Epipelagic copepod distributions in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the weak La Niña event of 2001

May combine two claims.

Subeucalanus subtenuis, Paraeucalanus attenuatus, Clausocalanus farrani, and Scolecithrix danae are typical of equatorial and sub-tropical waters, and Subeucalanus pileatus is characteristic of coastal waters.

“typical species in equatorial and sub-tropical waters (McGowan, 1971;Björnberg, 1981;Jiménez and Lavaniegos, 2004) and by Subeucalanus pileatus, a species characteristic of coastal waters (Jiménez and Lavaniegos, 2004).”

• cites McGowan, 1971Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Björnberg, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jiménez and Lavaniegos, 2004 sourcePartly supported

  The Species with limited distribution section classifies Subeucalanus subtenuis and Pareucalanus attenuatus as equatorial oceanic species and Subeucalanus pileatus as neritic; the Comparison section also describes S. pileatus along the coast and Scolecithrix danae as tropical/subtropical. Our copy mentions Clausocalanus only at genus level, not Clausocalanus farrani, so it does not support that species-specific part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Oncaea conifera, Centropages velificatus, Pleuromamma abdominalis, and Rhincalanus nasutus are characteristic of cold subtropical waters and have been recorded from Peruvian and Chilean waters.

“all these species are characteristic of cold subtropical waters and have been recorded from Peruvian and Chilean waters (Björnberg, 1981;Hsieh et al., 2004;Jiménez and Lavaniegos, 2004;López and Palomares, 2006;Ayón et al., 2008).”

• cites Björnberg, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hsieh et al., 2004Could not verify

  The species table (Discussion, page unavailable) records Pleuromamma abdominalis in a northern Taiwan Strait sample, but does not characterize it as a cold-subtropical species or place it in Peruvian or Chilean waters. Searches for the four named species and for Peruvian, Chilean, and cold-subtropical waters found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Jiménez and Lavaniegos, 2004 sourcePartly supported

  The species table (p. 153) records Rhincalanus nasutus and Pleuromamma abdominalis off Baja California, and Appendix 1 lists Oncaea under the spelling “confiera.” The paper does not establish that all four named species characterize cold subtropical waters or have been recorded off Peru and Chile; its Discussion mentions those coasts in connection with a different species, Subeucalanus subtenuis. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Oncaea venusta, Temora discaudata, and Subeucalanus crassus are typical of tropical and oceanic waters, and Subeucalanus crassus is characteristic of equatorial waters.

“These species are typical of tropical and oceanic waters (Björnberg, 1981;Jiménez and Lavaniegos, 2004), particularly S. crassus, which is characteristic of equatorial waters (McGowan, 1971).”

• cites Björnberg, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jiménez and Lavaniegos, 2004 sourcePartly supported

  In “Species with broad distribution” (page not provided), the paper places Temora discaudata in a tropical/subtropical group but explicitly calls it neritic, not oceanic. The appendix lists Oncaea venusta and Subeucalanus crassus as present without classifying their typical waters. The equatorial-water characterization of S. crassus is cited to McGowan, not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites McGowan, 1971Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There was evidence of mesoscale eddies in the study area.

“There was evidence of mesoscale eddies in the study area and of the presence of the South Equatorial Current going westward at about 1°N.”

May combine two claims.

In the oceanic section, the 15°C isotherm deepened at the southern limit to 85 m, but rose to 60 m at the northern boundary.

“In the oceanic section, the 15°C isotherm deepened at the southern limit to 85 m, but rose to 60 m at the northern boundary.”

May combine two claims.

On the southern edge of the Equatorial Front, temperatures ranged from 19 to 21°C and salinity from 34 to 35.

“On the southern edge of the front, temperatures ranged from 19 to 21°C and salinity from 34 to 35, whereas on the northern edge, they ranged from 24 to 25°C and 33.0 to 33.5 (Fig. 2).”

May combine two claims.

The central and oceanic sections were similar to patterns for temperature, with the halocline rising at the southernmost stations.

“The central and oceanic sections were similar to patterns for temperature, with the halocline rising at the southernmost stations due to upwelling.”

May combine two claims.

