Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks
Open accessAbstract
Background Short sleep is associated with obesity and may alter the endocrine regulation of hunger and appetite.Objective We tested the hypothesis that the curtailment of human sleep could promote excessive energy intake.Design Eleven healthy volunteers [5 women, 6 men; mean +/- SD age: 39 +/- 5 y; mean +/- SD body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 26.5 +/- 1.5] completed in random order two 14-d stays in a sleep laboratory with ad libitum access to palatable food and 5.5-h or 8.5-h bedtimes. The primary endpoints were calories from meals and snacks consumed during each bedtime condition. Additional measures included total energy expenditure and 24-h profiles of serum leptin and ghrelin.Results Sleep was reduced by 122 +/- 25 min per night during the 5.5-h bedtime condition. Although meal intake remained similar (P = 0.51), sleep restriction was accompanied by increased consumption of calories from snacks (1087 +/- 541 compared with 866 +/- 365 kcal/d; P = 0.026), with higher carbohydrate content (65% compared with 61%; P = 0.04), particularly during the period from 1900 to 0700. These changes were not associated with a significant increase in energy expenditure (2526 +/- 537 and 2390 +/- 369 kcal/d during the 5.5-h and 8.5-h bedtime periods, respectively; P = 0.58), and we found no significant differences in serum leptin and ghrelin between the 2 sleep conditions.Conclusions Recurrent bedtime restriction can modify the amount, composition, and distribution of human food intake, and sleeping short hours in an obesity-promoting environment may facilitate the excessive consumption of energy from snacks but not meals.
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Previous studies have shown that sleep restriction increases self-reported hunger and appetite for carbohydrate food.
“Previous studies have shown that sleep restriction increases self-reported hunger and appetite for carbohydrate food (41,42).”
From Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men (2010) · cites this paper as [42]
The Introduction reports that increased hunger and appetite followed short-term sleep restriction in healthy men. The Results report greater consumption of carbohydrate-rich snacks, but not a self-reported appetite specifically for carbohydrate foods. The paper therefore supports the hunger-and-appetite portion, not that more specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep restriction increases appetite and increases the desire for high-carbohydrate/high-fat foods, so the control of food intake may have dampened the full effects of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism.
“However, sleep restriction increases appetite and increases the desire for high- carbohydrate/high-fat foods, so the control of food intake may have dampened the full effects of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism.”
From Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men (2010) · cites this paper as [42]
The Introduction reports increased hunger and appetite after short-term sleep restriction, and the Results (Energy consumption; page unavailable) show greater snack intake with a higher carbohydrate proportion. The source does not show increased desire for high-fat foods: the proportion of snack calories from fat was lower under sleep restriction. Its participants had ad lib access to food, and it does not establish that controlling food intake dampened effects on glucose metabolism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMore recent investigations found leptin unaffected or elevated.
“leptin was unaffected [30], [32], [66] or elevated [20], [29], [31].”
From Impact of Five Nights of Sleep Restriction on Glucose Metabolism, Leptin and Testosterone in Young Adult Men (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
The finding of no change in resting metabolic rate is consistent with a prior report of a nonsignificant change in total energy expenditure with sleep restriction.
“which is consistent with a prior report of a nonsignificant change in total energy expenditure with sleep restriction (42).”
From Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men (2010) · cites this paper as [42]
Sleep restriction generally increases 24-hour energy intake relative to habitual sleep, with overeating ranging from about 180 to 559 kcal per day.
“In general, studies reported increases in 24-hour energy intake when participants underwent sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep (Table 1), with the degree of overeating ranging from ≈180 to 559 kcal/d.”
From Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2016) · cites this paper as [60]
Longer-term studies have not found an impact of sleep restriction on body weight.
“Longer-term studies, however, have not found an impact of sleep restriction on body weight.”
From Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2016) · cites this paper as [60]
The net result of sleep restriction seems to be positive energy balance, with studies showing a strong impact on increased food intake, particularly from fat and snacks, at least in the short term.
“Although data are mixed and somewhat inconclusive in terms of the impact of sleep restriction on energy expenditure, the net result seems to be positive energy balance, with studies showing a strong impact of sleep restriction on increased food intake, particularly from fat and snacks,60,62,64 at least in the short term.”
From Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2016) · cites this paper as [60]
Humans under sleep restriction eat more calories.
