Cited by 353Fatty Acid Research and HealthTreatment of Major DepressionTryptophan and brain disorders

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Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood

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Appleton, Katherine M, Rogers, Peter J, Ness, Andrew R·2010·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313

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Abstract

Background The debate over a role for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in depressed mood continues. Objective The objective was to update a previous systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of n-3 PUFAs on depressed mood and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Design Eight databases were searched for trials that randomly assigned participants to receive n-3 PUFAs/fish, measured depressed mood, used human participants, and included a comparison group up to April 2009. Results Thirty-five randomized controlled trials were identified; 17 were not included in the previous review. The pooled standardized difference in mean outcome of the 29 trials that provided data to allow pooling (fixed-effects model) was 0.10 SD (95% CI: 0.02, 0.17) in those who received n-3 PUFAs compared with placebo, with strong evidence of heterogeneity (I(2) = 65%, P < 0.01). The presence of funnel plot asymmetry suggested that publication bias was a likely source of this heterogeneity. Depressive symptom severity and participant diagnosis also explained some of the observed heterogeneity. Greater effects of n-3 PUFAs were found in individuals with more-severe depressive symptoms. In trials that enrolled individuals with a diagnosed depressive disorder, the combined mean difference was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.55), although evidence of heterogeneity was also found (I(2) = 71%). In trials that enrolled individuals without a depressive diagnosis, no beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs were found (largest combined mean difference: 0.22; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.44; I(2) = 0%). Conclusions Trial evidence of the effects of n-3 PUFAs on depressed mood has increased but remains difficult to summarize because of considerable heterogeneity. The evidence available provides some support of a benefit of n-3 PUFAs in individuals with diagnosed depressive illness but no evidence of any benefit in individuals without a diagnosis of depressive illness.

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Authors: Appleton, K. M., Rogers, P. J., & Ness, A. R.
Affiliations: Queen's University Belfast (GB)
Corresponding author: Appleton, Katherine M
ORCID: Appleton, Katherine M
Rogers, Peter J
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-03
Volume: 91
Issue: 3
Pages: 757-770
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313
OpenAlex: W2135221710
Cited by: 353
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 4.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 4737 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
Funders: McGill University
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords: n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil supplementation, depressive mood, depression, depressive symptoms, treatment effect heterogeneity, publication bias
MeSH terms: Depression, Dietary Fats, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Publication Bias

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Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood

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