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Tumaco - La Tolita: Un Litoral de Intercambio en el Período Prehispánico
Open accessAbstract
Desde los años 70, se ha ido recopilando una serie de datos crono-culturales que han permitido integrar la arqueología del litoral Tumaco-La Tolita dentro de la prehistoria del área andina ecuatorial. En esta ponencia, se analizan los datos recientes que pueden apoyar la tesis de intercambio en el litoral, antes, durante y después de la famosa hegemonía de Tumaco-La Tolita. Luego, se enfoca este mismo tema por medio de los últimos resultados de excavación en el sitio El Morro (Tumaco, Nariño...
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TL;DR
Bouchard synthesizes two decades of archaeological work on the Tumaco–La Tolita littoral (Esmeraldas, Ecuador to Buenaventura, Colombia) and argues that this coast was a zone of active maritime and inland exchange, not an isolated backwater, before, during, and after the hegemony of the Tumaco–La Tolita culture. New excavations at El Morro (Tumaco, Nariño) in 1978 and 1996 document two prehispanic occupations and support the thesis of a port site tied to gold-bearing alluvial plains.
Key findings
- The older thesis of migrations from Mesoamerica was replaced by one of an "Andean equatorial" origin appearing from the end of the Late Formative; the Tachina style is the base reference, and around 500 BC a mutation produced the phase commonly called "Tumaco–La Tolita."
- El Morro yielded two prehispanic occupations: a lower level identified ceramically as Tumaco–La Tolita (proposed 500 BC–300 AD, no C14 dates), and an upper "Morro" phase midden with radiocarbon dates of 430 AD (1979) and 1470 ± 95 BP, i.e. 405 AD cal (Gif 10808) — both after La Tolita's hegemony.
- Exchange evidence includes obsidian at nearly all coastal sites (sources only in high volcanic flows), two obsidian flakes in the Morro level, Tumaco–La Tolita figurines far inland (Jardín del Este near Quito; La Cadena, Quevedo region), and two gold figurines at El Angel (Carchi) and Frias (Peru).
- The dense concentration of sites near Monte Alto, Bucheli-Inguapi and Dos Quebradas is attributed mainly to nearby rich alluvial gold deposits in the Mira and Rosario basins, which Bouchard proposes as the principal motive for dense prehispanic colonization; El Morro is interpreted as a maritime terminal controlling the southern entrance to Tumaco bay.
- After ~300 AD, La Tolita shows no later occupation; most of the littoral shows a cultural void or sparse phases (Morro in Tumaco, Guadual in the middle Santiago), with a drastic ceramic change from multiple supports to a single flaring pedestal ("compotera"), also seen in the Muchique complex in northern Manabí.
Methods
- Synthesis of roughly a decade of regional archaeological programs plus presentation of new excavation results; the paper is a conference contribution ("ponencia") in a symposium volume.
- Excavations at El Morro–C.C.C.P. (Isla del Morro, Tumaco) conducted in 1978 (test pits) and October 1996 under ICAN authorization, on the sheltered bay side of the island.
- Ceramic typological classification and comparison with regional corpora (Inguapi 1, Tumaco–La Tolita, Morro, Guadual, Muchique), plus two radiocarbon dates for the Morro level; ethnohistoric sources (Cabello de Balboa 1583; Alcina 1979) and a geological prospection map of the Mira and Rosario basins.
Limitations
- Stated: only a minimal part of the prehispanic site was observed; the site was largely destroyed by construction of the modern dock in the 1940s–50s, and its southern end was affected after the 1979 tsunami by modern invasion neighborhoods, with good preservation only on C.C.C.P. grounds and some private parcels.
- Stated: no radiocarbon dates are associated with the Tumaco–La Tolita occupation at El Morro, so its 500 BC–300 AD date is based on ceramic traits; there is no consensus on the post-Tumaco–La Tolita phases, and it remains unclear whether Morro/Guadual represent evolution from or replacement of that culture.