“In contrast, humans undergoing sleep restriction increase caloric intake (1, 2, 36-38) and show alterations in energy expenditure (39)(40)(41).”
From Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
In overweight middle-aged adults, two weeks of sleep restriction by 1.5 h/night versus extension by 1.5 h/night increased calories from high-carbohydrate snacks, while meal and total energy intake were unchanged.
“In overweight middle-aged adults, increased consumption of calories from snacks with higher carbohydrate content was observed after 2 weeks of sleep restriction (−1.5 h/night) in comparison to after 2 weeks of sleep extension (+1.5 h/night), while energy intake from meal and total energy intake were unaffected by bedtime condition [116].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [116]
Because leptin is increased by food intake and correlates with obesity, the unchanged or increased leptin levels may be the expected consequence of the positive energy balance from greater food intake and weight gain.
“As leptin levels are enhanced by food intake and correlate with the degree of obesity [25], these latter results may be the expected consequence of the positive energy balance achieved by increased food intake [11, 116, 146] and weight gain [11, 116].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [116]
Four studies with ad libitum food access before or during leptin assessment found unchanged or increased leptin after sleep restriction.
“The four studies that provided ad libitum food access prior to or during leptin assessments found unchanged or increased leptin levels after sleep restriction [11, 116, 146, 154].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [116]
Nedeltcheva et al. observed similar weight at the end of each 14-day sleep extension or restriction period in overweight men and women with unlimited palatable food; subjects overate and gained about 2 kg in each condition.
“By contrast, Nedeltcheva et al. observed similar weight at the end of each 14-day period of sleep extension or sleep restriction in overweight men and women exposed to unlimited palatable food in a laboratory setting. Consistent with the fact that overeating usually occurs when unlimited palatable food is available [132], the subjects overate and gained ~2 kg in each sleep condition [116].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [116]
Laboratory findings show that physiologic sleep loss is associated with diabetes risk factors, including insulin resistance, and other diabetes risk factors, such as increased consumption of unhealthy foods.
“These studies are supported by laboratory findings that show that physiologic sleep loss is associated with diabetes risk factors, including insulin resistance,53–56 and other diabetes risk factors, such as increased consumption of unhealthy foods.57–59”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [59]
In healthy overweight subjects, 14 nights of 5.5h in bed compared to 14 nights of 8.5h did not affect total energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate, or the thermic effect of food.
“In a protocol involving a more prolonged sleep restriction (14 nights of 5.5h vs. 14 nights of 8.5h in bed) in healthy overweight subjects, total EE assessed by the gold standard doubly labeled water method, resting metabolic rate assessed by indirect calorimetry, and the thermic effect of food were not affected by the bedtime condition [48].”
From Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite (2010) · cites this paper as [48]
While ghrelin and leptin levels remain unchanged in some studies, a few others have shown significant changes after sleep deprivation.
“While ghrelin and leptin levels remain unchanged in some studies [46, 47, 49, 50], a few others have shown significant changes after sleep deprivation.”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [50]
Short-term decreases in sleep quantity or quality change food regulation (food preferences, timing of food consumption, quantity of food).
“change food regulation (food preferences [31], timing of food consumption [32], quantity of food)”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
Sleep curtailment for 14 nights to 5.5 h TIB vs 8.5 h TIB and for 5 nights to 4 h TIB vs 9 h TIB did not show significant differences in 24-h energy expenditure when measured by doubly labeled water.
“When energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water technique, sleep curtailment for 14 nights to 5.5 h TIB (vs. 14 nights with 8.5 h TIB) [32] and for 5 nights to 4 h TIB (vs. 5 nights with 9 h TIB) [41] did not show significant differences in 24-h EE.”
From Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Nedeltcheva, A. V., Kilkus, J. M., Imperial, J., Kasza, K., Schoeller, D. A., & Penev, P. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Penev, Plamen D
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 126-133
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2615460
- OpenAlex
- W2125341932
- Cited by
- 717
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DK020595, MO1-RR00055)
- National Institute on Aging (P01-AG11412., P01AG011412)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL089637)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK020595, P60DK020595)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR 00055, M01RR000055)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, bedtime, snacking, energy intake, obesity, appetite regulation, leptin, ghrelin, energy expenditure, carbohydrate intake, meal timing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Body Composition, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sleep Deprivation, Cross-Over Studies, Leptin, Ghrelin
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