heavy chain 1; sh, short hairpin RNA; n.s., not significant.
Figure 5. IRP1 is essential for the expression of iron-regulating proteins in ferroptosis. (A) Knockdown of IRP1 suppressed the mRNA expression levels expression of TFRC in A375 melanoma cells following erastin and RSL3 treatment. (B and C) Knockdown of IRP1 had no significant effect on the mRNA expression levels of (B) FPN and (C) FTH1 following erastin and RSL3 treatment. (D) Protein levels of TFRC, FPN and FTH1 in A375 cells treated with erastin or RSL3. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. IRP, iron regulatory protein; TFRC, transferrin receptor; FPN, ferroportin; FTH1, ferritin heavy chain 1; sh, short hairpin RNA; n.s., not significant.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 6. IRP1 function in ferroptosis depends on TFRC, FPN and FTH1. (A) Overexpression of TFRC and knockdown of FPN and FTH1 enhanced erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptotic cell death in IRP1 knockdown A375 melanoma cells. (B) Overexpression of TFRC and knockdown of FPN and FTH1 promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced iron accumulation in IRP1 knockdown A375 melanoma cells. (C and D) Overexpression of TFRC and knockdown of FPN and FTH1 promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced (C) MDA accumulation and (D) lipid ROS accumulation in IRP1 knockdown A375 melanoma cells. The black line represents the control cells; the red line represents IRP1 knockdown; the green line represents overexpression of TFRC and IRP1 knockdown; the blue line represents the FPN, FTH1 and IRP1 knockdown and the orange line represents overexpression of TFRC and FPN, FTH1 and IRP1 knockdown. (E) Protein levels of IRP1, TFRC, FPN and FTH1 in A375 cells transfected with the indicated constructs. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. IRP, iron regulatory protein; TFRC, transferrin receptor; FPN, ferroportin; FTH1, ferritin heavy chain 1; sh, short hairpin RNA; MDA, malondialdehyde; n.s., not significant.
Figure 6. IRP1 function in ferroptosis depends on TFRC, FPN and FTH1. (A) Overexpression of TFRC and knockdown of FPN and FTH1 enhanced erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptotic cell death in IRP1 knockdown A375 melanoma cells. (B) Overexpression of TFRC and knockdown of FPN and FTH1 promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced iron accumulation in IRP1 knockdown A375 melanoma cells. (C and D) Overexpression of TFRC and knockdown of FPN and FTH1 promoted erastin- and RSL3-induced (C) MDA accumulation and (D) lipid ROS accumulation in IRP1 knockdown A375 melanoma cells. The black line represents the control cells; the red line represents IRP1 knockdown; the green line represents overexpression of TFRC and IRP1 knockdown; the blue line represents the FPN, FTH1 and IRP1 knockdown and the orange line represents overexpression of TFRC and FPN, FTH1 and IRP1 knockdown. (E) Protein levels of IRP1, TFRC, FPN and FTH1 in A375 cells transfected with the indicated constructs. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. IRP, iron regulatory protein; TFRC, transferrin receptor; FPN, ferroportin; FTH1, ferritin heavy chain 1; sh, short hairpin RNA; MDA, malondialdehyde; n.s., not significant.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central
Figure 7. Schematic depicting IRP1-mediated ferroptosis in melanoma cells. The Fe3+ transported into cells by TFRC and the Fe2+ released through ferritinophagy are the main sources of iron pools. In wild-type cells, erastin- and RSL3-induced IRP1 promotes the expression of TFRC and suppresses the expression of FPN and ferritin, which increases the intracellular Fe2+ levels and promotes ferroptosis. In the absence of IRP1, these effects are reversed, resulting in significantly decreased intracellular Fe2+ levels, thus suppressing erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. IRP, iron regulatory protein; TFRC, transferrin receptor; FPN, ferroportin; FTH1, ferritin heavy chain 1; ROS, reactive oxidant species; FTL, ferritin light chain.
Figure 7. Schematic depicting IRP1-mediated ferroptosis in melanoma cells. The Fe3+ transported into cells by TFRC and the Fe2+ released through ferritinophagy are the main sources of iron pools. In wild-type cells, erastin- and RSL3-induced IRP1 promotes the expression of TFRC and suppresses the expression of FPN and ferritin, which increases the intracellular Fe2+ levels and promotes ferroptosis. In the absence of IRP1, these effects are reversed, resulting in significantly decreased intracellular Fe2+ levels, thus suppressing erastin- and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. IRP, iron regulatory protein; TFRC, transferrin receptor; FPN, ferroportin; FTH1, ferritin heavy chain 1; ROS, reactive oxidant species; FTL, ferritin light chain.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Authors
Yao, F., Cui, X., Zhang, Y., Bei, Z., Wang, H., Zhao, D., Wang, H., & Yang, Y.
Affiliations
  • School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
  • Psychiatry Department, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
  • State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
Venue
Oncology Letters
Publisher
Spandidos Publications
Published
2021-07-12
Volume
22
Issue
3
ISSN
  • 1792-1074
  • 1792-1082
DOI
10.3892/ol.2021.12918
PMC
PMC8299017
Cited by
75
References
7

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Yao, F., Cui, X., Zhang, Y., Bei, Z., Wang, H., Zhao, D., Wang, H., & Yang, Y. (2021). Iron regulatory protein 1 promotes ferroptosis by sustaining cellular iron homeostasis in melanoma. Oncology Letters. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12918