Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians
Open accessAbstract
The proportion of the Latin American population above age 65 y is expected to rise substantially. To better define the prevalence of infectious diseases and micronutrient deficiencies, assess immunological status, and evaluate associations between nutritional status and infection, we performed a cross-sectional study of elderly Ecuadorians in a low-income peri-urban community in Quito, Ecuador. Culturally adapted questionnaires, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin response, micronutrient, and immunological assays were performed in randomly selected Ecuadorians aged > or = 65 y. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were developed to assess relationships between micronutrient concentrations and history of infection, DTH, and immune function. Participants (n = 352; mean age +/- SD, 74.4 +/- 6.4 y) recalled recent episodes of colds/influenza-like syndromes (62.8%), cough (61.0%), urinary tract infection (37.9%), diarrhea (32.2%), fever (24.1%), and pneumonia (3.5%). A prospective substudy of respiratory infections (RI) in 203 elderly revealed similar findings. Colds and pneumonia occurred in 42.8 and 7.9% of participants, respectively, during 737 person-weeks of observation (3.6 +/- 1.1 wk per person). Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies, especially for vitamins C, D, B-6, and B-12 and folic acid and zinc, were common. Plasma vitamin C was associated with interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) (P < 0.01) and zinc with IFNgamma and interleukin-2 (each P < 0.0001). RI history was associated with any micronutrient deficiency (P < 0.001). The burden of infectious diseases, micronutrient deficiencies, and anemia was substantial in this elderly Ecuadorian population. Deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals place these elderly adults at risk for infections through their negative impact on immune function.
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Impaired immunity in older people, often caused by multiple micronutrient deficiencies, is evident in the increased incidence and severity of common infections that affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts, as well as the urinary and genital tracts.
“Impaired immunity in older people, often caused by multiple micronutrient deficiencies, is evident in the increased incidence and severity of common infections that affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts, as well as the urinary and genital tracts [33,116].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [116]
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- Authors
- Hamer, D. H., Sempértegui, F., Estrella, B., Tucker, K. L., Rodríguez, A., Egas, J., Dallal, G. E., Selhub, J., Griffiths, J. K., & Meydani, S. N.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (EC)
- Corresponding author
- Meydani, Simin Nikbin
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-119
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2646211
- OpenAlex
- W2155826652
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (58-1950-7-707)
- National Institutes of Health (5r03tw005779-03)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009140, 58-1950-7-707)
- Fogarty International Center (1 R03 TW005779‐01A1, R03 TW005779)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD038327)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- micronutrient deficiency, immune function, respiratory infections, older adults, anemia, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, zinc, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, delayed-type hypersensitivity, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, diarrhea, Ecuador
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Diarrhea, Ecuador, Female, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Immunity, Innate, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Respiratory Tract Infections, Skin Tests, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Micronutrients, Malnutrition
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