Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Undergraduate University Students in the United States: A Review

Kang, Harmeet Kaur; Rhodes, Christopher; Rivers, Emerald; Thornton, Clifton P.; Rodney, Tamar

doi:10.3928/02793695-20201104-03

Cited by 89Mental Health Treatment and AccessStudent Stress and CopingHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnout

Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Undergraduate University Students in the United States: A Review

Kang, Harmeet Kaur, Rhodes, Christopher, Rivers, Emerald, Thornton, Clifton P., Rodney, Tamar·2021·Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services

DOI 10.3928/02793695-20201104-03

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Abstract

The aim of the current review is to describe the prevalence and demographic correlates of mental health disorders among undergraduate university students in the United States. A search strategy was built and conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL to identify studies published between 2009 and 2019 on the prevalence of mental health disorders, as defined in the fourth and fifth editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , in undergraduate students in the United States. A total of 12 studies were included in the final data extraction. The highest prevalence rates were identified in eating disorders, which ranged from 19% to 48%, followed by compulsive disorders (2% to 12.27%), depression (22%), posttraumatic stress disorder (8%), and sleep disorders (9.4% to 36%). The identified prevalence of mental health disorders is high, and the subsequent impact on this population is worrying. There is an urgent need to develop strategies for early screening and management of mental health services in university settings. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59 (2), 17–24.]

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The prevalence of mental health problems among university students is higher than in the general population.
“Research has shown that the prevalence of mental health problems in this group is higher than in the general population [2, 3].”
From Effectiveness and mediators of change of an online CBT intervention for students with adjustment disorder—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [3]