Group 3 consisted of Pleuromamma borealis and Calanus chilensis, which were absent on the northern edge of the Front and had maxima located on the southern edge and in the central sector of the Equatorial Front, respectively.

“Group 3 consisted of Pleuromamma borealis and Calanus chilensis, which were absent on the northern edge of the Front and had maxima located on the southern edge and in the central sector of the Equatorial Front, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

Subeucalanus pileatus (11%) followed O. venusta in abundance and was found mostly in oceanic waters (central and oceanic sections), with a scant presence off the Ecuadorian coast.

“Subeucalanus pileatus (11%) followed O. venusta in abundance and was found mostly in oceanic waters (central and oceanic sections), with a scant presence off the Ecuadorian coast (Fig. 7b).”

May combine two claims.

We collected 69% of all the specimens with the 335-μm net and the other 31% with the 600-μm net.

“In fact, we collected 69% of all the specimens with the 335-μm net and the other 31% with the 600-μm net (Table 3).”

May combine two claims.

Surface temperature fluctuated between 19 and 25°C and salinity between 33.5 and 35.0 during the study.

“Surface temperature fluctuated between 19 and 25°C and salinity between 33.5 and 35.0, revealing a well-developed Equatorial Front between continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands (Fig. 2).”

May combine two claims.

On the northern edge of the Equatorial Front, temperatures ranged from 24 to 25°C and salinity from 33.0 to 33.5.

“On the southern edge of the front, temperatures ranged from 19 to 21°C and salinity from 34 to 35, whereas on the northern edge, they ranged from 24 to 25°C and 33.0 to 33.5 (Fig. 2).”

May combine two claims.

The chi-squared test showed significant values for both canonical roots.

“The chi-squared test (χ 2 ) showed significant values for both canonical roots (Table 4).”

May combine two claims.

The 20°C isotherm was found between 20 and 30 m at the northern stations, rising at the southern stations and even reaching the surface at stations 9 and 11.

“The 20°C isotherm (the upper limit of the thermocline) (Zambrano, 1998) was found between 20 and 30 m at the northern stations, rising at the southern stations and even reaching the surface at stations 9 and 11.”

May combine two claims.

For the 335-μm net, Centropages velificatus had a wide geographic distribution and maxima at the stations in the central area of the Equatorial Front.

“and Centropages velificatus (2%), with a wide geographic distribution and maxima at the stations in the central area of the Equatorial Front.”

May combine two claims.

P. attenuatus densities were highest in the oceanic area near the Galapagos Islands, with a maximum at station 12.

“whereas P. attenuatus densities were highest in the oceanic area near the Galapagos Islands, with a maximum at station 12 (Fig. 9a).”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Abundance fluctuated between 5000 and 15000 ind 10^-3 m^-3 in samples obtained with the 335-μm net, and between 2000 and 7000 ind 10^-3 m^-3 in samples taken using the 600-μm net.

“Abundance was highest to the east of the Galapagos Islands (oceanic section), fluctuating between 5000 and 15000 ind 10 -3 m -3 in the samples obtained with the 335-μm net, and between 2000 and 7000 ind 10 -3 m -3 in the samples taken using the 600-μm net.”

May combine two claims.

Oncaea venusta showed a wide geographic distribution at all stations, with abundance maxima in the oceanic sector near the Galapagos Islands.

“Oncaea venusta (15%) was the predominant species and showed a wide geographic distribution at all stations, averaging 974 ind 10 -3 m -3 per station, with abundance maxima in the oceanic sector near the Galapagos Islands (Fig. 7a).”

May combine two claims.

Subeucalanus crassus (5%) had a highly homogeneous geographic distribution, peaking at station 14.

“Subeucalanus crassus (5%) had a highly homogeneous geographic distribution, peaking at station 14 (Fig. 8a), whereas S. subtenuis (5%) was scarce at the coastal stations and was found mainly in the oceanic area, peaking at station 12 (Fig. 8b).”

May combine two claims.

In September-October 2001, slight increases in sea surface temperature anomalies were observed in central Equatorial Pacific (2°N-2°S), announcing the end of La Niña event 2001, while the eastern South Pacific, including the coasts of Ecuador, Peru and Chile (1-20°S), still evidenced negative anomalies (-0.5 to -1.5°C).