- Stated: no metal remains of goldworking are known for the Morro phase (only a nose ornament depicted on a vessel neck suggests it); the Spondylus trade role of Esmeraldas–Atacames is asserted as plausible but the paper notes insufficient data to confirm it as an extraction zone.
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- Findingown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
A geological prospection map in the Mira and Rosario basins shows that the alluvial plain closest to Tumaco has many gold deposits very close to the coast and mangroves.
“Pudimos comprobar en un mapa de prospección geológica en las cuencas del Mira y Rosario que la llanura aluvial más cerca a Tumaco presenta muchas deposiciones auríferas a muy poca distancia de la costa y de los manglares.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
Obsidian is present in almost all sites of the coast.
“la presencia de obsidiana en casi todos los sitios de la costa”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
Late Formative characteristics such as horizontal incisions below the lips stand out.
“Se destacan características del Formativo tardío como las incisiones horizontales debajo de los labios.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
The oldest occupation was found at an average depth of 0.5 m.
“La ocupación más antigua se encontró a una profundidad de 0.5 m en promedio.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
Only in the C.C.C.P. grounds and some private plots are the prehispanic levels of this port settlement well preserved.
“Sólo en los terrenos del C.C.C.P. y en algunas parcelas privadas quedan bien conservados los niveles prehispanicos de este asentamiento portuario.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
In 1978, test pits established the presence of two cultural levels at the El Morro - C.C.C.P. site (Isla del Morro, Tumaco).
“En 1978, realizamos ya cateos que nos permitieron establecer la pre-cencia de dos niveles culturales en el sitio El Morro - C.C.C.P. (Isla del Morro- Tumaco).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
The ceramic material of the oldest occupation belongs to the Tumaco-La Tolita cultural phase.
“El análisis permitió identificar el material cerámico como perteneciente a la fase cultural Tumaco-La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
The second occupation was detected near the beach and the small mangrove preceding it.
“La segunda ocupación fue detectada cerca de la playa y del pequeño manglar que la antecede.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
Among others, there are polypod vessel supports, of which there is an important quantity of large size (more than 12 cm).
“Entre otros los soportes de vasijas polípodas de los cuales hay una importante cantidad de gran tamaño (más de 12 cm).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
The second occupation is a midden with a large concentration of material, mainly ceramic.
“Se trata de un basurero con gran concentración de material, principalmente cerámico.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
The material of the second occupation belongs to the Morro phase.
“Este material pertenece a la fase Morro.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
In La Tolita, no trace of occupation after around 300 AD has been discovered.
“En La Tolita, no se ha descubierto huella de ocupación posterior a esa fecha.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
The southern end of the site was affected after the 1979 tsunami by modern invasion neighborhoods.
“Además, el extremo sur del sitio fue afectado después del maremoto de 1979 por barrios de invasión modernos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
One very peculiar support is conical and ends in a sharp triangle representing a snake face with two round eyes on the upper part.
“Uno muy peculiar es cónico y termina en triángulo puntiagudo representando una cara de serpiente con dos ojos redondos sobre la parte superior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
There is a relatively high frequency of the Inciso Geométrico type, characteristic of carinated pots, with marked carina and geometric motifs between lip and carina.
“Se nota la frecuencia relativamente alta del tipo Inciso Geométrico, característico de ollas carenadas, con la carena marcada y los motivos geométricos localizados entre el labio y la carena.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
Another fairly frequent form is tripod bowls.
“Otra forma bastante frecuente es la de escudillas trípodes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ La ocupación de El Morro
In El Morro, large-sized examples never appear.
“En El Morro, nunca se presentan ejemplares de gran tamaño.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
For the El Morro phase, no goldwork is yet known through metal vestiges.
“Para la fase El Morro, no se conoce aún una orfebrería a través de vestigios de metal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ La ocupación de El Morro
Another key element of this level are flat, circular and thick bases that seem destined to form very stable bases of containers for storing food or liquids.
