Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background The relation between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and body weight remains controversial.Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the evidence in children and adults.Design We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through March 2013 for prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the SSB-weight relation. Separate meta-analyses were conducted in children and adults and for cohorts and RCTs by using random- and fixed-effects models.Results Thirty-two original articles were included in our meta-analyses: 20 in children (15 cohort studies, n = 25,745; 5 trials, n = 2772) and 12 in adults (7 cohort studies, n = 174,252; 5 trials, n = 292). In cohort studies, one daily serving increment of SSBs was associated with a 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.10) and 0.05 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.07)-unit increase in BMI in children and 0.22 kg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.34 kg) and 0.12 kg (95% CI: 0.10, 0.14 kg) weight gain in adults over 1 y in random- and fixed-effects models, respectively. RCTs in children showed reductions in BMI gain when SSBs were reduced [random and fixed effects: -0.17 (95% CI: -0.39, 0.05) and -0.12 (95% CI: -0.22, -0.2)], whereas RCTs in adults showed increases in body weight when SSBs were added (random and fixed effects: 0.85 kg; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.20 kg). Sensitivity analyses of RCTs in children showed more pronounced benefits in preventing weight gain in SSB substitution trials (compared with school-based educational programs) and among overweight children (compared with normal-weight children).Conclusion Our systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and RCTs provides evidence that SSB consumption promotes weight gain in children and adults.
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Studies among children are more limited and have generally focused on weight gain and dental caries, as well as insulin resistance to a lesser extent.
“Studies among children are more limited and have generally focused on weight gain [4] and dental caries [10], as well as insulin resistance to a lesser extent [11, 12].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Evidence links SSB consumption among adults to weight gain, cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
“Evidence has emerged linking SSB consumption to a number of health consequences among adults including weight gain [4, 5], cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., dyslipidemia) [6], insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [7, 8] and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [9].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Highest versus lowest sugar sweetened beverage consumption is associated with increased body weight (moderate quality, class IV evidence).
“Moderate quality evidence suggested that the highest versus lowest dietary sugar consumption was associated with increased body weight (sugar sweetened beverages) (class IV evidence)”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
A one serving/day increment of sugar sweetened beverages is associated with a 0.22 kg weight gain in one year (WMD 0.22, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.34).
“Dose-response analysis based on seven cohort studies showed that a one serving/day increment of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with a 0.22 kg weight gain in one year (weighted mean difference 0.22, 0.09 to 0.34).”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
Body mass index in children increases by 0.07 units for every one serving/day increment of sugar sweetened beverages (WMD 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.12) (low; IV).
“The authors conducted a dose-response analysis and showed that body mass index in children increased by 0.07 units for every one serving/day increment of sugar sweetened beverages (weighted mean difference 0.07, 0.01 to 0.12) (low; IV).”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
Dietary sugar consumption had harmful associations with endocrine and metabolic outcomes, including changes in body mass index in children, changes in body weight, changes in body weight (one year), gout, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperuricaemia, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, obesity in children, obesity in adults, serum尿
“Dietary sugar consumption had harmful associations with endocrine and metabolic outcomes, including changes in body mass index in children,53 changes in body weight,53 changes in body weight (one year),53 gout,11 13 58 high density lipoprotein cholesterol,60 hyperuricaemia,11 59 latent autoimmune diabetes in adults,30 low density lipoprotein cholesterol,60 metabolic syndrome,61 obesity in children”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
Dietary sugar consumption, especially sugar sweetened beverage consumption, is convincingly associated with the risk of obesity weight gain.
“dietary sugar consumption, especially sugar sweetened beverage consumption, is convincingly associated with the risk of obesity weight gain,1 3 53”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
A meta-analysis of seven cohort studies and five randomized controlled trials found SSB's increased weight by 0.12 kg/serving/year (95% CI: 0.10-0.14) in adults.
“A meta-analysis of seven cohort studies and five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found SSB’s increased weight by 0.12 kg/serving/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10–0.14) in adults (124).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [124]
Emerging evidence supports a role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the aetiology of obesity and cardiometabolic risk.
