Probiotics maintain intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A levels in healthy formula-fed infants: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Open accessAbstract
Formula-fed infants are more susceptible to infectious diseases because they lack the maternal immune factors transferred from breast milk, while their own immune system is still immature. As timely probiotic administration was suggested to promote immune system development in formula-fed infants, this study aimed at assessing the safety and the effects of a probiotic supplement ( Bifidobacterium infantis R0033, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052) on mucosal immune competence and digestive function in formula-fed infants. Healthy infants (3.5-6 months old) were randomised to receive either probiotic- (n=66) or placebo-supplemented (n=66) formula once a day for four weeks. In the probiotics group, faecal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels remained similar between visit 2 (baseline; V2) and visit 3 (end-of-treatment; V3), but decreased in the placebo group. Changes in SIgA levels following treatment (log 10 ΔV3-V2 [95%CI]) between the probiotic and placebo groups were statistically significant (23 ng/dl [-57;102] and -137 ng/dl [-212;-62], respectively ( P =0.0044; ANCOVA)). While log 10 ΔV3-V2 [95%CI] for salivary SIgA levels increased in both groups, this trend was more pronounced in the probiotics than in the placebo group with an increase of 123 ng/dl [9;236] and 37 ng/dL [-72;147], respectively ( P =0.2829; ANCOVA). The weekly average number of stools/day was significantly higher in the probiotics group compared to placebo during the last week of treatment for the per protocol population. There was no difference in microbiota composition or anthropometric parameters between groups. No serious adverse event was reported, and all adverse events were mild and unrelated to the product or study. Our results show that formula-fed infants receiving probiotics maintained higher faecal SIgA levels at the end of the four-week treatment period, suggesting a positive effect of probiotics on SIgA production. This study demonstrates the safety of this probiotic formulation in infants. Formula-fed infants may benefit from probiotics supplementation to sustain the development of mucosal immunity.
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Psychobiotics, encompassing probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, have been shown to modulate the gut microbiota, stimulate the development of beneficial bacteria, and alleviate conditions linked to gut dysbiosis, such as depression and anxiety.
“Supported by a body of studies (19, 32, 41–43), psychobiotics have been shown to modulate the gut microbiota, stimulate the development of beneficial bacteria, and alleviate conditions linked to gut dysbiosis, such as depression and anxiety.”
From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychobiotics impact the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing stress hormone levels and promoting mental well-being.
“Psychobiotics impact the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing stress hormone levels and promoting mental well-being.”
From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results passage on salivary secretory immunoglobulin A and the Discussion and conclusions passage on intestinal immunity address immune measures in formula-fed infants, not HPA-axis activity or mental well-being. Searches for psychobiotics, the HPA axis, cortisol, and stress hormones found no passage reporting the claimed effects; a stress-biomarker study appears only in the References. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThrough the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine, psychobiotics contribute to mood regulation and stress response, potentially alleviating depressive and anxious feelings.
“Through the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine, psychobiotics contribute to mood regulation and stress response, potentially alleviating depressive and anxious feelings.”
From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
The Discussion and conclusions addresses probiotics’ effects on intestinal secretory IgA and possible immune mechanisms, not psychobiotics or neurotransmitter synthesis. Searches for serotonin, GABA, dopamine, mood, stress, depression, and anxiety found no passage in our copy supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychobiotics may enhance synaptic plasticity, neurotrophic factor production, and maintain the blood-brain barrier's integrity, positively impacting learning, memory retention, and brain health.
“Psychobiotics may enhance synaptic plasticity, neurotrophic factor production, and maintain the blood–brain barrier’s integrity, positively impacting learning, memory retention, and brain health.”
From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
The Discussion and conclusions passage concerns intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and mucosal immunity in formula-fed infants, not the blood–brain barrier. Searches for synaptic plasticity, neurotrophic factors, learning, memory, and psychobiotics found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed brain effects. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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Therapeutic Role of Probiotics in Regulating Mental Health: Gut-Brain Cross-Talk
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- Authors
- Xiao, L., Gong, C., Ding, Y., Ding, G., Xu, X., Deng, C., Ze, X., Malard, P., & Ben, X.
- Affiliations
- Tongji University (CN)
- Soochow University (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Lallemand (Canada) (CA)
- Biostime (Guangzhou) Health Products Ltd., 187 Lianguang Rd, East District, Economic and Technological Development District Guangzhou, China P.R.
- Venue
- Beneficial Microbes
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2019-10-14
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 729-740
- ISSN
- 1876-2883 (ISSN-L)
- 1876-2891
- OpenAlex
- W2964243616
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Beneficial Microbes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, secretory IgA, formula-fed infants, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, mucosal immunity, infant formula supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis, Double-Blind Method, Feces, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Secretory, Infant, Intestines, Male, Saliva, Dietary Supplements, Probiotics, Infant Formula, Lactobacillus helveticus, Healthy Volunteers
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