“Otro elemento clave de este nivel son las bases planas, circulares y gruesas que parecen destinadas a formar bases muy estables de recipientes para guardar alimentos o líquidos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
All these elements are not found in the Tumaco-La Tolita corpora.
“Todos estos elementos no se encuentran en los corpus Tumaco-La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
In most of the littoral, for the centuries immediately after 300 AD, there is a cultural vacuum or scarce evidence of occupation such as the Morro phase in Tumaco and the Guadual phase in the middle Santiago.
“En la mayor parte de todo el litoral, para los siglos inmediatamente posteriores a 300 D.C., existe un vacio cultural o bien aparecen escasas evidencias de ocupación como la fase Morro en Tumaco (Bouchard, 1982-1983) y la fase Guadual en el medio Santiago (De Boër, 1994).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bouchard, 1982-1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites De Boër, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
This confirms the attribution to the Tumaco-La Tolita ceramic tradition.
“Esto confirma la atribución a la tradición cerámica Tumaco - La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
The Tumaco-La Tolita tradition diffused northward via an efficient maritime navigation system in canoes.
“Esta tradición se difundió hacia el Norte, con características en cerámicas muy notables, mediante un eficiente sistema de navegación marítima en canoas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
As the ceramics demonstrate, this group is related to the Tumaco-La Tolita phase.
“Como lo demuestra la cerámica, este grupo se relaciona con la fase Tumaco - La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
There are findings of Tumaco-La Tolita style figurines in sites far from this coast, such as Sierra de Quito at Jardín del Este and Quevedo region at La Cadena.
“existen también hallazgos de figurinas de estilo Tumaco La Tolita en sitios apartados de esta costa como la Sierra de Quito en el sitio Jardín del Este (Buys, 1989) o en la región Que-vedo, en el sitio La Cadena (Guillaume Gentil, 1996).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Buys, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Guillaume Gentil, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Study design and conductcitation§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
Only a minimal part of the prehispanic site has been observed, preserved from destructions caused by the creation of the current pier in the 1940s-50s.
“Hemos podido observar solamente una mínima parte del sitio pre-hispánico, que fue preservada de las destrucciones ocasionadas por la creación del muelle actual en los años 1940-50 (Cubillos, 1955).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cubillos, 1955
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
During the Regional Developments period, there existed a socio-cultural and political system that controlled the north equatorial coast.
“durante el Período de los Desarrollos Regionales existio la presencia de un sistema socio-cultural y político que controla esta costa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bouchard, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
The diffusion toward the north, especially by water (sea and rivers), was due to the need created by funerary offering rites with La Tolita burials to obtain gold from alluvial deposits to respond to the permanent demand for raw material needed by goldsmiths.
“la necesidad, creada por los ritos de ofrenda funeraria con los enterramientos de La Tolita, de conseguir oro de aluviones auríferos para responder a la demanda permanente de materia prima necesaria para los orfebres.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
In the centuries immediately following the exceptional moments of cultural peak, except in some sites, a complete human absence replaced the numerous coastal settlements, evoking a total depopulation.
“En los siglos que siguen inmediatamente los excepcionales momentos de auge cultural, salvo en algunos sitios, una completa ausencia humana substituye a los numerosos asentamientos costeros, evocando un despoblamiento total de un día para el otro.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
Globally, this ceramic is comparable to ceramics found at various sites of this period on the south coast of Colombia and north of Ecuador.
“En forma global, esta cerámica es equiparable a la cerámica encontrada en varios sitios de este período en la costa Sur de Colombia y Norte del Ecuador.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
There existed exchange, or at least traffic, beyond the internal limits of this territory, reaching the Sierra and even farther lands.