“This may be an important consideration given the emerging evidence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in the aetiology of obesity( 102 , 103 ) and cardiometabolic risk( 104 , 105 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [103]
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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000757 · Cited by 9,175 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Das, S. R., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000659 · Cited by 9,036 · see citing works
Forouzanfar, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31679-8 · Cited by 7,698 · see citing works
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 · Cited by 5,797 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000950 · Cited by 5,784 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture
Hruby, A., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x · Cited by 3,006 · see citing works
“Indeed, the weight of the evidence about the role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity [46, 47] is a strong impetus for public health interventions and policies, such as limiting advertising on these beverages as”
BackgroundSelf-citation(2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.19.2423-c · Cited by 2,325 · see citing works
Blundell, J. E., Baker, J. L., Boyland, E. J., Blaak, E. E., Charzewska, J., Henauw, S. D., Frühbeck, G., González‐Gross, M., Hebebrand, J., Holm, L., et al. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000455952 · Cited by 1,980 · see citing works
Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, A. C., Armstrong, S. C., Barlow, S. E., Bolling, C. F., Avila Edwards, K. C., Eneli, I., Hamre, R., Joseph, M. M., et al. (2023) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-060640 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture
Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., James, W. P. T., Wang, Y., & McPherson, K. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61746-3 · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
Kumar, S., & Kelly, A. S. (2017) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
“Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (including fruit juice) has been postulated as an important contributor to the development of obesity in children.(43,44) In nationally representative surveys of children in the United States, sugarsweetened beverages supplied an average of 270 kcal/d, representing 10% to 15% o…”
BackgroundOECD (2019) · OECD health policy studies · doi:10.1787/67450d67-en · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Obesity and Diabetes and Their Cardiovascular Complications
Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Hu, F. B. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.306825 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
“the literature has shown that they are implicated in weight gain in both adults and children.(63) Most recently, we showed that”
Self-citationThe role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases
Malik, V. S., & Hu, F. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00627-6 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Self-citationColchero, M. A., Popkin, B. M., Rivera, J. Á., & Ng, S. W. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h6704 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, L., Hoffmann, G., Lampousi, A.-M., Knüppel, S., Iqbal, K., Schwedhelm, C., Bechthold, A., Schlesinger, S., & Boeing, H. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y · Cited by 799 · see citing works
“There is strong evidence that SSB consumption is associated with weight gain and obesity in adults [34].”
BackgroundEnergy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?
On behalf of the IARC working group on Energy Balance and Obesity, Romieu, I., Dossus, L., Barquera, S., Blottière, H. M., Franks, P. W., Gunter, M. J., Hwalla, N. C., Hursting, S. D., Leitzmann, M. F., et al. (2017) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z · Cited by 745 · see citing works
“22 kg increased weight gain in adults [48].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe science of obesity management: an endocrine society scientific statement
Bray, G. A., Heisel, W. E., Afshin, A., Jensen, M. D., Dietz, W. H., Long, M., Kushner, R. F., Daniels, S. R., Wadden, T. A., Tsai, A. G., et al. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00253 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Self-citationBechthold, A., Boeing, H., Schwedhelm, C., Hoffmann, G., Knüppel, S., Iqbal, K., De Henauw, S., Michels, N., Devleesschauwer, B., Schlesinger, S., et al. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1392288 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
“Evidence of a positive association between SSB consumption and weight gain and obesity in adults is strong (Malik et al. 2013); obesity is an important risk factor for CVD.”
Yee, A. Z. H., Lwin, M. O., & Ho, S. S. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0501-3 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
“Specifically, limiting the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), while increasing the consumption of healthy food choices such as fruits and vegetables, can have protective effects on people’s health [2, 3].”
BackgroundSingh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Lim, S., Andrews, K. G., Engell, R. E., Ezzati, M., Mozaffarian, D., & Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE) (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124845 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
“Since SSBs comprise a major source of dietary added sugars [5,25,26] we used FAO total sugar Global Trends in SSB, Fruit Juice, and Milk Consumption”
MethodJBS3 Board (2014) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305693 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Smith, K. B., & Smith, M. S. (2016) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2015.10.001 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Anand, S. S., Hawkes, C., de Souza, R. J., Mente, A., Dehghan, M., Nugent, R., Zulyniak, M. A., Weis, T., Bernstein, A. M., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Self-citationFructose metabolism and metabolic disease
Hannou, S. A., Haslam, D. E., McKeown, N. M., & Herman, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci96702 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
“Several large meta-analyses associate increased SSB consumption with increased body weight, and much, though not all, of this increased weight is likely due to increased total energy consumption (5, 8).”
