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Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background The relation between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and body weight remains controversial.Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the evidence in children and adults.Design We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through March 2013 for prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the SSB-weight relation. Separate meta-analyses were conducted in children and adults and for cohorts and RCTs by using random- and fixed-effects models.Results Thirty-two original articles were included in our meta-analyses: 20 in children (15 cohort studies, n = 25,745; 5 trials, n = 2772) and 12 in adults (7 cohort studies, n = 174,252; 5 trials, n = 292). In cohort studies, one daily serving increment of SSBs was associated with a 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.10) and 0.05 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.07)-unit increase in BMI in children and 0.22 kg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.34 kg) and 0.12 kg (95% CI: 0.10, 0.14 kg) weight gain in adults over 1 y in random- and fixed-effects models, respectively. RCTs in children showed reductions in BMI gain when SSBs were reduced [random and fixed effects: -0.17 (95% CI: -0.39, 0.05) and -0.12 (95% CI: -0.22, -0.2)], whereas RCTs in adults showed increases in body weight when SSBs were added (random and fixed effects: 0.85 kg; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.20 kg). Sensitivity analyses of RCTs in children showed more pronounced benefits in preventing weight gain in SSB substitution trials (compared with school-based educational programs) and among overweight children (compared with normal-weight children).Conclusion Our systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and RCTs provides evidence that SSB consumption promotes weight gain in children and adults.
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“Studies among children are more limited and have generally focused on weight gain [4] and dental caries [10], as well as insulin resistance to a lesser extent [11, 12].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Evidence has emerged linking SSB consumption to a number of health consequences among adults including weight gain [4, 5], cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., dyslipidemia) [6], insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [7, 8] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [9].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Moderate quality evidence suggested that the highest versus lowest dietary sugar consumption was associated with increased body weight (sugar sweetened beverages) (class IV evidence)”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Dose-response analysis based on seven cohort studies showed that a one serving/day increment of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with a 0.22 kg weight gain in one year (weighted mean difference 0.22, 0.09 to 0.34).”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“The authors conducted a dose-response analysis and showed that body mass index in children increased by 0.07 units for every one serving/day increment of sugar sweetened beverages (weighted mean difference 0.07, 0.01 to 0.12) (low; IV).”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“Dietary sugar consumption had harmful associations with endocrine and metabolic outcomes, including changes in body mass index in children,53 changes in body weight,53 changes in body weight (one year),53 gout,11 13 58 high density lipoprotein cholesterol,60 hyperuricaemia,11 59 latent autoimmune diabetes in adults,30 low density lipoprotein cholesterol,60 metabolic syndrome,61 obesity in children”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“dietary sugar consumption, especially sugar sweetened beverage consumption, is convincingly associated with the risk of obesity weight gain,1 3 53”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of seven cohort studies and five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found SSB’s increased weight by 0.12 kg/serving/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10–0.14) in adults (124).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [124]
In the citing paper
“This may be an important consideration given the emerging evidence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in the aetiology of obesity( 102 , 103 ) and cardiometabolic risk( 104 , 105 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [103]
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“SDI=Socio-demographic Index consumption of SSBs should be prioritized for the public in China, for example via mass media and educational campaigns to reduce the daily intake of SSBs, food labeling and consumer information to show the amount of energy, sugars, and sodium in SSBs, economic incentives such as tax strate…”
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Effects of high and low sucrose-containing beverages on blood glucose and hypoglycemic-like symptoms
Markus, C. R., & Rogers, P. J. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112916 · Cited by 14
“high sugar-containing liquid foods has been associated with body weight gain in children and adults (17-19), this ‘rebound’ hypothesis might provide a possible additional contributing underlying mechanism.”
BackgroundAdded and Free Sugars Intake and Metabolic Biomarkers in Japanese Adolescents
Okuda, M., Fujiwara, A., & Sasaki, S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072046 · Cited by 14
“In order to examine the associations with adiposity, a prospective cohort study or a randomized control trial should be implemented [1,62].”
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Reducing risk of childhood obesity in the wake of covid-19
Chung, A., Tully, L., Czernin, S., Thompson, R., Mansoor, A., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1716 · Cited by 15
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“sumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which has significantly increased in the last decade,(5) is linked to increasing rates of overweight and obesity.(8,9)”
BackgroundReducing Unhealthy Normative Behavior: The Case of Sports and Energy Drinks
Hennessy, M. H., Bleakley, A., Ellithorpe, M. E., Maloney, E. K., Jordan, A. B., & Stevens, R. C. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211055468 · Cited by 17
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“Similar to what we found in Guatemala, the food industry claimed that there was a need for people to do more physical activity to decrease the levels of obesity; however, there is overwhelming evidence on the causal relationship between SSB consumption and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes(28,29,46).”