“También existió un intercambio, o por lo menos un tráfico, más allá de los límites internos de este territorio llegando hasta la Sierra y hasta tierras aún más lejanas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Obsidian is found only in high volcanic flows, and the known sources of obsidian are located in the Sierra.
- Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
The interpretation proposed for El Morro is that the site had an important role within the socio-cultural system that unified this north equatorial littoral between 600 BC and 300 AD.
“la interpretación que podemos proponer para El Morro es que el sitio tuvo un papel importante dentro del sistema socio-cultural que logró unificar este litoral norecuatorial entre 600 AC y 300 DC”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
These are probably pots with tripod supports.
“Probablemente son ollas con soportes trípodes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
All this shows that an exchange and traffic system had largely been reestablished in the north equatorial region.
“Todo esto muestra que en buena parte se había restablecido un sistema de intercambio y tráfico en la región norecuatorial.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
Until the arrival of Pizarro's expeditions, other phases are known that show great differences in development and density of occupation from Atacames northward.
“hasta la llegada de las expediciones de Pizarro, quien llegó precisamente frente a Tumaco en la famosa Isla del Gallo, se conocen otras fases que muestran grandes diferencias de desarrollo y densidad de ocupación desde Atacames hacia el norte.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURAL
Various ethnic groups at the time of the Conquest traded on the coast, bringing their products to the port called Ciscalá to exchange them.
“varios grupos étnicos de la época de la Conquista comerciaban en la costa aportando al puerto llamado Ciscalá sus productos para intercambiarlos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alcina, 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
Both forms are very characteristic of the Tumaco-La Tolita phase.
“Ambas formas son muy características de la fase Tumaco - La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambios
By its location on the seashore and in the protected bay, the site is suitable for receiving boat traffic, such as canoes used by pre-Columbian groups.
“Por su propia ubicación a orillas del mar y en la bahía protegida, se trata de un sitio apto para recibir un tráfico de embarcaciones, como las canoas usadas por los grupos precolombinos.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación de El Morro
It is probable that this new type of container replaces the large tripod or multipod pots so frequent in the previous phase.
“Es probable que este nuevo tipo de recipiente reemplaze a las ollas trípodes o multipodes, de gran tamaño, tan frecuentes en la fase anterior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
This may also be an indication of disconnection between the two phases Tumaco-La Tolita and El Morro.
“Esto puede ser también un indicio de desvinculación entre las dos fases Tumaco-La Tolita y El Morro.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
To conclude, the evidence of exchange and traffic reveals a dynamic that contrasts with the image of almost complete isolation that prevailed a few decades ago.
“las evidencias de intercambio y tráfico nos revelan una dinámica que contrasta con la imagen de un aislamento casi completo que prevalecía hace unos pocos decenios.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
Between 300 AD and 500 or 600 AD, only the Morro phase in Tumaco and Guadual in Ecuador are known.
“entre 300 DC y 500 o 600 DC, solo se conocen las fases Morro en Tumaco y Guadual en Ecuador (Bouchard, 1982 1983; Patiño Castaño 1988; De Boer, 1995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bouchard, 1982 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Patiño Castaño 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites De Boer, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisenone given§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
The drained fields and cultivation ridges discovered both in the area near Tumaco and around La Tolita appear related exclusively to the Tumaco-La Tolita phase.
“los campos drenados y camellones de cultivo descubiertos tanto en el área cerca de Tumaco como en los alrededores de La Tolita, parecen relacionados exclusivamente con la fase Tumaco-La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
This would mean that the phases following Tumaco-La Tolita produced ceramic vestiges independent of all the norms that previously governed production, whether due to their disappearance or a weakening that allowed other cultural expressions.
“esto significaría que las fases que vienen después de la fase Tumaco-La Tolita produjeron vestigios cerámicos independientes de todas las normas que regían antes a la producción, sea por la desaparición de éstas o por un debilitamiento que permitió dar paso a otras expresiones culturales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndrica
Both are characterized by a drastic change in vessel morphology: the passage from multiple supports to a single flared pedestal.
