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Cited by 2Archaeology and ancient environmental studiesAmazonian Archaeology and EthnohistoryHistorical Studies in Central America

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 65 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Sociedades Complejas en Tumaco: Asentamiento, Subsistencia e Intercambio

Open access
Patiño, Diógenes·1998·El área septentrional andina
DOI 10.4000/books.ifea.3362
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Abstract

En la costa Pacífica de Colombia y Ecuador las sociedades complejas Tumaco-La Tolita (ca. 350 a.C.-350 d.C) se caracterizan por conjuntos de montículos, campos de cultivo, sofisticada industria orfebre y cerámica, intercambio a larga distancia y por una economía de subsistencia basada en la agricultura y recursos marinos. Este trabajo busca explicar cómo estas sociedades lograron florecer por cerca de 700 años en un ambiente tropical extremadamente húmedo (4000-6000 mm/año). Reconocimientos sistemáticos, excavaciones y análisis espaciales son usados para determinar: (1) asentamientos y patrones de subsistencia; (2) interrelaciones culturales; (3) redes de intercambio y (4) para proveer una cronología más refinada de la región.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This chapter reports on the 1995 Tumaco project, arguing that the Tumaco–La Tolita complex societies (ca. 350 BC–AD 350) sustained dense, mound-building, agricultural and maritime chiefdoms for roughly 700 years in one of the world's wettest tropical settings (4000–6000 mm rainfall/year). It combines systematic survey, excavation, pollen and GIS analysis to reconstruct settlement patterns, subsistence, exchange networks and a refined regional chronology.

Key findings

  • Survey of a 40 km transect from Espriella to Tumaco (600 m wide band, covering ~50% of known sites) plus random survey in mangroves and interior rivers recorded 97 archaeological sites, ranging from single dwellings under 1 ha to mound complexes of 8–20 ha and flat-zone sites exceeding 100 ha combining fields and habitation.
  • Three settlement patterns are defined: mangrove occupation (e.g., San Luis S02, Tambillo S04, Nerete S03), fertile alluvial plain centres with mounds and fields (Chilví–Inguapí: La Magnolia S14, La Catedral S19, Inguapí S13), and interior hill/alluvial zones with poor soils and small dispersed mounds (La Remigia S53, La Esperanza S58, La Cortadura S65). Densest occupation is Inguapí II, concentrated in mangrove and fertile plain ecosystems; after ca. AD 600 the coastal area appears abandoned, with later Bucheli-Caunapí settlement shifting to less fertile fluvial/hill environments.
  • Prehispanic raised-field systems are reported for the first time in the study area: parallel camellones and long ditches over 1 km long, canals 4–9 m wide, ridges 4–20 m wide raised 50–60 cm above the present surface. Documented sites include Piñal Salado (S06, ~100 ha), Las Tres Marías (S12, ~50 ha), La Tirsa (S59, ~50 ha), Inguapí del Carmen (S11, ~50–60 ha), El Gran Cebú (S50, ~50 ha) and the Finca de Teodulinda Carabalí (5–7 ha).
  • Exchange: 28 obsidian fragments were recovered in total (including 4 previously found by Bouchard), 23 associated with Inguapí II and 1 with El Morro (Exporcol S01); most are 1–4 cm flakes, cores and possible blades/scrapers, interpreted as ritual rather than domestic items. Gold-working debris at La Tola 1, Tr-2 was dated to 470 ± 90 BC (Beta 82931) and 370 ± 60 BC (Beta 82930), and gold wire at Inguapí Mound 5 to 325 BC, making coastal metallurgy older than 500 BC.

Methods

  • Regional coastal study (Tumaco project, begun 1995) with systematic survey, test pits and excavations during an extended field season in early 1995; the study area was divided into three physiographic zones (mangrove, interfluvial plain, fluvial).
  • Material classification followed Bouchard (1982–83), with seriation plus C-14 dates producing a four-phase sequence: Inguapí I (500–350 BC), Inguapí II (350 BC–AD 350), El Morro (AD 350–600) and Bucheli-Caunapí (AD 700–1500).
  • GIS (Idrisi) and the project database were used to generate analytical maps combining phases, sites and physiographic zones; subsistence evidence came from pollen analysis of raised fields and canals (Las Tres Marías, La Tirsa) and from ceramic and lithic artefacts.

