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Food insecurity and dietary quality in US adults and children: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background Food insecurity is adversely associated with the physical and mental health of adults and children, and the mechanism that underlies this association has been assumed to be dietary intake of lower quality in food insecure than food secure individuals. A thorough understanding of observed associations between food insecurity and dietary quality is needed to test this assumption and may highlight pathways through which to improve the health of food-insecure adults and children.Objective We systematically reviewed all evidence of associations between food insecurity and dietary quality and contrasted associations observed in adults and those for children.Design Evidence came from studies that appeared in indexed, peer-reviewed journals and 1) sampled US residents, 2) separately sampled children and adults, 3) contained a measure of food insecurity or food insufficiency, and 4) included at least one measure of dietary quality.Results In adults, 170 associations between food insecurity and dietary quality were tested, and 50 associations (29%) suggested an adverse association. Food-insecure adults consumed fewer vegetables, fruit, and dairy products than did food secure adults and had lower intake of vitamins A and B-6, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. In children, 130 associations were tested, and 21 associations (16%) showed an adverse association. There was substantial evidence of only lower fruit consumption in food-insecure compared with food-secure children. Reporting and publication biases may have contributed to an overestimation of the association between food insecurity and dietary quality.Conclusions Food insecurity is adversely associated with dietary quality in adults, particularly intakes of nutrient-rich vegetables, fruit, and dairy that promote good health. However, food insecurity was less-consistently associated with lower dietary quality in children. The idea that parents effectively shield their children from compromised dietary quality because of food shortages is supported by the evidence.
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“Finally, prior evidence has shown that household-level food insecurity does not correlate with child-level food insecurity [36].”
From Material Hardship and Stress from COVID-19 in Immigrant Chinese American Families with Infants (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Our regression analyses showed an association between experiencing food insecurity and poorer dietary quality, which is in line with previous studies.(12) Our results indicate that food insecurity is directly associated with dietary quality, but not with the intention to eat healthy, which is in line with a previous s…”
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“Much of the theorized association between increased weight status and food insecurity is predicated on the notion that people with food insecurity consume a poor-quality diet (35) characterized by energy-dense, yet nutrient-deficient foods such as low-cost fast food and convenience meals.”
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Increasing food insecurity severity is associated with lower diet quality
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“A 2013 review by Hanson et al. reported that food insecurity was associated with eating less vegetables, fruit and dairy, in addition to a lower intake of a range of micronutrients (14) .”
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Lu, P., Kezios, K., Jawadekar, N., Swift, S. L., Vable, A. M., & Hazzouri, A. Z. A. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21474 · Cited by 23
Poblacion, A., Cook, J., Marín-Leon, L., Segall-Corrêa, A. M., Silveira, J. A., Konstantyner, T., & Taddei, J. A. (2016) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0379572116664167 · Cited by 27
“By adversely impacting the ability to learn, develop skills, and expand knowledge, abilities, and potential, FI can predispose children to failure in preparation for becoming productive members of the workforce and society.(7,8,9) The negative implications of FI for health have been widely described,(10-18) but little…”
BackgroundFram, M. S., & Frongillo, E. A. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmx008 · Cited by 24
Lindberg, R., McNaughton, S. A., Abbott, G., Pollard, C. M., Yaroch, A. L., & Livingstone, K. M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194133 · Cited by 22
“A systematic review of 26 diet quality studies from the United States (US) (published 1997–2012) [4] found that adults experiencing food insecurity consumed fewer vegetables, fruit, and dairy products and had lower intake of vitamins A and B-6, zinc, calcium and magnesium when compared to food-secure adults.”
BackgroundResultFood insecurity and physical activity insecurity among rural Oregon families
Gunter, K. B., Jackson, J., Tomayko, E. J., & John, D. H. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.07.006 · Cited by 22
“While it is clear that excess calories and insufficient PA contribute to weight gain, low PA consistently emerges as a stronger predictor of overweight than poor diet among children identified as food insecure (Hanson and Connor, 2014; Fram et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialBRIEFEL, R. R., Chojnacki, G. J., Gabor, V., Forrestal, S. G., Kleinman, R., Cabili, C., & Gleason, P. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.07.021 · Cited by 22
“Food insecurity is less consistently associated with children’s diet quality because of parents shielding children from food shortages.(5,31) The Packed Project findings highlight the distinction between children’s FI-C and diet quality; improving the one does not necessarily improve the other, and future intervention…”
BackgroundAngeles‐Agdeppa, I., Toledo, M. B., & Zamora, J. A. T. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2021/5513409 · Cited by 25
“Earlier studies have connected food insecurity with decreased consumption of healthy foods and poor dietary quality with specific reference to low fruit and vegetable consumption [6, 7].”