“Ambas se caracterizan por un cambio drástico en la morfología de los recipientes: el paso de los soportes múltiples a un pedestal único, de forma acampanada.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
The relative uniformity of the findings tends to indicate that there was a connection between the metropolis and these sites.
“la relativa uniformidad de los hallazgos tiende a indicar que existía una conexión entre la metrópoli y estos sitios.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ La ocupación de El Morro
In this level, cups with pedestal replace tripod bowls, one of the most characteristic forms of the Tumaco-La Tolita phase.
“Nos parece que en este nivel las copas con pedestal reemplazan las escudillas trípodes, una de las formas más características de la fase Tu-maco-La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La Tolita
Within this, the strategic location of El Morro allows us to suggest that it could have served as a stopover on the maritime routes of pre-Columbian navigators.
“Dentro de ésta, la localización estratégica de El Morro, nos permite sugerir que pudo servir de escala en las rutas marítimas de los navegantes precolombinos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALFigurines found at archaeological sites frequently represent canoes and rowers, evidencing maritime navigation.
“Esto se evidencia en el arte de figurinas encontradas en los sitios arqueológicos a través de la representación frecuente de canoas y de remeros .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ La ocupación Tumaco La TolitaThere are also figurine fragments or particular elements of vessels that are typical.
“También hay fragmentos de figurilla o elementos particulares de recipientes que son típicos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambiosA radiocarbon analysis of the Morro phase gave a date of 430 A.D. (1979) and another more recent dating gave 1470 ± 95 BP, or 405 AD (cal) (Gif 10808).
“A esta fase corresponde un análisis con radiocarbónico de 430 A.D. realizado en 1979 Se obtuvó otro fechamiento más reciente dando una fecha de 1470 +- 95 BP, o sea 405 AD (cal) (Gif 10808).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gif 10808
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambiosBelow the second occupation, no other levels appeared and only a small quantity of sherds belonging to the same cultural level was found.
“Debajo, no aparecieron otros niveles y se encontró solamente una pequeña cantidad de tiestos pertenecientes al mismo nivel cultural.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ La ocupación de El MorroIn the ceramics of the Morro phase, forms considered diagnostic according to previous classification are recognized, especially cups with a flared pedestal, identified by the upper part (simple or composite silhouette) or by the lower part (the flared pedestal).
“En la cerámica, perteneciente a este nivel se reconocen formas que consideramos diagnósticas según nuestra clasificación previa (Bouchard, 1982-1983), sobre todo las etapas con un pedestal acampanado, identificadas por la parte superior (de silueta sencilla o compuesta) o por la parte inferior (el pedestal acampanado).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bouchard, 1982-1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ La ocupación de El MorroIf the forms of the containers considered key for El Morro ceramics do not appear to derive from the typical forms of Tumaco-La Tolita, neither do the typological classifications carried out allow proposing such a hypothesis: the paste and decoration of the 2 corpora present rather great differences.
“Si las formas de los recipientes que considero clave para la cerámica El Morro no parecen derivarse de las formas típicas de Tumaco-La Tolita, tampoco las clasificaciones tipológicas que hemos realizado permiten proponer semejante hipótesis: la pasta y la decoración de los 2 corpus presentan más bien grandes diferencias.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaTwo obsidian flakes from this level clearly indicate that in the El Morro phase traffic or exchange between the Coast and the Sierra persists, since the known sources of obsidian are located in the Sierra.
“dos esquirlas de obsidiana de este nivel indican claramente que en la fase El Morro persiste el tráfico o intercambio entre la Costa y la Sierra, puesto que las fuentes conocidas de obsidiana se ubican en la Sierra.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Obsidian is found only in high volcanic flows, and the known sources of obsidian are located in the Sierra.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALThe location of Ciscalá is unknown, but there are indications it was on this north equatorial coast, possibly in the Tumaco-La Tolita area.