Limitations

  • Stated by the paper: bone and shell remains are scarce because organic materials decompose rapidly in these sites, so faunal and marine subsistence studies remain incomplete or non-existent; no cultivated-species pollen was found in the Las Tres Marías excavation (phytolith analyses still pending); many raised fields are only partially exposed, so their true extent may be larger; the El Morro settlement pattern is "not very clear"; and the two La Tola radiocarbon dates appear inverted because of fill deposits.
  • Evident from the text: the random survey in mangrove and interior river zones was "poco sistemática" owing to the difficulty of working in humid forest, so roughly half the site sample rests on less controlled coverage; the chapter is largely descriptive and its chiefdom hypothesis is framed as a hypothesis rather than tested against the reported data.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4000/books.ifea.3362

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  • Findingcitation
    § 3. Fases Arqueológicas en Tumaco

    Material classification, together with C-14 dates, determined chronological positions for a sequence of four archaeological phases in the Tumaco region: Inguapí I (500-350 BC), Inguapí II (350 BC-350 AD), El Morro (350-600 AD), and Bucheli-Caunapí (700-1500 AD).

    “La clasificación de materiales fue a su vez encaminada hacia un análisis de seriación que junto con fechas de C-14 determinaron posiciones cronológicas para una secuencia de 4 fases arqueológicas en la región de Tumaco: Inguapí I (500-350 a.C); Inguapí II (350 a.C.-350 d.C); El Morro (350-600 d.C.) y Bucheli-Caunapí (700-1500 d.C).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bouchard 1982-83

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    The other 50% of sites was detected in mangrove zones and interior rivers through random surveys.

    “El otro 50% fue detectado en las zonas de manglar y en los ríos interiores mediante prospecciones al azar”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § 3. Fases Arqueológicas en Tumaco

    In the Tumaco region no evidence of preceramic groups has been observed.

    “En la región no se han observado evidencias de grupos precerámi-cos”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Maps reveal concentration or dispersion according to settlement patterns at different temporal moments.

    “En los mapas los sitios distribuidos por las fases arqueológicas revelan concentración o dispersión de acuerdo a pautas de asentamiento en diferentes momentos temporales.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    The total survey in the physiographic zones yielded 97 archaeological sites.

    “La prospección total en las zonas fisiográficas arrojó un total de 97 sitios arqueológicos”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 37
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 15

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Other sites in flat zones reach more than 100 hectares, combining cultivation fields and dwelling areas with mounds.

    “Otros sitios en zonas planas alcanzan más de 100 hectáreas, donde se combinan campos de cultivo y áreas de vivienda con montículos”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Areas of occupation with high concentrations of prehispanic garbage are common.

    “También son comunes las áreas de ocupación con altas concentraciones de basuras prehis-pánicas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Settlement pattern 1 in Tumaco is occupation in mangrove zones with dwellings probably raised off the ground to avoid humidity, and also use of artificial mounds of various sizes.

    “(1) ocupación en zonas de manglares con viviendas probablemente levantadas del suelo para evitar la humedad; también existe el uso de montículos artificiales de varios tamaños.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Sites were occupied by one or two dwellings in spaces of less than 1 ha, as well as by a group of dwellings or villages with artificial mounds (tolas) more complex in spaces of 8 to 20 ha.

    “Estos fueron ocupados bien por una o dos viviendas en espacios de menos de 1 ha. como por un conjunto de viviendas o poblados con montículos artificiales (tolas) más complejo en espacios de 8 a 20 ha”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Settlement with mounds existed on El Morro island, but the settlement pattern in sandy beach zones was not very common.

    “También existió asentamiento con montículos en la isla de El Morro, sitios Exporcol (S01) en las cercanías de la Capitanía del Puerto; sin embargo, el patrón de asentamiento en zonas de playas arenosas no fue muy común.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § 3. Fases Arqueológicas en Tumaco

    Few sites showed evidence of the colonial period.

    “En realidad pocos sitios mostraron evidencias del período colonial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Settlement pattern 2 in Tumaco is settlements in fertile flat lands of the alluvial plain adjacent to the mangrove zone; these population centers tend to be the largest in the region with concentrations of mounds, cultivation fields and abundant cultural remains.

    “(2) asentamientos en las tierras planas fértiles de la llanura aluvial colindante con la zona de manglares. Estos centros poblados tienden a ser los más grandes en la región con concentraciones de montículos, campos de cultivos y abundantes restos culturales diseminados en la superficie.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Settlement pattern 3 in Tumaco is occupation of hill areas and interior alluvial zones characterized by poor soils; sites generally consist of 1 or 2 small dispersed mounds, as well as sites without mounds.

