The first thousand days - intestinal microbiology of early life: Establishing a symbiosis
Open accessAbstract
The development of the intestinal microbiota in the first years of life is a dynamic process significantly influenced by early-life nutrition. Pioneer bacteria colonizing the infant intestinal tract and the gradual diversification to a stable climax ecosystem plays a crucial role in establishing host-microbe interactions essential for optimal symbiosis. This colonization process and establishment of symbiosis may profoundly influence health throughout life. Recent developments in microbiologic cultivation-independent methods allow a detailed view of the key players and factors involved in this process and may further elucidate their roles in a healthy gut and immune maturation. Aberrant patterns may lead to identifying key microbial signatures involved in developing immunologic diseases into adulthood, such as asthma and atopic diseases. The central role of early-life nutrition in the developmental human microbiota, immunity, and metabolism offers promising strategies for prevention and treatment of such diseases. This review provides an overview of the development of the intestinal microbiota, its bidirectional relationship with the immune system, and its role in impacting health and disease, with emphasis on allergy, in early life.
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Available evidence from human intervention studies is limited to early childhood, where synbiotics have shown positive effects in asthma associated with an increase in bifidobacteria.
“The available evidence from human intervention studies is limited to early childhood, where, for example, synbiotics have shown positive effects in asthma associated with an increase in bifidobacteria (Wopereis et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2019).”
From Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics (2021) · cites this paper as Wopereis et al., 2014
The first 1000 days has been seen to be critical for programming later health, including brain health.
“Indeed, the first 1000 d has been seen to be critical for programming later health, including brain health (253).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [253]
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- Authors
- Wopereis, H., Oozeer, R., Knipping, K., Belzer, C., & Knol, J.
- Affiliations
- Nutricia Research (Netherlands) (NL)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Knol, Jan
- Venue
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-06-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 428-438
- ISSN
- 0905-6157 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3038
- OpenAlex
- W2063527523
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, first 1000 days, infant gut colonization, host-microbe symbiosis, early life nutrition, immune system maturation, allergy, asthma, atopic diseases, microbial signatures
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intestines, Symbiosis, Metagenome, Microbiota
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