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Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies
Open accessAbstract
Background The association between intake of dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes has been investigated in several studies, but the evidence is not conclusive.Objective We conducted an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of dairy product intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes.Design We searched the PubMed database for prospective cohort and nested case-control studies of dairy product intake and risk of type 2 diabetes up to 5 June 2013. Summary RRs were estimated by use of a random-effects model.Results Seventeen cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. In the dose-response analysis, the summary RRs (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.87, 0.99; I(2) = 33%) per 400 g total dairy products/d (n = 12), 0.98 (0.94, 1.03; I(2) = 8%) per 200 g high-fat dairy products/d (n = 9), 0.91 (0.86, 0.96; I(2) = 40%) per 200 g low-fat dairy products/d (n = 9), 0.87 (0.72, 1.04; I(2) = 94%) per 200 g milk/d (n = 7), 0.92 (0.86, 0.99; I(2) = 0%) per 50 g cheese/d (n = 8), and 0.78 (0.60, 1.02; I(2) = 70%) per 200 g yogurt/d (n = 7). Nonlinear inverse associations were observed for total dairy products (P-nonlinearity < 0.0001), low-fat dairy products (P-nonlinearity = 0.06), cheese (P-nonlinearity = 0.05), and yogurt (P-nonlinearity = 0.004), and there was a flattening of the curve at higher intakes.Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that there is a significant inverse association between intakes of dairy products, low-fat dairy products, and cheese and risk of type 2 diabetes. Any additional studies should assess the association between other specific types of dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes and adjust for more confounding factors.
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“These main sources of sucrose have shown beneficial associations (for example, whole grain cereals, fruit, and yogurt) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease mortality.87 88 89 90 91 92”
From Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review (2023) · cites this paper as [87]
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Buziau, A. M., Soedamah‐Muthu, S. S., Geleijnse, J. M., & Mishra, G. D. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz128 · Cited by 35
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“Similarly, a recent metaanalysis of epidemiological studies showed that an increase in dietary calcium intake to around 750 mg/day is inversely associated with T2DM risk [48], and other studies have associated an increased dairy product intake, and especially yogurt consumption, with decreased T2D risk [49,50].”
BackgroundRos, E., López‐Miranda, J., Picó, C., Rubio, M. Á., Babió, N., Sala‐Vila, A., Pérez‐Jiménez, F., Escrich, E., Bulló, M., Solanas, M., et al. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.32.2.9202 · Cited by 40
O'Connor, S. E., Turcotte, A., Gagnon, C., & Rudkowska, I. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy074 · Cited by 34
“These results contrast with evidence from meta-analysis of cohort studies suggesting an inverse association between cheese and the risk of developing T2D, and a nonlinear association between yogurt intake and the risk of T2D (12).”
ResultDairy product intake modifies gut microbiota composition among hyperinsulinemic individuals
Khorraminezhad, L., Leclercq, M., O'Connor, S. E., Julien, P., Weisnagel, S. J., Gagnon, C., Droit, A., & Rudkowska, I. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02226-z · Cited by 37
Gaeini, Z., Bahadoran, Z., & Mirmiran, P. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac071 · Cited by 34
Full-fat dairy products and cardiometabolic health outcomes: Does the dairy-fat matrix matter?
Taormina, V. M., Unger, A. L., & Kraft, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1386257 · Cited by 35
Moslehi, N., Shab‐Bidar, S., Mirmiran, P., Sadeghi, M., & Azizi, F. (2015) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2015.1034249 · Cited by 34
“In spite of discrepancies in findings, recent meta-analysis studies suggested significant lower risk of T2DM associated with higher intake of total dairy products, low-fat dairy, cheese, and yoghurt (Aune et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe role of whey protein in postprandial glycaemic control
Stevenson, E., & Allerton, D. M. (2017) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665117002002 · Cited by 34
“A wealth of epidemiological evidence associates increased dairy consumption with reduced risk of metabolic disease and an inverse relationship has been demonstrated between dairy consumption and glycaemia((18,19)) as well as incidence of T2D((20,21)).”
BackgroundOgata, S., Tanaka, H., Omura, K., Honda, C., & Hayakawa, K. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.023 · Cited by 34
Cheese Consumption and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Tong, X., Chen, G., Zhang, Z., Wei, Y., Xu, J., & Qin, L. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9010063 · Cited by 32
“However, a recent meta-analysis [38] reported that saturated fats were not associated with all-cause mortality, CVD, CHD, ischemic stroke, or T2DM.”
BackgroundInfluentialJohansson, I., Esberg, A., Nilsson, L. M., Jansson, J., Wennberg, P., & Winkvist, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020284 · Cited by 35
Lindström, J., Aittola, K., Pölönen, A., Hemiö, K., Ahonen, K., Karhunen, L. J., Männikkö, R., Siljamäki-Ojansuu, U., Tilles‐Tirkkonen, T., Virtanen, E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052362 · Cited by 46
“Nutrition recommendations: 5–6 dL of low-fat liquid milk products per day; 2–3 slices of cheese with ≤17% fat or vegetable fat-based cheese per day Research evidence [23,27,38] 10 points • Consumption of liquid milk products per day (Q11):”
BackgroundMethodForouhi, N. G. (2015) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv018 · Cited by 32
“The issue of distinguishing between low-fat and high-fat dairy products could not be addressed in InterAct, while other studies that addressed this relied largely on participants’ self-report of preselected food items, indicating low-fat varieties with a variable degree of comprehensiveness.(8,10) This was due to the…”
ResultLowndes, J., Sinnett, S., & Rippe, J. M. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7105430 · Cited by 36
“A meta-analysis of cohort studies has recently suggested that dairy products may decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes although the mechanism of this decrease is not fully understood [52].”