    “(3) ocupación de áreas de colinas y zonas aluviales interiores caracterizada por suelos poco fértiles. Los sitios generalmente se componen de 1 o 2 montículos pequeños y dispersos, así como de sitios sin montículos”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In Tumaco the zones of greatest concentration of obsidian fragments are the surroundings of Inguapí, the La Magnolia area near the mangroves, and the La Miranda (S97) area on the Mira river about 40 km from its mouth.

    “En Tumaco las zonas de mayor concentración de fragmentos de obsidiana son los alrededores de Inguapí, el área de La Magnolia cerca a los manglares y el área de La Miranda (S97) en el río Mira, a unos 40 km. de su desembocadura en el mar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Las Tres Marías (S12) at 5 m.a.s.l. has cultivation fields associated with mounds destroyed for brick making; the fields are based on two large ditches draining multiple parallel canals in an area of approximately 50 hectares.

    “Las Tres Marías (S12) (Foto 2) (Bucheli) a 5 m.s.n.m. en esta finca los campos de cultivo aparecen asociados a montículos que han sido destruidos para la fabricación de ladrillo”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias · hedged
      “Los campos para cultivos se basan en dos grandes zanjas que drenan múltiples canales paralelos en una área aproximada de 50 hectáreas”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    The site La Magnolia is inscribed within an extensive area of prehispanic cultivation fields of the Inguapí and Chilví region.

    “El sitio se encuentra inscrito dentro de una extensa área de campos de cultivo prehispánicos de la región de Inguapí y Chilví”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    On the continental part, coastal products appear in the interior Andean highlands and vice versa, Andean products appear on the coast.

    “En la parte continental productos costeros aparecen en el interior de las tierras altas andinas (e.g., conchas, caracoles, cerámicas, etc.) y viceversa productos de los Andes en la costa”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In Las Tres Marías the water table appears at 10 cm of excavation in the canal part, and the prehispanic canal system still functions to drain grazing lands.

    “En Las Tres Marías el nivel freático aparece a los l0cm. de excavación en la parte del canal y se puede decir que el sistema prehispánico de canales aún funciona para drenar los terrenos de pastoreo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Piñal Salado (S06) at 4 m.a.s.l. is located northwest of El Piñal, in an intermediate zone between the alluvial plain and the mangrove forest; an extensive area of about 100 hectares is covered by long canals with parallel ridges draining into the estuary of the same name.

    “Piñal Salado (S06) (Foto 1) a 4 m.s.n.m. se localiza al noroeste del pueblo El Piñal, en una zona intermedia entre la llanura aluvial y la selva de manglares. Una extensa área de unas 100 hectáreas está cubierta por largos canales con camellones paralelos que drenan las aguas en el estero del mismo nombre”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In the La Tirsa excavation, the ridges are better conserved and the characteristics are more or less the same as the previous site.

    “En la excavación de La Tirsa (S59) se observan más o menos las mismas características del sitio anterior, allí los camellones estan mejor conservados.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    No pollen of cultivated species was found in the Las Tres Marías excavation, although phytolith analyses are awaited.

    “De otro lado, no existe polen de especies cultivadas en esta excavación, aunque se esperan los análisis de fitolitos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Technically, the two small alluvial gold sheets were melted and repoussé; one of them contains silver and copper components in small quantities.

    “Técnicamente, las dos pequeñas láminas de oro de aluvión fueron fundidas y repujadas, una de ellas contiene componentes de plata y cobre en pequeñas cantidades.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In zones where grazing exists today, canals have lost part of their original structure due to erosion and soil compaction.

    “En zonas donde hoy existe pastoreo los canales han perdido parte de la estructura original a causa de la erosión y compactación del suelo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In total 28 obsidian fragments have been found, including 4 fragments previously found by Bouchard.

    “En total se han hallado 28 fragmentos de obsidiana, incluidos 4 fragmentos hallados con anterioridad por Bouchard (1982-83:218; Fig. 20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bouchard 1982-83:218

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    For the El Morro phase, site distribution shows occupation of different environments both on the coast and in the interior alluvial plain, although its settlement pattern is not very clear.

    “Para la fase El Morro, la distribución de sitios muestra la ocupación de diferentes ambientes tanto en la costa como en el interior de la llanura aluvial, aunque su patrón de asentamiento no es muy claro.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    The complex system has canals oscillating between 4 and 9 m wide and ridges between 4 and 20 m wide raised 50 or 60 cm from the current surface.