“Se desconoce la localización de Ciscalá, pero hay indicios que estaba en esta costa norecuatorial, posiblemente en el área Tumaco-La Tolita. (Alcina, 1979).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alcina, 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALThe demand for Spondylus was so important that fishermen and traders of Spondylus should not have ignored the Esmeraldas-Atacames source.
“la demanda de esta preciada concha era tan importante que los pescadores y traficantes de Spondylus no debían ignorar esta fuente.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Marcos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: Esmeraldas-Atacames is a zone of major natural production of Spondylus, one of the most prized objects of pre-Columbian commerce.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambiosTo the south, toward the current airport and Tumaco island, there existed a wide zone of mangroves and swamps, not suitable for human settlement.
“Hacia el sur, en dirección al actual aeropuerto y de la isla de Tumaco, existía una amplia zona de manglares y pantanos, no-aptos para un asentamiento humano.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALAt the time of the Pre-Tolita occupation, La Tolita was not the focus of diffusion nor the powerful center it became some centuries later.
“Tiendo a pensar que en este entonces, La Tolita no era el foco de difusión ni el centro poderoso que llegó a ser algunos siglos después”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La TolitaEl Morro, which controls the southern entrance of Tumaco inlet, could have been a kind of maritime terminal (as it is today) that formed the gateway to this rich alluvial region, being more easily accessible by sea than by land from the north coast of Ecuador.
“El sitio El Morro, que controla la entrada sur de la ensenada de Tumaco, pudó ser una especie de terminal marítimo (tal como lo es actualmente) que formaba la puerta de entrada a esta rica región aluvial, siendo ella más facilmente accesible por mar que por tierra desde la costa norte del Ecuador.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambiosThe two prehispanic occupations were made directly on the littoral terrain that presents the greatest protection on the island, because it is on the coast sheltered from ocean waves and currents, by its location in the same Tumaco roadstead and not on the maritime facade of the island.
“son evidencias de dos ocupaciones prehispánicas hechas directamente en el terreno litoral que presenta la mayor protección en la isla, puesto que se encuentra en la costa abrigada del oleaje y de las corrientes marinas del océano, por su localización en la misma rada de Tumaco y no en la fachada marítima de la isla.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALIt is very probable that Cabello de Balboa refers to La Tolita and relates that at the time of the Conquest a kind of ritual (possibly funerary) survived among indigenous groups, despite more than a millennium after the end of Tumaco-La Tolita culture.
“Parece muy probable que Cabello de Balboa se refiere a La Tolita y que nos relata que en la época de la Conquista sobrevivía entre los grupos indígenas una especie de ritual (posiblemente funerario), a pesar de haber pasado más de un milenio después del final de la cultura Tumaco La Tolita.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cabello de Balboa, 1583
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALLa Tolita was the main seat and hegemonic center of that system, functioning as metropolis and necropolis for the most important individuals of the culture.
“Este tuvo su sede principal funcionando como centro hegemónico en La Tolita, isla de la desembocadura del río Santiago con el papel de metrópoli y de necrópolis para los individuos más importantes de esta cultura (Bouchard, 1989).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bouchard, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ El Morro en el contexto de trafico e intercambiosThe two dates indicate that the site was occupied after the cultural hegemony of La Tolita, confirmed by analysis of the material from this archaeological level.
“Las dos fechas indican por lo tanto que se trata de una ocupación del sitio después de la hegemonía cultural de La Tolita, lo que se confirma a través del análisis del material de este nivel arqueológico.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALThere was important traffic along the coast and also toward the interior during these times.
“hubo un tráfico importante a lo largo de la costa y también hacia el interior, como lo muestra el trabajo reciente de DeBoer en la región del medio Santiago-Cayapas (De Boer, 1996).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De Boer, 1996
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALMaintaining a garrison of more than 100 people and coming to pour gold dust as offerings means that for them the site was still an object of traffic for highly cultural purposes.