“In September-October 2001, while slight increases in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies were observed in central Equatorial Pacific (2°N-2°S), announcing the end of La Niña event 2001, the eastern South Pacific, including the coasts of Ecuador, Peru and Chile (1-20°S), still evidenced negative anomalies (-0.5 to -1.5°C).”

May combine two claims.

The surface distribution of anomalies showed lower temperatures (negative anomalies of -1.5°C) and higher salinity (positive anomalies of 0.5) in the southern sector and west of 83°W.

“The surface distribution of anomalies (Fig. 3) showed lower temperatures (negative anomalies of -1.5°C) and higher salinity (positive anomalies of 0.5) in the southern sector and west of 83°W, which was in agreement with the development of the La Niña event.”

May combine two claims.

Temora discaudata showed a wide geographic distribution, peaking to the east of the Galapagos Islands, and was associated with the stations on the northern edge of the front.

“Temora discaudata (2%) showed a wide geographic distribution, peaking to the east of the Galapagos Islands, and was associated with the stations on the northern edge of the front (Fig. 9c).”

May combine two claims.

Subeucalanus subtenuis (5%) was scarce at the coastal stations and was found mainly in the oceanic area, peaking at station 12.

“Subeucalanus crassus (5%) had a highly homogeneous geographic distribution, peaking at station 14 (Fig. 8a), whereas S. subtenuis (5%) was scarce at the coastal stations and was found mainly in the oceanic area, peaking at station 12 (Fig. 8b).”

May combine two claims.

With the 600-μm net, Rhincalanus nasutus had a wide geographic distribution and higher densities in the central part of the front.

“and Rhincalanus nasutus (5%), with a wide geographic distribution and higher densities in the central part of the front.”

May combine two claims.

Oncaea venusta (15%) was the predominant species and averaged 974 ind 10^-3 m^-3 per station.

“Oncaea venusta (15%) was the predominant species and showed a wide geographic distribution at all stations, averaging 974 ind 10 -3 m -3 per station, with abundance maxima in the oceanic sector near the Galapagos Islands (Fig. 7a).”

May combine two claims.

We identified 49352 copepods corresponding to 107 species.

“We identified 49352 copepods corresponding to 107 species.”

May combine two claims.

The dominant wind pattern observed in 80% of wind observations was north-eastward or north-westward, with an average speed of 10 knots.

“The dominant wind pattern observed in 80% of wind observations was north-eastward or north-westward, with an average speed of 10 knots, suggesting upwelling-favourable conditions during almost the total sampling time.”

May combine two claims.

Group 1 included Oncaea venusta, Temora discaudata, Subeucalanus crassus and Subeucalanus pileatus, with the first three having the highest abundance associated with warm tropical waters from the north, while Subeucalanus pileatus showed its maximum eastward of the Galapagos Islands associated with an upwelling event.

“Group 1 included Oncaea venusta, Temora discaudata, Subeucalanus crassus y Subeucalanus.pileatus, the first three having the highest abundance associated with warm tropical waters from the north, while Subeucalanus pileatus showed its maximum eastward of the Galapagos Islands associated with an upwelling event.”

May combine two claims.

Pleuromamma borealis (9%) was caught mainly at the stations along the Equatorial Front; these maxima in abundance decreased toward the northern and southern boundaries of the front.

“Pleuro- mamma borealis (9%) was caught mainly at the stations along the Equatorial Front; these maxima in abundance decreased toward the northern and southern boundaries of the front (Fig. 7c).”

May combine two claims.

Scolecithrix danae and Paraeucalanus attenuatus were widely distributed in the study area.

“Scolecithrix danae (4%) and Paraeucalanus attenuatus (4%) were widely distributed in the study area.”

May combine two claims.

Clausocalanus farrani was absent at the stations on the northern edge of the front, with maxima to the south of the front in association with cold subtropical waters.

“Clausocalanus farrani (3%) was absent at the stations on the northern edge of the front, with maxima to the south of the front in association with cold subtropical waters (Fig. 9b).”

May combine two claims.