    “El complejo sistema tiene canales que oscilan entre los 4 y 9 metros de ancho y camellones entre los 4 y 20 metros de ancho levantados 50 ó 60 cm. de la superficie actual.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In both Las Tres Marías and La Tirsa, few cultural materials (e.g., ceramics with mammiform supports) of Tumaco-La Tolita affiliation (Inguapí II phase) and some botanical remains were recovered.

    “En ambos sitios se rescataron pocos materiales culturales (e.g. cerámicas con soportes mamiformes) de filiación Tumaco-La Tolita (Fase Inguapí II) y algunos restos botánicos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In our project, obsidians associated with Inguapí II materials total 23 fragments found in low quantities of 1 to 4 per site and 11 fragments in a single site, La Miranda (S97) on the Mira river.

    “En nuestro proyecto las obsidianas que se asocian a materiales de la fase Inguapí II suman en total 23 fragmentos encontrados en bajas cantidades de 1 a 4 por sitio y en cantidad de 11 fragmentos en un sólo sitio, como es el caso de La Miranda (S97) a orillas del río Mira.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Sitio El Gran Cebú (S50) at 50 m.a.s.l., km 35 of the Pasto-Tumaco road, has long ditches and canals eroded by current grazing in an area of about 50 hectares.

    “Sitio El Gran Cebú (S50) a 50 m.s.n.m., localizados en el km. 35 de la vía Pasto-Tumaco, se observan largas zanjas y canales erosionados por el pastoreo actual en una área de unas 50 hectáreas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    La Tirsa (S59) at 15 m.a.s.l. in the Chilví area near La Catedral has fields of two types: one in ditches and ridges in small cleared areas, and others in fields with long parallel canals of more than 1 km cut by the Pasto-Tumaco road; this partially cleared system occupies approximately 50 hectares.

    “La Tirsa (S59) a 15 m.s.n.m. en el área de Chilví, cerca del sitio La Catedral (S19) (Figura 3), se encuentran los campos de dos tipos: uno en zanjas y camellones en áreas pequeñas despejadas y otros en campos con largos canales paralelos de más de 1 km. cortados por la vía que va de Pasto a Tumaco. Este sistema parcialmente despejado ocupa aproximadamente unas 50 hectáreas”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Finca de Teodulinda Carabalí, located 6 km from Chilví, has elevated fields that are curved and rectilinear, occupying 5 to 7 hectares in cleared zones.

    “Finca de Teodulinda Carabalí, localizada a 6 km. de Chilví, en dirección al río Mira. Este sitio fue observado en fotos aéreas y reviste especial interés debido a que los campos elevados son curvos y rectilíneos que ocupan una extensión de 5 a 7 hectáreas en zonas despejadas”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 2. El Area de Estudio: Localización y Ambiente

    The lower Pacific littoral is formed by an extensive and rich mangrove strip, affected by tides and crossed by rivers and estuaries that facilitated navigation since prehispanic times between the area's villages and hamlets.

    “La parte baja del litoral Pacífico esta formado por una extensa y rica franja de manglares, afectada por las mareas y cruzada por ríos y esteros que facilitan la navegación, desde tiempos prehispánicos, entre los poblados y caceríos del área”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 2. El Area de Estudio: Localización y Ambiente

    The vegetation of the study area is classified as very humid tropical forest (bmh-T).

    “Su vegetación es clasificada como bosque tropical muy húmedo (bmh-T).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cortés 1981

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites IGAC 1985

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 2. El Area de Estudio: Localización y Ambiente

    Average annual temperature in the study area is 26°C and annual rainfall is between 4000 and 6000 mm.

    “La temperatura anual promedio es de 26°C con una plu-viosidad anual entre 4000 y 6000 mm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cortés 1981

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites IGAC 1985

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Artificial mound constructions were used for dwelling, possible workshops, and funerary burials.

    “De los sitios habitados se analizaron construcciones de montículos artificiales, los cuales se usaron para vivienda, posibles talleres y enterramientos funerarios.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    In the systematic survey transect from Espriella to Tumaco, a 600 m wide strip was tracked, summing almost 50% of the total archaeological sites in the study region.

    “En este tran-secto se rastreó una franja de 600 metros de ancho lo que sumó casi el 50% del total de sitios arqueológicos en la región de estudio.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 1. La Investigación en Tumaco

    Tumaco, despite being an important cultural center reflecting complex societies in the past, has been the subject of few archaeological studies in recent decades.