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“[5] Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, Hu FB.”
BackgroundMasic, U., Harrold, J. A., Christiansen, P., Cuthbertson, D. J., Hardman, C. A., Robinson, E., & Halford, J. C. G. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.12.012 · Cited by 15
Davis, M. M., Spurlock, M., Ramsey, K., Smith, J. B., Beamer, B. A., Aromaa, S., & McGinnis, P. B. (2017) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840517703744 · Cited by 14
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“The contribution of sugary drinks in driving obesity rates [24] has been a particular point of contention, with the sugary drink industry employing ‘social responsibility’ campaigns to protect against claims from the health sector that their products pose serious health concerns and should be subject to stronger legis…”
BackgroundKajons, N., David, M., Gowland‐Ella, J., Lewis, P., & Batchelor, S. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5685-1 · Cited by 14
“Recent systematic reviews confirm the link between SSBs consumption and weight gain in both children and adults [5, 6], and that reducing SSBs consumption reduces weight gain in children, particularly in those who are already overweight [7].”
BackgroundHawkins, K. R., Burton, J. H., Apolzan, J. W., Thomson, J. L., Williamson, D. A., & Martin, C. K. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0214-y · Cited by 14
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“Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have identified health risks associated with increased SSB consumption, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and obesity-related cancers [2-4].”
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Chatelan, A., Rouche, M., Dzielska, A., Lebacq, T., Fismen, A., Kelly, C. N. M., Zaborskis, A., Kopčáková, J., Tsareva, A., Kalman, M., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab175 · Cited by 14
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A Brief Motivational Intervention Differentially Reduces Sugar-sweetened Beverage (SSB) Consumption
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“This is notable given the documented associations between BMI and craving [32] and BMI and SSB consumption [40, 41].”
BackgroundMethodChiang, W. L., Azlan, A., & Yusof, B. N. M. (2022) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2022.2060818 · Cited by 17
“07) increase in body mass index over a year in random- and fixed-effects models, respectively [11].”
BackgroundA validation of a questionnaire to assess consumer attitudes towards artificial sweeteners
Christiansen, P., Roberts, C. A., Radu, C. C. P., & Hardman, C. A. (2022) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104707 · Cited by 13
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“Growing evidence suggests that SSB intake can induce hypertension [9], obesity [10], and type 2 diabetes [11] and can be associated with both the incidence and mortality of cancer, such as the risk of breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer and the mortality of breast cancer [12…”
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“Among dietary habits related to weight gain, the link between consumption of sugary drinks and OWOB has been clearly established 88,89 .”
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Residues in the fructose-binding pocket are required for ketohexokinase-A activity
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“However, a large body of experimental, epidemiological, and clinical evidence implicates the consumption of foods with high fructose contents as a signi fi cant contributing factor (6 – 12).”
BackgroundEffect of stevia on blood glucose and HbA1C: A meta-analysis
Zare, M., Zeinalabedini, M., Ebrahimpour‐Koujan, S., Bellissimo, N., & Azadbakht, L. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103092 · Cited by 17
Energy-dense snacks can have the same expected satiation as sugar-containing beverages
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Sugar sweetened beverages, obesity, diabetes and oral health: a preventable crisis.
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“Importantly, it was shown that decrease in sugar intake was associated with decrease in obesity, insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes [20,21].”
BackgroundTotal dietary sugar consumption does not influence sleep or behaviour in Australian children
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“…however, excess dietary sugar in children can increase the risk for obesity (Vartanian et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2008; Van Cauter and Knutson 2008; Malik et al. 2013), dental caries (Moynihan and Kelly 2013), and in adults Type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome (Hu and Malik 2010; Malik et al.…”
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Distributional Changes in U.S. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Purchases, 2002–2014
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Metadata
- Authors
- Malik, V. S., Pan, A., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1084-1102
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3778861
- OpenAlex
- W2163234420
- Cited by
- 1,668
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 174 · 2018: 165 · 2017: 156 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 15.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA155626)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, DK58845, T32DK007703)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, body mass index, children, adults, overweight children, school-based education programs, randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Beverages, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Bias, Body Mass Index, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Sucrose
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