“Mantener una guarnición de más de 100 personas y venir a derramar oro en polvo como ofrendas significa que para ellos el sitio era todavía motivo de tráfico con fines altamente culturales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La TolitaThere are no associated carbon-14 dates, but based on various ceramic traits a date between 500 BC and 300 AD can be proposed for the Tumaco-La Tolita occupation at El Morro.
“No hay feçhas de carbono 14 asociadas pero, basándose en diversos rasgos de la cerámica podemos proponer una fecha entre 500 AC - 300 AD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ INTERCAMBIOS Y TRAFICOS EN EL MARCO GEOGRAFICO Y CRONOCULTURALThe diffusion of the Chorreroide comes from the south (Esmeraldas region) and reaches probably much farther north than the Mataje River.
“la difusión viene desde más al sur (región de Esmeraldas) y llega probablement mucho más al norte del río Mataje.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaIt would be premature to equate them, but at least it gives the impression that ceramic evolution goes in the same direction.
“Sería prematuro equipararlas pero por lo menos nos da la impresión que la evolución de la cerámica va en la misma dirección.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaThis may mean that upon the disappearance of the strong influence of Tumaco-La Tolita culture, free field opened for ideas or other foreign influences to arrive.
“Esto puede significar que al haber desaparecido la fuerte influencia de la cultura Tumaco-La Tolita, se abrió campo libre para que puedan llegar ideas u otras influencias foráneas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ La ocupación de El MorroAlmost simultaneously on the north coast of Ecuador, in the middle Cayapas-Santiago region not far from La Tolita, the Guadual phase also presents the same change from multiple supports to single flared supports, when it replaces the Selva Alegre phase which can be equated with the Tumaco-La Tolita phase.
“de manera casi simultánea en la costa norte del Ecuador, en la región del medio Cayapas-Santiago no muy alejada de La Tolita, la fase Guadual también presenta el mismo cambio de soportes múltiples a soportes únicos acampanados, cuando esta reemplaza a la fase Selva Alegre que podemos equipararla con fase Tumaco-La Tolita (DeBoer, 1995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites DeBoer, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ La ocupación Tumaco La TolitaThe same characteristics that favored the development of the current port must have been used by pre-Columbian sailors to establish a base there from which they could continue navigating to the rivers that empty into the bay and also northward to the Guapi and Buenaventura region, where other settlements of this phase have been found.
“Las mismas características que favorecieron el desarrollo del actual puerto debieron ser aprovechadas por los marineros precolombinos para establecer allí una base a partir de la cual podían seguir navegando hacía los ríos que desembocan en la bahía y también, hacia el norte rumbo a la región de Guapi y de Buenaventura, donde se han encontrado otros asentamientos de esta fase (Patiño Castaño, 1988”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Patiño Castaño, 1988, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Salgado y Stemper, 1991, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaHowever, the human face decorating a vessel neck presents a nose ring, which may be an indication of its existence.
“la cara humana que decora un cuello de vasija presenta una nariguera, lo que puede ser indicio de su existencia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaThe Guadual and Muchique phases are the closest to El Morro both in chronology and space.
“Estas fases Guadual y Muchique son las más cercanas a El Morro tanto en la cronología como en el espacio.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ La ocupación Tumaco La TolitaIn addition to professional discoveries, several site findings have been reported by travelers in this zone, which confirms a probably greater occupation.
“Además de estos descubrimientos hechos por profesionales, se han reportado varios hallazgos de sitios por parte de viajeros en esta zona, lo que confirma una ocupación probablemente mayor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaThis would indicate that they were no longer cultivated at the time of the El Morro phase, signifying an important technological loss.
“Esto indicaría que ya no se cultivaban en el momento de la fase El Morro, significando una importante pérdida tecnológica.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaThis is one of the greatest changes brought by modern archaeological projects that replace the obsolete concepts that existed before about this region.
