Central adiposity and the overweight risk paradox in aging: follow-up of 130,473 UK Biobank participants
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For older groups, being overweight [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 25 to <30] is reportedly associated with a lower or similar risk of mortality than being normal weight (BMI: 18.5 to <25). However, this “risk paradox” is partly explained by smoking and disease-associated weight loss. This paradox may also arise from BMI failing to measure fat redistribution to a centralized position in later life. This study aimed to estimate associations between combined measurements of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with mortality and incident coronary artery disease (CAD). This study followed 130,473 UK Biobank participants aged 60–69 y (baseline 2006–2010) for ≤8.3 y (n = 2974 deaths). Current smokers and individuals with recent or disease-associated (e.g., from dementia, heart failure, or cancer) weight loss were excluded, yielding a “healthier agers” group. Survival models were adjusted for age, sex, alcohol intake, smoking history, and educational attainment. Population and sex-specific lower and higher WHR tertiles were <0.91 and ≥0.96 for men and <0.79 and ≥0.85 for women, respectively. Ignoring WHR, the risk of mortality for overweight subjects was similar to that for normal-weight subjects (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.19; P = 0.066). However, among normal-weight subjects, mortality increased for those with a higher WHR (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.65) compared with a lower WHR. Being overweight with a higher WHR was associated with substantial excess mortality (HR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.61) and greatly increased CAD incidence (sub-HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.39, 1.93) compared with being normal weight with a lower WHR. There was no interaction between physical activity and BMI plus WHR groups with respect to mortality. For healthier agers (i.e., nonsmokers without disease-associated weight loss), having central adiposity and a BMI corresponding to normal weight or overweight is associated with substantial excess mortality. The claimed BMI-defined overweight risk paradox may result in part from failing to account for central adiposity, rather than reflecting a protective physiologic effect of higher body-fat content in later life.
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Ageing-related lean mass decreases tend to be masked and offset by gains in fat mass or obesity in early stages of chronic disease, due to metabolic imbalance, such that lean mass loss only manifests upon severe inflammation and then fat loss in later stages.
“Second, this is likely an underestimate since ageing‐related lean mass decreases tend to be masked and offset by gains in fat mass or obesity in the early stages of chronic disease,[ 109 , 110 ] due to metabolic imbalance, such that lean mass loss only manifests upon severe inflammation and then fat loss in the later stages.[ 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
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- Authors
- Bowman, K., Atkins, J. L., Delgado, J., Kos, K., Kuchel, G. A., Ble, A., Ferrucci, L., & Melzer, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- UConn Health (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Corresponding author
- Melzer, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 130-135
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5486197
- OpenAlex
- W2618182408
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council (14631, MR/M023095/1)
- School for Public Health Research
- National Institute on Aging
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- abdominal obesity, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, mortality, coronary artery disease, older adults, physical activity, fat redistribution
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Aged, Aging, Coronary Artery Disease, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Smoking, Body Mass Index, Biological Specimen Banks, Waist-Hip Ratio, Adiposity, Overweight, Obesity, Abdominal
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