    “Tumaco a pesar de ser un centro cultural importante que refleja características de sociedades complejas en el pasado, ha sido objeto de pocos estudios arqueológicos en las últimas décadas (Bouchard 1982-83; Patiño 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bouchard 1982-83

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Patiño 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Typical clay graters with stone incrustations seem to have been used for various purposes, especially in the preparation of fish and probably in grating tubers such as yuca.

    “Los típicos ralladores de arcilla con incrustaciones en piedra parecen haber sido utilizados para varios fines, especialmente en la preparación de peces y probablemente en el rallado de tubérculos como la yuca (Manihoc esculenta).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Hipótesis de los Cacicazgos Costeros

    In tropical America, chiefdom models have been analyzed as expressions of cultural complexity.

    “En las zonas tropicales de América, se han analizado modelos de cacicazgos como expresiones de complejidad cultural”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Drennan 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Drennan y Uribe 1987

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Langebaek y Cárdenas 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Carved and polished obsidian mirrors recovered in the Esmeraldas region have been interpreted as objects of ritual power among shamans.

    “Por ejemplo, espejos de obsidiana tallada y pulida recuperados en la región de Esmeraldas se los ha interpretado como objetos de poder ritual entre chamanes (Burger et. al. 1994:246; Salazar 1992:126; Uhle 1927:248; Valdez 1987:72).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Burger et. al. 1994:246

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Salazar 1992:126

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Uhle 1927:248

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Hipótesis de los Cacicazgos Costeros

    These societies were not relatively simple egalitarian societies, nor did their complexity reach the organizational and coercive magnitude of states.

    “las cuales no fueron igualitarias relativamente simples ni tampoco su complejidad alcanzó la magnitud organizativa y coercitiva de los estados”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Drennan 1992

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Earle 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Johnson y Earle 1987

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Hipótesis de los Cacicazgos Costeros

    Evidence of these societies appears from the Formative, consolidates in the Regional Developments, and persists in the Integration period, not only on the coast but also in the Andean valleys and highlands.

    “evidencias de estas sociedades aparecen desde el Formativo, se consolidan en los Desarrollos Regionales y persisten en el período de Integración no sólo en la costa sino también en los valles y altiplanos andinos”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Athens 1980

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Echeverría 1988

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Uribe 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 5. Hipótesis de los Cacicazgos Costeros

    These items could have been used as prestige goods by the elites of these societies, which is an important characteristic of ranked societies.

    “Estos items pudieron haber sido usados como bienes de prestigio por las élites de estas sociedades, lo cual se constituye en una característica importante de las sociedades de rango”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Currie 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites DeBoer 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Drennan 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Although the dates appear inverted due to fill deposits, they are contemporaneous for the initial occupation moment of the site, where a settlement pattern on the original terrain and then during the first mound fills is seen.

    “Aunque las fechas aparecen invertidas por causa de los depósitos de rellenos, estas resultan contemporáneas para el momento inicial de la ocupación del sitio donde se aprecia un patrón de asentamiento sobre el terreno original y luego durante los primeros rellenos del montículo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Hipótesis de los Cacicazgos Costeros

    Complex societies can be known through long-term processes because they are part of broad systems of social and economic relations.

    “las sociedades complejas pueden ser conocidas a través de procesos a largo plazo, ya que estas forman parte de sistemas amplios de relaciones sociales y económicas”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dren-nan y Quattrin 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Early 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Gilman 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    According to Salazar (1992:126), due to the restricted typological diversity of these implements on the coast, they were not used in daily domestic tasks, but rather primarily for ritual use, which generated a special demand for these materials.

    “De acuerdo a Salazar (1992:126), se cree que debido a la restringida diversidad tipológica de estos implementos en la costa, estos no fueron usados en tareas domésticas diarias, sino más bien para uso primordial-mente ritual, lo cual generaba una demanda especial de estos materiales.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Salazar 1992:126

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Apparently the ridges were higher relative to the current level and the canal deeper; this is deduced from erosion and sedimentation since the abandonment of the system.

    “Al parecer los camellones eran más altos con respecto al nivel actual y el canal más profundo. Esto se deduce a partir de la acción de la erosión y sedimentación causada desde el momento de abandono del sistema.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    From 600 AD, apparently the coastal area was abandoned and estuary and mangrove zones slowly ceased to be exploited.

