Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks

In the citing paper

“Previous studies have shown that sleep restriction increases self-reported hunger and appetite for carbohydrate food (41,42).”

In the citing paper

“However, sleep restriction increases appetite and increases the desire for high- carbohydrate/high-fat foods, so the control of food intake may have dampened the full effects of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism.”

In the citing paper

“leptin was unaffected [30], [32], [66] or elevated [20], [29], [31].”

In the citing paper

“which is consistent with a prior report of a nonsignificant change in total energy expenditure with sleep restriction (42).”

In the citing paper

“In general, studies reported increases in 24-hour energy intake when participants underwent sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep (Table 1), with the degree of overeating ranging from ≈180 to 559 kcal/d.”

In the citing paper

“Longer-term studies, however, have not found an impact of sleep restriction on body weight.”

In the citing paper

“Although data are mixed and somewhat inconclusive in terms of the impact of sleep restriction on energy expenditure, the net result seems to be positive energy balance, with studies showing a strong impact of sleep restriction on increased food intake, particularly from fat and snacks,60,62,64 at least in the short term.”

In the citing paper

“In contrast, humans undergoing sleep restriction increase caloric intake (1, 2, 36-38) and show alterations in energy expenditure (39)(40)(41).”

In the citing paper

“In overweight middle-aged adults, increased consumption of calories from snacks with higher carbohydrate content was observed after 2 weeks of sleep restriction (−1.5 h/night) in comparison to after 2 weeks of sleep extension (+1.5 h/night), while energy intake from meal and total energy intake were unaffected by bedtime condition [116].”

In the citing paper

“As leptin levels are enhanced by food intake and correlate with the degree of obesity [25], these latter results may be the expected consequence of the positive energy balance achieved by increased food intake [11, 116, 146] and weight gain [11, 116].”

In the citing paper

“The four studies that provided ad libitum food access prior to or during leptin assessments found unchanged or increased leptin levels after sleep restriction [11, 116, 146, 154].”

In the citing paper

“By contrast, Nedeltcheva et al. observed similar weight at the end of each 14-day period of sleep extension or sleep restriction in overweight men and women exposed to unlimited palatable food in a laboratory setting. Consistent with the fact that overeating usually occurs when unlimited palatable food is available [132], the subjects overate and gained ~2 kg in each sleep condition [116].”

In the citing paper

“These studies are supported by laboratory findings that show that physiologic sleep loss is associated with diabetes risk factors, including insulin resistance,53–56 and other diabetes risk factors, such as increased consumption of unhealthy foods.57–59”

In the citing paper

“In a protocol involving a more prolonged sleep restriction (14 nights of 5.5h vs. 14 nights of 8.5h in bed) in healthy overweight subjects, total EE assessed by the gold standard doubly labeled water method, resting metabolic rate assessed by indirect calorimetry, and the thermic effect of food were not affected by the bedtime condition [48].”

In the citing paper

“While ghrelin and leptin levels remain unchanged in some studies [46, 47, 49, 50], a few others have shown significant changes after sleep deprivation.”

In the citing paper

“change food regulation (food preferences [31], timing of food consumption [32], quantity of food)”

In the citing paper

“When energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water technique, sleep curtailment for 14 nights to 5.5 h TIB (vs. 14 nights with 8.5 h TIB) [32] and for 5 nights to 4 h TIB (vs. 5 nights with 9 h TIB) [41] did not show significant differences in 24-h EE.”