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Adjustment disorder in help-seeking college students: prevalence, predictors, associations with academic adjustment.
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A Rocky Landscape: Challenges with College Transition and Completion for Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer
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“30 Need for clinical and educational supports College students who are currently undergoing treatment or experiencing late effects have a legal right to reasonable academic accommodations, per Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act and section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.”
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Dynamic evaluation of college students' psychological state based on multimodal physiological signal fusion and deep generation model
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THE ROLE OF IRRATIONAL BELIEFS AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL ATTITUDES AMONG STUDENTS
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Prevalence and Correlates of Psychiatric Symptoms Among Medical Students in Punjab: A Comprehensive Cross-Sectional Study
Shahid, R., Akram, M., Ayub, M. M., Nadeem, M., Fatima, E., Haroon, A. M., Batool, F., & Fatima, M. (2024) · Developmental medico-life-sciences · doi:10.69750/dmls.01.03.029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These observations point out that in order to help rural students they need more assistance as they may experience and deal with different stress factors[13, 14].”
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Assessment of Depression and Anxiety Among Public Health Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
Kumar, R. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences · doi:10.22317/jcms.v10i3.1558 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“4,7,8 This finding can be attributed to many reasons.”
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Medicalización psiquiátrica en la vida universitaria
Arboleda-Trujillo, M. A. (2024) · Colombia medica · doi:10.25100/cm.v55i4.6757 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sense of belonging among students preparing for early childhood-related careers
Fusaro, M., & Almamori, T. (2024) · Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/10901027.2024.2325355 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“1 While concern about the social well-being and mental health status of university students in the United States has been ongoing (Kang, Rhodes, Rivers, Thornton, & Rodney, 2021), findings from the cross-institutional Healthy Minds Survey indicated an increased prevalence of depression among U.S.…”
Background
Validez de la escala de Sufrimiento Psicológico de Kessler en estudiantes brasileños de educación superior
Perrelli, J. G. A., de Vasconcelos, G. V. S., Sá, J. R. C. E., de Medeiros, P. F. P., Uchôa, R., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2024) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7073.4253 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Application of Artificial Intelligence and Multidimensional Information Intervention Model in the Integrated System of Student Mental Health Management Under the Background of COVID-19 Epidemic
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Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in Mitigating Academic Procrastination and its Moderating Factors among nursing students
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Exploring Nigerian Universities Online Students’ Experiences of Mental Health Supports: Descriptive Phenomenology
Adegbite, O. A., & Palalas, A. (2025) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.17.3.905 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Defining characteristics predicting mental health disorders among undergraduate students in the post-COVID-19 era: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Moura, C. D. C., Toledo, L. V., Boscarol, G. T., Chaves, R. L., Nogueira, D. A., Marinho, C. A. D. C., Alves, B. D. O., Lourenço, B. G., Chaves, É. D. C. L., & Chianca, T. C. M. (2025) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7741.4671 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flourishing despite eating disorder risk: exploring undergraduate student academic, social and mental health outcomes via the dual continua model
Fowler, K., Wareham‐Fowler, S., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2594167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The dual-burden of professional and academic stress: a cross-sectional mapping of mental health status and coping efficacy among postgraduate students in Nairobi, Kenya
Onyango, J. O., & Angwenyi, L. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1820905 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…were also evident, including feeling close to panic (M = 2.54), unexplained fear (M = 2.52), heart palpitations (M = 2.45), and breathing dif ﬁ culties (M = 2.38), which extend the distress pro ﬁ le beyond cognitive symptoms into physiological manifestations, as similarly documented (9, 38).”
Influential
Visualized Analysis of Research Publications on Physical Activity among Higher Education Students
Sweileh, W. M. (2023) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2023.2232427 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Validity of the Kessler Psychological Distress scale in Brazilian higher education students
Perrelli, J. G. A., de Vasconcelos, G. V. S., Sá, J. R. C. E., de Medeiros, P. F. P., Uchôa, R., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2024) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7073.4254 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validade da escala de Sofrimento Psicológico de Kessler em estudantes brasileiros do ensino superior
Perrelli, J. G. A., de Vasconcelos, G. V. S., Sá, J. R. C. E., de Medeiros, P. F. P., Uchôa, R., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2024) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7073.4255 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Deep Learning-Based Technique for Detection of Generalized Anxiety Disorder using CNN and ResNet-like Approach
Nagpal, R., Singh, S., & Moudgil, A. (2025) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-025-10104-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The increasing incidents of several kinds of anxiety disorders are imposing a signiﬁcant medical challenge on society [1].”
Individuals’ Attitudes Toward Digital Mental Health Apps and Implications for Adoption in Portugal: Web-Based Survey (Preprint)Preprint
Nogueira-Leite, D., Marques‐Cruz, M., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2023) · doi:10.2196/preprints.46384
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Coping in Nursing Students: A Pilot Study\r
Nicosia, S. (2023) · Arsenal Augusta University’s Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.21633/issn.2380.5064/s.2023.05.02.01
สขภาพจตและความหลากหลายทางเพศของนสตปรญญาตรชนปท 1
สิงห์สถิตย์, ธ., & นิ่มนวล, ช. (2022) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2022.973
Stress and Depression: Are they Really Related?
Keerat, & Sharma, J. (2024) · National Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.55489/njcm.150920244124
A rapid assessment of depressive and anxious symptoms among university students during the COVID-19 public health emergency: A repeated cross-sectional analysis
Goodman, S. H., Boden-Albala, B. M., Drum, E., Ryan, N., Gibbs, B., Gutierrez, D., Runnerstrom, M. G., & Wing, J. J. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2400114
Mental Health-Seeking Behaviour of University Students in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
Rahi, M. M. A., Biswas, M. S., Emon, M. H., Shaulin, N., Afridi, M. K., Halder, S., Islam, R., Shamsuddin, I. B., Akash, M. S. S., Hossain, M. T., et al. (2025) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/r95kek
Factors Associated with the Use of Psychoactive Drugs, Anxiety and Depression in University Students
Oliveira, A. R. C. D. L., Miasso, A. I., & Júnior, A. D. C. P. (2025) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2025.009
“Studies have found a 30.6% prevalence of depression in this population, as opposed to 9% in non-university students (Demenech et al., 2021; Kang et al., 2021; Knapstad et al., 2021; Ibrahim et al., 2013).”
Influential
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Alharthi, M. (2025) · Equity in Education & Society · doi:10.1177/27526461251387266
“Extensive literature has documented the prevalence of mental health issues among university students with significant rates of depression, anxiety, and other disorders across various countries, such as the United Kingdom (Akram et al., 2023; Jenkins et al., 2021), the United States (Kang et al., 2021; Tonsing and Tons…”
Características definidoras preditoras de desordens de saúde mental entre estudantes de graduação na era pós-COVID-19: estudo transversal multicêntrico
Moura, C. D. C., Toledo, L. V., Boscarol, G. T., Chaves, R. L., Nogueira, D. A., Marinho, C. A. D. C., Alves, B. D. O., Lourenço, B. G., Chaves, É. D. C. L., & Chianca, T. C. M. (2025) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7741.4672
Características definitorias predictoras de trastornos de salud mental entre estudiantes de pregrado en la era post COVID-19: estudio transversal multicéntrico
Moura, C. D. C., Toledo, L. V., Boscarol, G. T., Chaves, R. L., Nogueira, D. A., Marinho, C. A. D. C., Alves, B. D. O., Lourenço, B. G., Chaves, É. D. C. L., & Chianca, T. C. M. (2025) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.7741.4670
Assessing the prevalence, determinants, and health impact of substance use among university students in Bangladesh
Mia, M., Islam, M. R., Hossain, M., Rahman, M. S., Islam, T., Islam, M. M., Atamuratova, Z., Uglu, V. S. O., & Shermatov, K. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25695-5
“Although these rates are higher than those reported in other countries, like the USA [40], China [41], Malaysia [42] but consistent with a previous study conducted among Bangladeshi university students [33, 34].”
Additional file 2 of Individuals’ attitudes toward digital mental health apps and implications for adoption in Portugal: web-based survey
Nogueira-Leite, D., Marques-Cruz, M., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26708624
Additional file 5 of Individuals’ attitudes toward digital mental health apps and implications for adoption in Portugal: web-based survey
Nogueira-Leite, D., Marques-Cruz, M., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26708633
Additional file 3 of Individuals’ attitudes toward digital mental health apps and implications for adoption in Portugal: web-based survey
Nogueira-Leite, D., Marques-Cruz, M., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26708627
Additional file 4 of Individuals’ attitudes toward digital mental health apps and implications for adoption in Portugal: web-based survey
Nogueira-Leite, D., Marques-Cruz, M., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26708630
Additional file 1 of Individuals’ attitudes toward digital mental health apps and implications for adoption in Portugal: web-based survey
Nogueira-Leite, D., Marques-Cruz, M., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26708621
Additional file 6 of Individuals’ attitudes toward digital mental health apps and implications for adoption in Portugal: web-based survey
Nogueira-Leite, D., Marques-Cruz, M., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26708636
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Rani, S., & Saleem, S. (2026) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100637
Trauma symptoms predict student course experiences: Undergraduate PTSS and learning about trauma-related content
Cless, J. D., Johnston, C. A., Goff, B. S. N., & Edwards, O. K. (2026) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2026.2626149
“This rate is higher than other studies with college students 13,14 and in the general public, 15,16 while overall trauma exposure rates in our sample were lower than others have reported.”
Problems and Factors that may be Associated with Mental Health Problems Leading University Students to Seek Assistance at the Counseling Clinic of the Primary Care Unit of Khon Kaen University
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Al-Moussawi, N. H. H., Ismaile, S., Abdelalim, A. M., Eid, G. K., Alibraheim, E., Essa, I. M., Gharban, H. A. J., Tani, M. E. N. A., Al-Bashier, N., Al-harby, M., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2026.2652511 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Zhang, S., Fan, X., Shao, X., Dong, Z., Qiao, Y., Guo, X., Zhang, H., Guo, H., & Fan, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1833604
Specifying the Protective Role of Mindfulness: Nonjudging Buffers the Association Between Posttraumatic Cognitions and PTSD Symptoms
Polizzi, C. P., Sleight, F. G., McDonald, C. W., Aksen, D. E., Shaw, M., & Mattson, R. E. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10759-6
“Clinically significant PTSD symptoms have been observed in civilian populations with lifetime prevalence estimates from 3.4% to 26.9% (Kang et al., 2021; Schein et al., 2021).”
Influential
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Alzaidi, L. A., Forchuk, C., Babenko‐Mould, Y., & Booth, R. G. (2026) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2026.152202
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sobhaninia, M., Rasuli, R., Hosseinian, S., & Abdollahi, A. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-05392-7
“University students consistently report higher levels of anxiety and depression than the general population, with these conditions adversely affecting academic performance, quality of life, social functioning, and the risk of university dropout [2–9].”
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Mukunzi, J. N., Farahi, S. M. M. M., & Cénat, J. M. (2026) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2026.152742 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Franchini, C., Sciabica, G. M., Andreassi, S., Morelli, M., Chirumbolo, A., Speranza, A. M., & Fortunato, A. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14172787
“Authority Brokerage in Mental Health Self-diagnosis”
Varela, G. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119832
Mental health awareness and literacy among health university students in Southern Karnataka
Ummer, L. J. K., Manjunath, R., & Shilpa, D. M. (2026) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20263632