BackgroundSchmidt, M. I., Duncan, B. B., de Castilhos, C. D., Wendland, E., Hallal, P. C., Schaan, B. D., Drehmer, M., Forti, A. C. E., Façanha, C. F. S., & Nunes, M. A. (2016) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0851-x · Cited by 35
“Systematic reviews of observational studies suggest that increased consumption of red meat and especially processed meat are related to a higher incidence of diabetes [40], and that increased consumption of dairy products is related to a lower incidence [41, 42].”
BackgroundDairy intake and type 2 diabetes risk factors: A narrative review
Mitri, J., Yusof, B. N. M., Maryniuk, M. D., Schrager, C., Hamdy, O., & Salsberg, V. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.064 · Cited by 29
Trade-off between human health and environmental health in global diets
Zhang, J., & Chai, L. (2022) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106336 · Cited by 28
Martins, M. C. T., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., Orlich, M. J., Fan, J., Mashchak, A., & Fraser, G. E. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101118 · Cited by 27
Associations of different types of dairy intakes with depressive symptoms in adults
Sun, J., Wang, W., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.095 · Cited by 27
Díez‐Fernández, A., Álvarez‐Bueno, C., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Sotos‐Prieto, M., Recio-Rodriguez, J. I., & Cavero‐Redondo, I. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040741 · Cited by 27
“and the risk of CVD, which is in accordance with observational studies that report a negative association between milk intake and obesity [2], diabetes [3] and hypertension [4].”
ResultCiesielski, V., Legrand, P., Blat, S., & Rioux, V. (2024) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2024.10.008 · Cited by 26
Iwaniak, A., & Mogut, D. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10082772 · Cited by 26
“07) and a non-linear negative correlation was observed between cheese consumption and T2D risk [24].”
BackgroundGlanville, J., Brown, S., Shamir, R., Szajewska, H., & Eales, J. F. (2015) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00246 · Cited by 27
“…studies (Bonjour et al., 2013; Douglas et al., 2013), systematic reviews (and meta-analyses when appropriate) have been conducted in relation to only a few health outcomes (Tong et al., 2011; Aune et al., 2012, 2013; Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2013; O’Sullivan et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAge and time trends of dairy intake among children and adolescents of the DONALD study
Hohoff, E., Perrar, I., Jancovic, N., & Alexy, U. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02555-7 · Cited by 27
Lesgards, J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15051294 · Cited by 29
“Another meta-analysis of seventeen cohort studies demonstrated significant inverse associations between T2DM risk and intake of total dairy products and low-fat dairy products [23].”
BackgroundManipulation of lipids in animal‐derived foods: Can it contribute to public health nutrition?
Givens, D. I. (2015) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.201400427 · Cited by 25
Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., Woudenbergh, G. J. G.-V., Elferink, S. J. W. H. O., Singh‐Povel, C. M., Albert Hofman, D., Dehghan, A., Franco, O. H., & Feskens, E. J. M. (2016) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2016.08.003 · Cited by 27
“between full-range of dairy products and incident T2DM are warranted [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialIqbal, K., Schwingshackl, L., Floegel, A., Schwedhelm, C., Stelmach-Mardas, M., Wittenbecher, C., Galbete, C., Knüppel, S., Schulze, M. B., & Boeing, H. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1714-1 · Cited by 25
Corte, K. W. D., Bosler, T., McClure, C., Buyken, A. E., LeCheminant, J. D., Schwingshackl, L., & Corte, D. D. (2025) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100413 · Cited by 33
“Additionally, nutritious foods with sugar added to them such as whole-grain cereals and yogurt have been associated with a reduced risk of T2D [72], possibly due to their nutrient and phytochemical pro fi les.”
Smith, C. E., Coltell, Ó., Sorlí, J. V., Estruch, R., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Fitó, M., Arós, F., Dashti, H. S., Lai, C., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33188 · Cited by 23
The role of yoghurt consumption in the management of type II diabetes
Yanni, A. E., Kartsioti, K., & Karathanos, V. Τ. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02297g · Cited by 25
Reducing the Risk of Developing Diabetes
Prebtani, A. P. H., BAJAJ, H. S., Goldenberg, R., & Mullan, Y. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.033 · Cited by 26
“A meta-analysis of 17 cohort studies (30) reported an inverse association between intakes of total dairy, low-fat dairy products and cheese and risk of type 2 diabetes (30).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1066-1083
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2108208530
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 5.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Keywords
- dairy products, type 2 diabetes, low-fat dairy, cheese, yogurt, milk, high-fat dairy, dose-response relationship, inverse association, nonlinear relationship, dietary intake, diabetes risk, confounding adjustment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cheese, Dairy Products, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Dietary Fats, Humans, Milk, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Yogurt, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies
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