QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE1
Abstract
SANDER GREENLAND; QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE 1, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, 1 January 1987, Pages 1–30, https:
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This meta-analysis supersedes previous studies because it includes case-control studies, pools data from a more comprehensive set of studies, and stratifies the analyses by disease end point, smoking, and sex.
“Our meta-analysis supersedes previous stud- ies12 14 because it includes case-control studies (omitted in the study of Myers and Basinski12); pools data from a more compre- hensive set of studies (15 cohort studies compared with 11 analysed in Myers and Basinski,12 and five by Greenland14); and stratifies the analyses by disease end point, smoking, and sex.”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
One limitation of the prospective study design is the lag time between exposure assessment and outcome, which might potentially obscure acute effects of coffee intake on risk of heart disease.
“One limitation of the prospective study design is the lag time between exposure assessment and outcome, which might potentially obscure acute effects of coffee intake on risk of heart disease.'4”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Consequently, every measure of association was translated into log relative risk and corresponding variance with the formula proposed by Greenland in [24].”
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“Every measure of association adjusted for the maximum number of confounding variables, and corresponding confidence interval (CI), was transformed into logarithms of relative risk (log RR) and the corresponding variance was calculated.(51) Where no estimates were reported, the crude estimates were calculated from tabu…”
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Laird, N. M., & Mosteller, F. C. (1990) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462300008916 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
“It may sometimes be feasible to adjust individual study outcomes for bias, prior to combining (24), but we are far from having generally accepted methods for adjustment for study quality or bias.”
BackgroundCanonico, M., Plu-Bureau, G., Lowe, G. D. O., & Scarabin, P.-Y. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39555.441944.be · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus and risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis
Friberg, E., Orsini, N., Mantzoros, C. S., & Wolk, A. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0681-5 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
“Because endometrial cancer is rare, the odds ratio in case-control studies and rate ratios in cohort studies yield similar estimates of RR [42].”
ResultFarvid, M. S., Ding, M., Pan, A., Sun, Q., Chiuve, S. E., Steffen, L. M., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.010236 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
“For a study(29) that reported RRs without corresponding 95% CIs, SEs for the RRs were estimated from SE=β/Z P , where β is the regression coefficient for 1% increment of energy from LA, and Z P is the value of a unit-normal test statistic corresponding to the P value.(32) Forest plots were used to evaluate RRs and cor…”
Basic methods for sensitivity analysis of biases.
Greenland, S. (1996) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/25.6.1107 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Self-citationJuhan-Vague, I., Pyke, S., Alessi, M., Jespersen, J., Haverkate, F., & Thompson, S. G. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.9.2057 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis
Iodice, S., Gandini, S., Maisonneuve, P., & Lowenfels, A. B. (2008) · Langenbeck s Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00423-007-0266-2 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
“All measures of association and the corresponding confidence interval were adjusted for the maximum number of confounding variables, and were translated into log RR and corresponding variance, with the formula proposed by Greenland [3].”
MethodLung Cancer Risk From Residential Radon: Meta-analysis of Eight Epidemiologic Studies
Lubin, J. H., & Boice, J. D. (1997) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/89.1.49 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and proton pump inhibitor therapy: a meta-analysis
Janarthanan, S., Ditah, I., Adler, D. G., & Ehrinpreis, M. N. (2012) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.179 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Ssentongo, P., Ssentongo, A. E., Heilbrunn, E. S., Ba, D. M., & Chinchilli, V. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238215 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Shift work and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Gan, Y., Yang, C., Tong, X., Sun, H., Cong, Y., Yin, X., Li, L., Cao, S., Dong, X., Gong, Y., et al. (2015) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102150 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
The controversy over homocysteine and cardiovascular risk
Ueland, P. M., Refsum, H. M., Beresford, S. A. A., & Vollset, S. E. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.324 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164401614002 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
“, Altman, 2000) and meta-analysis based on CIs is well established (e.g., Chambers & Lau, 1993; Duval & Tweedie, 2000; Greenland, 1987).”
BackgroundBalancing the strengths of systematic and narrative reviews
Collins, J. A., & Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2004) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh058 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
“The procedures for calculating summary absolute effects and their heterogeneity are similar to those for relative effects (Greenland, 1987; Deeks et al., 2001).”
Physical Activity and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
Monninkhof, E. M., Elias, S. G., Vlems, F. A., van der Tweel, I., Schuit, A. J., Voskuil, D. W., & van Leeuwen, F. E. (2007) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000251167.75581.98 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
“To examine whether a priori selected design factors explained heterogeneity between the results from different studies, we performed metaregression analyses.(18) The design TABLE 1.”
Correlates of Long Sleep Duration
Patel, S. R., Malhotra, A., Gottlieb, D. J., White, D. P., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.7.881 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis
Ankum, W. M., Mol, B. W., van der Veen, F., & Bossuyt, P. M. (1996) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58320-4 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Rosato, V., Temple, N. J., La Vecchia, C., Castellan, G., Tavani, A., & Guercio, V. (2019) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1582-0 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
“10) [28] and quantified the inconsistencies using the I2 statistic [29, 30].”
MethodPre-Diabetes and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Ford, E. S., Zhao, G., & Li, C. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.060 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
- Authors
- GREENLAND, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- ORCID
- GREENLAND, SANDER
- Venue
- Epidemiologic Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-30
- ISSN
- 0193-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6729
- OpenAlex
- W1894101563
- Cited by
- 1,644
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 21.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Epidemiologic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- meta-analysis, quantitative methods, heterogeneity of study results
- MeSH terms
- Epidemiology, Humans, Mathematics, Models, Theoretical, Regression Analysis, Review Literature as Topic
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