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Paiva, Ú., Cortese, S., Flor, M., Moncada-Parra, A., Lecumberri, A., Eudave, L., Magallón, S., García-González, S., Morrás, Á. S., Piqué, I. M., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106244 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
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Mason, A., Rapsey, C. M., Sampson, N. A., Lee, S., Albor, Y., AlHadi, A. N., Alonso, J., Al-Saud, N. K., Altwaijri, Y. A., Andersson, C. R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.016 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Prevalence of Mental Disorders in College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisPreprint
Zhao, R., Amanvermez, Y., Kessler, R. C., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2021) · Open Science Framework · doi:10.17605/osf.io/mjhts

Authors: Kang, H. K., Rhodes, C., Rivers, E., Thornton, C. P., & Rodney, T.
ORCID: Kang, Harmeet Kaur
Thornton, Clifton P.
Rodney, Tamar
Venue: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
Publisher: SLACK, Inc.
Published: 2021-02
Volume: 59
Issue: 2
Pages: 17-24
ISSN: 0279-3695 (ISSN-L)
1938-2413
DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20201104-03
OpenAlex: W3102337008
Cited by: 89
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9
FWCI: 0.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Keywords: mental illness, prevalence, undergraduate students, university students, eating disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders, compulsive disorders, demographic correlates, mental health screening, mental health services
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Humans, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Students, United States, Universities, Prevalence

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Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Undergraduate University Students in the United States: A Review

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