S. danae showed average densities at all stations, with a fairly homogeneous distribution.

“S. danae showed average densities at all stations, with a fairly homogeneous distribution (Fig. 8c)”

May combine two claims.

Group 2 was constituted by Subeucalanus subtenuis, Paraeucalanus attenuatus, Clausocalanus farrani and Scolecithrix danae, which revealed their highest abundance in the station to the east of the Galapagos Islands.

“Group 2 was constituted by Subeucalanus subtenuis, Paraeucalanus attenuatus, Clausocalanus farrani and Scolecithrix danae, which revealed their highest abundance in the station to the east of the Galapagos Islands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Geostrophic velocities from altimetry averaged between 17 September and 9 October 2001 showed evidence of some rings and typical oceanic weak currents that developed during the cruise sampling.

“Geostrophic velocities from altimetry (Fig. 4) averaged between 17 September and 9 October 2001 showed evidence of some rings and typical oceanic weak currents that developed during the cruise sampling.”

May combine two claims.

Pleuromamma borealis showed a greater preference for low-temperature waters, confirming the description given by Björnberg (1981).

“but showed a greater preference for low-temperature waters, confirming the description given by Björnberg (1981).”

• cites Björnberg (1981)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Calanus chilensis constituted Group 3 and best characterized the southern edge of the Equatorial Front (Stations 1-4, 9, 10).

“Of these species, Calanus chilensis constituted Group 3 and best characterized the southern edge of the Equatorial Front (Stations 1-4, 9, 10).”

May combine two claims.

The eastern side of the Galápagos Islands area was best defined by Subeucalanus subtenuis, which was located at the southwestern limit of the Equatorial Front.

“The area was best defined by Subeucalanus subtenuis, which was located at the southwestern limit of the Equatorial Front.”

May combine two claims.

The copepod fauna in the study area was made up of 107 species, complementing the previous work of Tutasi (2001), who identified 97 species for the coastal zone of Ecuador in the same study period.

“The copepod fauna in the study area was made up of 107 species, complementing the previous work of Tutasi (2001), who identified 97 species for the coastal zone of Ecuador in the same study period.”

• cites Tutasi (2001)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In this work, abundance was highest at the stations on the southern border of the Equatorial Front (Stations 11, 12, 89oW section), and small cores of abundance were found in the oceanic area (85°W).

“In this work, abundance was highest at the stations on the southern border of the Equatorial Front (Stations 11, 12, 89ºW section), and small cores of abundance were found in the oceanic area (85°W).”

May combine two claims.

The warm tropical waters on the northern edge of the Equatorial Front (Stations 5, 14, 15) had low salinity and were characterized by Oncaea venusta, Temora discaudata, and Subeucalanus crassus.

“The warm tropical waters on the northern edge of the Equatorial Front (Stations 5, 14, 15) had low salinity and were characterized by Oncaea venusta, Temora discaudata, and Subeucalanus crassus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When southeasterly winds blow and the Humboldt Current flows farther north, the Equatorial Front becomes more developed, contracting northwest from 2°S to 2°N between 80 and 90°W.

“When southeasterly winds blow and north-westward flow of the Humboldt Current comes farther north, the front becomes more developed, contracting northwest from 2°S to 2ºN between 80 and 90°W.”

• cites Wyrtki, 1967Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jiménez, 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Okuda et al., 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Equatorial Front is observed during the dry season (austral winter).

“The resulting Equatorial Front is observed during the dry season (the austral winter).”

• cites Wyrtki, 1967Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jiménez, 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Okuda et al., 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Copepods are the most abundant primary consumers throughout the oceans and the main food of several planktophagous fishes, fish larvae, and planktonic and benthic invertebrates.

“They are the most abundant primary consumers throughout the oceans and the main food of several planktophagous fishes (e.g.herring, anchovy, sardine and corvine), fish larvae, and planktonic and benthic invertebrates (Björnberg, 1981).”

• cites Björnberg, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Rising of the 15°C isotherm on the southern side might be associated with the presence of mesoscale eddies and the presence of the branch of the Equatorial Undercurrent, both inducing upwelling.

“Rising on the southern side might be associated with the presence of mesoscale eddies and the presence of the branch of the Equatorial Undercurrent, both inducing upwelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Observations and measurements were made with a calibrated microscope.