    “Es importante anotar que a partir del 600 d.C. al parecer, el área costera es abandonada y las zonas de estuarios y manglares lentamente dejan de ser explotadas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 5. Hipótesis de los Cacicazgos Costeros

    Recent studies have underlined the existence of regional chiefly societies as cultural entities with varying levels of complexity on the Colombian-Ecuadorian Pacific coast.

    “En la costa Pacífica colombo-ecuatoriana estudios recientes (Stem-per 1993; Zeidler y Pearsall 1995) han subrayado la existencia de sociedades cacicales de carácter regional como entidades culturales con niveles de complejidad variada.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Stemper 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Zeidler y Pearsall 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Yuca (Manihoc esculenta) agriculture apparently was determinant as a staple among human groups of the humid tropics.

    “Sin embargo, la agricultura de la yuca (Manihoc esculenta) al parecer fue determinante como producto básico entre grupos humanos del trópico húmedo (DeBoer 1975; Lathrap 1970:47-57; Sanoja 1981).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites DeBoer 1975

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lathrap 1970:47-57

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Sanoja 1981

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    The small pieces themselves are considered waste from workshops located in the same tolas, since the materials found have no associations with burials.

    “Las pequeñas piezas en sí se consideran como desperdicios de talleres ubicados en las mismas tolas, pues los materiales hallados no tienen asociaciones con enterramientos.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    Other sites containing canals and ditches are found in small parcels of farm owners being cleared from natural forest; with certainty these are sections of ancient cultivation fields barely being discovered in the zone.

    “Otros sitios que contienen canales y zanjas se hallan en pequeñas parcelas de propietarios de fincas que están siendo desmontadas del bosque natural. Con seguridad éstos son secciones de campos de cultivo antiguos que apenas estan siendo descubiertos en la zona.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Al Rescate de las Evidencias

    There is an accepted correlation between the intensification of maize agriculture as the main product and the emergence of complex societies in the tropical zones of the New World.

    “En la actualidad parece aceptarse la correlación entre la intensificación de la agricultura del maíz como principal producto y la emergencia de sociedades complejas en las zonas tropicales del Nuevo Mundo (Drennan 1995:306; Raymond et. al. 1993).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Drennan 1995:306

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Raymond et. al. 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

48 of 48

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Tumaco and La Tolita were two prehispanic centers of high cultural influence along the Pacific coast of northern South America.

    “Tumaco y La Tolita, en la región de fontera entre Colombia y Ecuador, han sido dos centros prehispánicos de alta influencia cultural a lo largo de la costa Pacífica del norte de Sur América”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The large quantity of archaeological sites in the zone has led to disproportionate looting of heritage, one of the greatest problems for the region and for research on coastal cultures.

    “La gran cantidad de sitios de interés arqueológico en la zona ha conducido al saqueo desmesurado del patrimonio lo que constituye uno de los mayores problemas para la región y para la investigación de las culturas costeras.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The palm species mentioned are widely used on the coast for structures and roofs of dwellings.

    “Las especies de palmas mencionadas son ampliamente usadas en la costa para estructuras y techos de las viviendas.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Demand for sumptuary goods stimulates the artisanal production of specialists and their exchange.

    “La demanda por aquellos bienes de uso suntuario estimula la producción artesanal de especialistas y su intercambio.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rivers, inlets, and open sea interconnected different physiographic zones, making possible mobility and exchange of products between these societies.

    “los ríos, bocanas y mar abierto, además de proveer recursos de subsistencia, interconectaron diferentes zonas fisiográficas haciendo posible la movilidad e intercambio de productos entre estas sociedades.”
5 of 5

Citations

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Guinea, Mercedes, éd. El área septentrional andina. Lima: Institut français d’études andines, Centro Cultural Abya-Yala, 1998. doi:10.4000/books.ifea.3351. · DOI
  2. Guinea, Mercedes, éditeur. El área septentrional andina. Institut français d’études andines, Centro Cultural Abya-Yala, 1998, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.3351. · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Patiño, D.
Venue
El área septentrional andina
Publisher
Institut français d’études andines
Published
1998
Pages
43-66
DOI
10.4000/books.ifea.3362
OpenAlex
W2602027364
Cited by
2
References
0
Citations by year
2023: 1
FWCI
4.51
Type
book chapter
Language
es
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Institut français d’études andines eBooks (publishedVersion)
  • OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Central America
Keywords
complex societies, settlement patterns, subsistence economy, long-distance exchange networks, intercultural relations, ceramics (art and archaeology), marine resources, humid tropics, chronology

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