BackgroundPoti, J. M., Braga, B., & Qin, B. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0285-4 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Salas-Huetos, A., Bulló, M., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2017) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx006 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
“…beverages are associated with weight gain and incidence of obesity (Forshee et al., 2008; de Ruyter et al., 2012; Ebbeling et al., 2012; Malik et al., 2013; Te Morenga et al., 2013; Khan and Sievenpiper, 2016), metabolic syndrome (Malik et al., 2010; Ferreira-Pêgo et al., 2016) and…”
BackgroundTeng, A. M., Jones, A. C., Mizdrak, A., Signal, L. N., Genç, M., & Wilson, N. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12868 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Nutrition Transition and the Global Diabetes Epidemic
Popkin, B. M. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0631-4 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
“[22] Calorically sweetened beverages particularly, because of the combination of incomplete food compensation and refined carbohydrates, have been linked with various cardiometabolic outcomes.[23, 24] Many countries consume high levels of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and fruit juice, which are also linked with dia…”
Hawkes, C., Ruel, M. T., Salm, L., Sinclair, B., & Branca, F. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32506-1 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Healthy Weight and Obesity Prevention
Lavie, C. J., Laddu, D., Arena, R. A., Ortega, F. B., Alpert, M., & Kushner, R. F. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1037 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Malik, V. S., Li, Y., Pan, A., De Koning, L., Schernhammer, E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.037401 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citationUric acid in metabolic syndrome: From an innocent bystander to a central player
Kanbay, M., Jensen, T., Solak, Y., Le, M., Roncal-Jimenez, C., Rivard, C., Lanaspa, M. A., Nakagawa, T., & Johnson, R. J. (2016) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.026 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Pérez‐Martínez, P., Mikhailidis, D. P., Athyros, V. G., Bulló, M., Couture, P., Covas, M. I., de Koning, L., Delgado‐Lista, J., Díaz‐López, A., Drevon, C. A., et al. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux014 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiometabolic Health: An Update of the Evidence
Malik, V., & Hu, F. B. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081840 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“To date, a large body of evidence supports a strong link between intake of SSBs and weight gain [5] and risk of T2D [6], which is the basis of many dietary guidelines and policies targeting SSBs [7].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationFructose and Cardiometabolic Health
Malik, V. S., & Hu, F. B. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.025 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Self-citationThe 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines
Kromhout, D., Spaaij, C. J. K., de Goede, J., & Weggemans, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.52 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Lim, S., Ezzati, M., & Mozaffarian, D. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.010636 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
“2 kg) increase in body weight when SSBs were added to the diet.(30) These estimates are also broadly supported by results from 2 recent large randomized trials of the effects of SSB intake on weight gain in children, one of which reported BMI reductions of ~0.”
Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422414000262 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
“consideration given the emerging evidence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in the aetiology of obesity((102,103)) and cardiometabolic risk((104,105)).”
Schlesinger, S., Neuenschwander, M., Schwedhelm, C., HOFFMANN, G. E., Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., & Schwingshackl, L. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy092 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Sugar in Infants, Children and Adolescents
Mis, N. F., Braegger, C., Bronský, J., Campoy, C., Domellöf, M., Embleton, N. D., Hojsak, I., Hulst, J. M., Indrio, F., Lapillonne, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001733 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review
Huang, Y., Chen, Z., Chen, B., Li, J., Yuan, X., Li, J., Wang, W., Dai, T., Chen, H., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071609 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“53 In addition, any versus no added sugar consumption was associated with increased liver fat accumulation (standardised mean difference 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 1.21) (moderate; IV) and muscle fat accumulation (standardised mean difference 0.63, 0.23 to 1.04) (moderate; IV).”
BackgroundInfluentialSchwingshackl, L., Schwedhelm, C., HOFFMANN, G. E., Knüppel, S., Iqbal, K., Andriolo, V., Bechthold, A., Schlesinger, S., & Boeing, H. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.117.017178 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“A detrimental effect of SSBs on hypertension is biologically plausible because of the convincing evidence that the consumption of SSBs is associated with weight gain and obesity in adults (84).”
BackgroundBes-Rastrollo, M., Schulze, M. B., Ruiz-Canela, M., & Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001578 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“We identified only two SRs [15,29] that specifically reported using the PRISMA guidelines as the standard method for conducting and reporting the meta-analysis.”
