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Palm oil and blood lipid–related markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials
Open accessAbstract
Background Palm oil (PO) may be an unhealthy fat because of its high saturated fatty acid content.Objective The objective was to assess the effect of substituting PO for other primary dietary fats on blood lipid-related markers of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).Design We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary intervention trials. Studies were eligible if they included original data comparing PO-rich diets with other fat-rich diets and analyzed at least one of the following CHD/CVD biomarkers: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, TC/HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipoprotein A-I and B, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a).Results Fifty-one studies were included. Intervention times ranged from 2 to 16 wk, and different fat substitutions ranged from 4% to 43%. Comparison of PO diets with diets rich in stearic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed significantly higher TC, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I, whereas most of the same biomarkers were significantly lower when compared with diets rich in myristic/lauric acid. Comparison of PO-rich diets with diets rich in trans fatty acids showed significantly higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I and significantly lower apolipoprotein B, triacylglycerols, and TC/HDL cholesterol. Stratified and meta-regression analyses showed that the higher concentrations of TC and LDL cholesterol, when PO was substituted for MUFAs and PUFAs, were not significant in young people and in subjects with diets with a lower percentage of energy from fat.Conclusions Both favorable and unfavorable changes in CHD/CVD risk markers occurred when PO was substituted for the primary dietary fats, whereas only favorable changes occurred when PO was substituted for trans fatty acids. Additional studies are needed to provide guidance for policymaking.
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“A meta-analysis reported that when POo was compared with PUFA-rich fats, TC, LDL cholesterol, apoB, HDL cholesterol, and apoA1 were increased without affecting TC:HDL cholesterol (49).”
From Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fattore, E., Bosetti, C., Brighenti, F., Agostoni, C., & Fattore, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Parma (IT)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1331-1350
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2141508633
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Coconut Research and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- palm oil, saturated fatty acids, fat replacement, serum lipids, cardiovascular risk, coronary artery disease, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, trans fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, myristic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, total cholesterol, lipoprotein(a)
- MeSH terms
- Palm Oil, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coronary Disease, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Lipids, Plant Oils, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Cross-Over Studies, Trans Fatty Acids
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