Food Insecurity Influences Weight Trajectory in Children with Obesity
Tester, J. M., Xiao, L., Tinajero-Deck, L., Juarez, L., & Rosas, L. G. (2022) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0311 · Cited by 24
Nguyen, G. T., Bell, Z., Andreae, G., Scott, S., Sermin‐Reed, L., Lake, A. A., & Heslehurst, N. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13753 · Cited by 24
The impact of social enterprise on food insecurity – An Australian case study
Lindberg, R., McCartan, J., Stone, A., Gale, A., Mika, A. S., Nguyen, M., & Kleve, S. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12737 · Cited by 21
“Food insecure adults have been found to consume fewer fruits, vegetables and dairy products and have a lower intake of essential vitamins (Hanson & Connor, 2014; Johnson et al., 2018) than the general population.”
BackgroundBarriers to Healthy Eating in a Community That Relies on an Emergency Food Pantry
Oliver, T. L., McKeever, A. E., Shenkman, R., & Diewald, L. K. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2019.10.005 · Cited by 21
Johnson, K. F., Brookover, D. L., & Bradbrook, K. E. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1725021 · Cited by 21
Wetherill, M. S., Duncan, A. R., Bowman, H., Collins, R., Santa-Pinter, N., Jackson, M., Lynn, C. M., Prentice, K. A., & Isaacson, M. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106723 · Cited by 21
Food insecurity and patterns of dietary intake in a sample of UK adults
Shinwell, J., Melissa Bateson, B., Nettle, D., & Pepper, G. V. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521003810 · Cited by 25
“Overall measures of dietary quality are poorer in some but not all studies(16).”
McKenzie, B. L., Waqa, G., Hart, A. C., Silatolu, A. M., Palagyi, A., Norton, R., McLean, R. M., & Webster, J. L. (2022) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980022001677 · Cited by 23
“Previous studies have also shown a relationship between self-reported food insecurity and low diet quality, particularly lower consumption levels of fruits and vegetables(27,28).”
ResultColetro, H. N., de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Mendonça, R. D. D., Meireles, A. L., Machado-Coelho, G. L. L., & de Menezes, M. C. (2023) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898002300054x · Cited by 22
“A systematic review found that FI among adults was associated with low consumption of vegetables, fruits and dairy products and a lower intake of vitamins A and B6, Ca, Mg and Zn(43).”
Hevesi, R., Downey, M. R., & Harvey, K. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107204 · Cited by 23
“It has a detrimental impact on a range of child/adolescent outcomes including diet (Hanson & Connor, 2014; Molcho et al., 2007), weight (Rodgers et al., 2015; Weedn et al., 2014), general health (Thomas et al., 2019), mental health (Weinreb et al., 2002), quality of life (Casey et al., 2005),…”
BackgroundBurke, M. P., Cabili, C., Berman, D., Forrestal, S. G., & Gleason, P. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.10.026 · Cited by 21
Burke, M. P., Jones, S. J., Frongillo, E. A., Blake, C. E., & Fram, M. S. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019001332 · Cited by 20
“For example, children in food-insecure households consume less fruit and other nutrients compared with children in food-secure households(16) and parents interact differently with their children when household food insecurity occurs, such as discussing food and financial issues with their children(17).”
BackgroundFood Insecurity Mediates the Relationship between Poverty and Mental Health
Nagpaul, T., Sidhu, D. J. K., & Chen, J. (2021) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1080/10875549.2021.1910102 · Cited by 21
“…insecure adults tend to have poorer diet quality and insufficient nutrient intake (due to the reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables) as compared to their food secure counterparts (Hanson & Connor, 2014); this in turn negatively impacts cognitive functioning over time (Morris et al., 2006).”
BackgroundJanda, K. M., Ranjit, N., Salvo, D., Nielsen, A., Lemoine, P. D., Casnovsky, J., & van den Berg, A. E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082597 · Cited by 20
Food insecurity arises the likelihood of hospitalization in patients with COVID-19
Ariya, M., Karimi, J., Abolghasemi, S., Hematdar, Z., Naghizadeh, M. M., Moradi, M., & Barati‐Boldaji, R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99610-4 · Cited by 20
Arzhang, P., Ramezan, M., Borazjani, M., Jamshidi, S., Bavani, N. G., Rahmanabadi, A., & Bagheri, A. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106124 · Cited by 20
Daly, A., Pollard, C. M., Kerr, D. A., Binns, C. W., Caraher, M., & Phillips, M. R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122620 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Hanson, K. L., & Connor, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- ORCID
- Hanson, Karla L
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 684-692
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079925881
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- food insecurity, diet quality, food insufficiency, children, adults, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, dairy consumption, nutrient intake, publication bias, health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Dairy Products, Diet, Family Characteristics, Female, Food Supply, Fruit, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Nutritive Value, Patient Compliance, Socioeconomic Factors, Vegetables, Nutrition Policy
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