BackgroundMethodGreenwood, D. C., Threapleton, D. E., Evans, C. E. L., Cleghorn, C., Nykjaer, C., Woodhead, C., & Burley, V. J. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514001329 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
“Several reviews of cohorts and trials have reported associations between sugar-sweetened drink intake and weight gain in adults and children (10–13) , supported by evidence from several substantive randomised controlled trials (14,15) , while other reviews have suggested that no associations exist…”
Dietary carbohydrates: role of quality and quantity in chronic disease
Ludwig, D. S., Hu, F. B., Tappy, L., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2340 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Self-citationRiebl, S. K., Estabrooks, P. A., Dunsmore, J. C., Savla, J., Frisard, M. I., Dietrich, A. M., Peng, Y., Zhang, X., & Davy, B. M. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.016 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature
Bleich, S. N., & Vercammen, K. A. (2018) · BMC Obesity · doi:10.1186/s40608-017-0178-9 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“Studies among children are more limited and have generally focused on weight gain [4] and dental caries [10], as well as insulin resistance to a lesser extent [11, 12].”
BackgroundWakolbinger, M., Lafontan, M., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Winzer, E., Yumuk, V., & Farpour‐Lambert, N. J. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000484566 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
von Philipsborn, P., Stratil, J. M., Burns, J., Busert, L. K., Pfadenhauer, L. M., Polus, S., Holzapfel, C., Hauner, H., & Rehfuess, E. A. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012292.pub2 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Capturing Social and Behavioral Domains and Measures in Electronic Health Records: Phase 2
Domains, B. (2015) · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Outcomes Following Taxation of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Andreyeva, T., Marple, K., Marinello, S., Moore, T. E., & Powell, L. M. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.15276 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“demand measured by SSB sales, (3) SSB sales (price elasticity), (4) sales of substitute products (crossprice elasticity), (5) percentage change in demand and/or SSB consumption, (6) SSB consumption (price elasticity), and (7) consumption of substitute products (cross-price elasticity).”
Molecular aspects of fructose metabolism and metabolic disease
Herman, M. A., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.010 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Scarborough, P., Adhikari, V., Harrington, R., Elhussein, A., Briggs, A. D. M., Rayner, M., Adams, J. M., Cummins, S., Penney, T. L., & White, M. J. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003025 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) increases body weight in children [5,6] and has been associated with obesity [7,8], diabetes [9,10,11], hypertension [12], and cardiovascular disease [9,13] in adults.”
BackgroundThe impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors
Jacques, A., Chaaya, N., Beecher, K., Ali, S. A., Belmer, A., & Bartlett, S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Keller, A., & Torre, S. B. D. (2015) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2014.0117 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“The source of funding for reviews concluding that there was an association between SSB consumption and weight outcomes was either unknown(18,27,28,31) or public.(26,29,30,32,34) In accord with our results, Massougbodji and colleagues(17) also reported differences regarding the nature of reviews’ results between nonind…”
InfluentialAssociation Between Soft Drink Consumption and Mortality in 10 European Countries
Mullee, A., Romaguera, D., Pearson‐Stuttard, J., Viallon, V., Stępień, M., Freisling, H., Fagherazzi, G., Mancini, F. R., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Kuhn, T. E., et al. (2019) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Winpenny, E. M., van Sluijs, E. M. F., White, M. J., Klepp, K., Wold, B., & Lien, N. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0719-8 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Hur, J., Otegbeye, E., Joh, H.-K., Nimptsch, K., Ng, K., Ogino, S., Meyerhardt, J. A., Chan, A. T., Willett, W. C., Wu, K., et al. (2021) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323450 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Ruiz-Núñez, B., Dijck-Brouwer, J., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2016) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.007 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, there is no doubt that added sugars and sugar-containing soft drinks are important determinants of blood pressure, serum lipids and bodyweightwithin the free-living population consuming an ad libitum diet [207,208].”
BackgroundShould We Tax Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? An Overview of Theory and Evidence
Allcott, H., Lockwood, B., & Taubinsky, D. (2019) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.33.3.202 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“For reviews of cohort studies, see Vartanian, Schwartz, and Brownell (2007) and Malik et al. (2013).”