“Observations and measurements were made with a calibrated microscope.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The nets were equipped with flowmeters to estimate the volume of water filtered.

“The nets were equipped with flowmeters to estimate the volume of water filtered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Copepod taxonomic classification was based on specialized literature.

“Copepod taxonomic classification was based on the specialized literature (Wilson, 1932;Grice, 1961;Dawson and Knatz, 1980;Björnberg, 1981;Mazzocchi et al., 1995).”

• cites Wilson, 1932 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Grice, 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dawson and Knatz, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The South Equatorial Current is fed in the northeast by a branch of the North Equatorial Countercurrent and in the southeast by the Humboldt Current.

“It is fed in the northeast by a branch of the North Equatorial Countercurrent and in the southeast by the Humboldt Current, which flows northward from Peru before veering west towards the Galapagos Islands, forming the southern boundary of the Equatorial Front (Wooster, 1969).”

• cites Wooster, 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The South Equatorial Current is the main surface current in the study area.

“The South Equatorial Current is the main surface current in the study area.It moves westward between 4ºN and 10ºS.”

• cites Wooster, 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Humboldt Current flows northward from Peru before veering west towards the Galapagos Islands, forming the southern boundary of the Equatorial Front.

“It is fed in the northeast by a branch of the North Equatorial Countercurrent and in the southeast by the Humboldt Current, which flows northward from Peru before veering west towards the Galapagos Islands, forming the southern boundary of the Equatorial Front (Wooster, 1969).”

• cites Wooster, 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This weak westward current could be a part of the South Equatorial Current.

“which could be a part of the South Equatorial Current”

May combine two claims.

The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) showed values associated with near neutral conditions, but they seemed to be representative of the central and western sides of the equatorial Pacific rather than the eastern side.

“The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) showed values associated with near neutral conditions, but they seemed to be representative of the central and western sides of the equatorial Pacific rather than the eastern side.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The South Equatorial Current moves westward between 4°N and 10°S.

“The South Equatorial Current is the main surface current in the study area.It moves westward between 4ºN and 10ºS.”

• cites Wooster, 1969Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several researchers have used copepods to characterize oceanographic conditions and water masses because their short life cycles allow them to respond to seasonal changes.

“In recent decades, several researchers have used copepods to characterize oceanographic conditions and water masses (Björnberg, 1981;Beaugrand et al., 2002;Costello et al., 2006;McKinnon et al., 2008) because their short life cycles allow them to respond to seasonal changes (Hooff and Peterson, 2006;McKinnon et al., 2008).”

• cites Björnberg, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Beaugrand et al., 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McKinnon et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

During the time of sampling at sea, Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies between -0.5 and -1.0°C and Equatorial Subsurface Temperature Anomalies between -1 and -2.0°C dominated in the eastern Equatorial Pacific.

“During the time of sampling at sea, Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies between -0.5 and -1.0°C and Equatorial Subsurface Temperature Anomalies between -1 and -2.0°C dominated in the eastern Equatorial Pacific, as was shown by historical data retrieved from the website of Climate Prediction Centre (NOAA, 2001).”

• cites NOAA, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Arcos and Fleminger (1986) found maxima of these species in the coastal zone.

“These results differ from those of Arcos and Fleminger (1986), who found maxima of these species in the coastal zone.”

• cites Arcos and Fleminger (1986)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Subeucalanus subtenuis is typical of tropical eutrophic waters and waters with recent blooms that are rich in nutrients.

“This species is typical of tropical eutrophic waters (Björnberg, 1981) and waters with recent blooms that are rich in nutrients”

• cites Björnberg, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the eastern Pacific, Oncaea venusta was closely tied to warm tropical waters on the northern edge of the Equatorial Front, where it was very abundant.

“where O. venusta was closely tied to warm tropical waters on the northern edge of the Equatorial Front, where it was very abundant.”

• cites Dessier and Donguy, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Hwang and Turner (1995) associated Oncaea venusta with warm waters in the western Pacific Ocean, indicating its preference for warmer waters.

“Moreover, Hwang and Turner (1995) associated O. venusta with warm waters in the western Pacific Ocean, indicating its preference for warmer waters.”

• cites Hwang and Turner (1995) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Oncaea venusta, Pleuromamma borealis, and Calanus chilensis are all oceanic in origin.

“all oceanic in origin (Björnberg, 1981).”

• cites Björnberg, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A counter-clockwise eddy at about 1°N and 90°W could have been promoting upwelling in the northwestern region of the sampling.

“A counter-clockwise eddy at about 1°N and 90°W could have been promoting upwelling in the northwestern region of the sampling.”

May combine two claims.

These conditions indicate that this atypical event was associated with the overall cooling of La Niña and/or bloom waters moving from the west toward the continent, favouring the availability of pelagic resources off the Ecuadorian coast.

“Furthermore, these conditions indicate that this atypical event was associated with the overall cooling of La Niña and/or bloom waters moving from the west toward the continent, favouring the availability of pelagic resources off the Ecuadorian coast.”

May combine two claims.

Such conditions coincide with high values of chlorophyll (1.1 mg m-3) recorded in the same area in September-October 2001, with low patches (>0.5 mg m-3) in the ocean (85°W) associated with highest biomass of diatoms and resulting from an upwelling process triggered by a remnant of the Equatorial Undercurrent passing through the Galapagos Islands.

“Such conditions coincide with high values of chlorophyll (1.1 mg m -3 ) recorded in the same area in September-October 2001 (Torres et al., 2004), with low patches (>0.5 mg m -3 ) in the ocean (85°W) associated with highest biomass of diatoms and resulting from an upwelling process triggered by a remnant of the Equatorial Undercurrent passing through the Galapagos Islands.”

• cites Torres et al., 2004Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The location of Calanus chilensis catches in the study area indicates a displacement from the coast of Chile-Peru to Ecuador, coinciding with the proposal of Arcos and Fleminger (1986).

“location of catches in this area indicates a displacement from the coast of Chile-Peru to Ecuador, coinciding with the proposal of Arcos and Fleminger (1986).”

• cites Arcos and Fleminger (1986)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The observed patterns could be attributed to (1) an augmented contribution of cold waters and negative anomalies in temperature (19-21°C) and salinity (34.5-35.0) resulting from an upwelling process triggered by a remnant of the Equatorial Undercurrent moving eastward past the Galápagos Islands, (2) the oceanic branch of the Humboldt Current and upwelling driven from southerly winds, and (3) the贡献

“These patterns could be attributed to 1) an augmented contribution of cold waters and negative anomalies in temperature (19-21°C) and salinity (34.5-35.0)resulting from an upwelling process triggered by a remnant of the Equatorial Undercurrent (Fig. 4) moving eastward past the Galápagos Islands, 2) the oceanic branch of the Humboldt Current, and upwelling driven from southerly winds, and 3) the”

May combine two claims.

Patterns of circulation of two main oceanic currents and evidence of mesoscale eddies in the region might indicate upwelling.

“Patterns of circulation of two main oceanic currents and evidence of mesoscale eddies in the region might indicate upwelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Oncaea conifera, Pleuromamma abdominalis, and Rhincalanus nasutus are common in the sub-Antarctic waters of the Humboldt Current System off the Peruvian and Chilean coasts.

“O. conifera, P. abdominalis and R. nasutus are common in the sub-Antarctic waters of the Humboldt Current System off the Peruvian and Chilean coasts (Palma and Kaiser, 1993;Hidalgo and Escribano, 2001;Ayón et al., 2008).”

• cites Palma and Kaiser, 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hidalgo and Escribano, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ayón et al., 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Equatorial upwelling produces an area of high biological productivity around the Galápagos Islands that is intensified during cold La Niña events.

“It is known that equatorial upwelling produces an area of high biological productivity around the Galápagos Islands that is intensified during cold La Niña events (Torres and Tapia, 2000).”

• cites Torres and Tapia, 2000Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Our results suggest that abundance of copepods was related to the existence of the Equatorial Front and to upwelling processes occurring during sampling.

“Our results offer a broader view of the distribution and abundance of this taxon in the waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific, suggesting that abundance of copepods was related to the existence of the Equatorial Front and to upwelling processes occurring during sampling.”