BackgroundSugary drink consumption and risk of cancer: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort
Chazelas, E., Srour, B., Desmetz, E., Kesse-Guyot, E., Julia, C., Deschamps, V., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., Latino-Martel, P., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l2408 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Narain, A., Kwok, C. S., & Mamas, M. A. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12841 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Rippe, J. M., & Angelopoulos, T. J. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8110697 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“[77] Meta-analysis of 5 trials 2 of 5 trials resulted in significant weight loss from reducing sugar calories in one model but not another”
BackgroundMethodValerio, G., Maffeis, C., Saggese, G., Ambruzzi, M. A., Balsamo, A., Bellone, S., Bergamini, M., Bernasconi, S., Bona, G., Calcaterra, V., et al. (2018) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-018-0525-6 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Functionality of sugars in foods and health
Clemens, R. A., Jones, J. M., Kern, M., Lee, S., Mayhew, E. J., Slavin, J. L., & Zivanovic, S. (2016) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12194 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Determinants of sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption in young children: a systematic review
Paes, V. M., Hesketh, K. R., O’Malley, C. L., Moore, H. J., Summerbell, C. D., Griffin, S. J., van Sluijs, E. M. F., Ong, K. K., & Lakshman, R. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12310 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Moreover, recent systematic reviews on experimental evidence show that reducing SSB consumption in young children is successful in reducing obesity (15,16).”
BackgroundA Longitudinal Analysis of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake in Infancy and Obesity at 6 Years
Pan, L., Li, R., Park, S., Galuska, D. A., Sherry, B., & Freedman, D. S. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0646f · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Khan, T. A., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1345-3 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“The disappearance or marked attenuation of the effect of SSBs on weight gain after adjustment for total energy in one meta-analysis [55] and on diabetes risk after adjustment of adiposity [56], a proxy of high caloric intake, in another meta-analysis suggests that the effect of SSBs on cardiometabolic diseases appears…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYin, J., Zhu, Y., Malik, V., Li, X., Peng, X., Zhang, F. F., Shan, Z., & Liu, L. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa084 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a multidisciplinary approach to understand and manage obesity and related diseases
Bischoff, S. C., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Chourdakis, M., Cuerda, C., Delzenne, N. M., Deutz, N. E. P., Fouque, D. P., Genton, L., Gil, C., et al. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.007 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“In particular, a decrease in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages leads to a reduced prevalence of obesity and related diseases [198,199].”
BackgroundGene-Diet Interaction and Precision Nutrition in Obesity
Heianza, Y., & Qi, L. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18040787 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Intake of free sugars or sugar sweetened beverages is a determinant of body weight [48,49].”
BackgroundHuang, C., Huang, J., Tian, Y., Yang, X., & Gu, D. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.037 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Vargas-Garcia, E. J., Evans, C. E. L., Prestwich, A., Sykes‐Muskett, B., Hooson, J., & Cade, J. E. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12580 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“Previous reviews in this topic have focused on establishing associations between higher intakes of SSB and detrimental health outcomes (3,5,6) or have been focused on identifying effective components in interventions aimed exclusively at children (28,29) or adolescents within specific settings (such as the school) (30…”
BackgroundEffect of sugar-sweetened beverages on oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Valenzuela, M. J., Waterhouse, B., Aggarwal, V. R., Bloor, K., & Doran, T. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa147 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Uric Acid as a Cause of the Metabolic Syndrome
King, C., Lanaspa, M. A., Jensen, T., Tolan, D. R., Sánchez‐Lozada, L. G., & Johnson, R. J. (2018) · Contributions to nephrology · doi:10.1159/000484283 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
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“Given that almost all SSB are high in calories and not dense in nutrients, their consumption has been associated with excess body weight [27,28], type 2 diabetes [29–31] and CVD [32,33].”
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“and that limits energy-dense nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods and beverages [1].”
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“Intake of SSB has been consistently associated with weight gain and risk of diabetes [83].”
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- Authors
- Malik, V. S., Pan, A., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1084-1102
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3778861
- OpenAlex
- W2163234420
- Cited by
- 1,668
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 181 · 2019: 174 · 2018: 165 · 2017: 156 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 15.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA155626)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, DK58845, T32DK007703)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, body mass index, children, adults, overweight children, school-based education programs, randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Beverages, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Bias, Body Mass Index, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Sucrose
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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