“Esto es uno de los mayores cambios aportados por los proyectos arqueológicos modernos que reemplazan los obsoletos conceptos que existían antes sobre esta región.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 371 fragmento de asa maciza cilíndricaThe style of the nose ring appears late and distinct from the classic Tumaco-La Tolita goldwork style, which may indicate a new goldsmith tradition, just as the morphological changes in ceramics seem to indicate a new pottery tradition.
“El estilo de la nariguera parece tardío y distinto al clásico estilo de la orfebrería Tumaco-La Tolita, lo que nos puede indicar una nueva tradición orfebre, al igual que los cambios morfológicos de la cerámica parecen indicar una nueva tradición alfarera.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Obsidian is found only in high volcanic flows, and the known sources of obsidian are located in the Sierra.
“sabemos que ésta se encuentra solo en flujos volcánicos de altura”
“las fuentes conocidas de obsidiana se ubican en la Sierra”
The paper relies on this without support.
Esmeraldas-Atacames is a zone of major natural production of Spondylus, one of the most prized objects of pre-Columbian commerce.
“Esmeraldas-Atacames es una zona de mayor producción natural de uno de los más preciados objetos de comercio precolombino: el Spondylus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The coast from Tumaco to Buenaventura has many river basins with rich alluvial gold deposits.
“También se sabe que la costa desde Tumaco hasta Buenaventura tiene muchas cuencas fluviales con ricas disposiciones aluviales auríferas.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Cubillos citation year conflicts with bibliography
MinorThe text cites Cubillos as a 1955 source, but the bibliography lists the Cubillos work under 1995. The cited year and the listed year do not match.
“(Cubillos, 1955)”
“CUBILLOS, J. C. 1995. Tumaco: Notas arqueológicas. Ministerio de Educación, Bogotá.”
Citations
Cites
Arqueología de Colombia : un texto introductorio
Reichel‐Dolmatoff, G. (1997) · Bogotá (Banco de la República) · Cited by 39
Arqueologia del bajo patia, fases y correlaciones en la costa pacifica de colombia y ecuador
Patiño, D. (1993) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.2307/971801 · Cited by 9
Excavaciones arqueológicas en la región de tumaco, nariño, colombia
Bouchard, J. F. (1983) · Revista Colombiana de Antropología · doi:10.22380/2539472x.1705 · Cited by 8
Self-citationAsentamientos prehispánicos en la costa pacífica caucana
Diógenes Patiño, C. (1987) · Boletín de Arqueología de la Fian · Cited by 5
Un intento de revisión cronocultural para el área del Pacífico nor ecuatorial
Bouchard, J.-F., & Gnecco, C. (1995) · HAL · Cited by 1
Self-citation(1996)
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 7 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- BOUCHARD, J. F.1989. Evidencias de relaciones interculturales en la región norte (sur de Colombia y norte del Ecuador). Relaciones interculturales en el área ecuatorial del Pacífico durante la época precolombina, editado por J. F. Bouchard y M. , Guinea, pp 29-44. B.A.R. International series Oxford.
- BUYS, J. DOMINGUEZ V.1989. Arqueología de Cumbaya. en: Relaciones interculturales en el área ecuatorial del Pacífico durante la época precolombina, editado por J. F. Bouchard y M. , Guinea, pp 75-95. B.A.R. International series 503, Oxford.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bustamante, N. A., Escobar, J. A., & Martinón-Torres, M. (2021) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250230 · Cited by 3
Ángel, M. H. (2005) · Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouchard, J. F.
- Venue
- El área septentrional andina
- Publisher
- Institut français d’études andines
- Published
- 1998
- Pages
- 29-41
- OpenAlex
- W2600819359
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- es
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Institut français d’études andines eBooks (publishedVersion)
- OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Central America
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- pre-Hispanic archaeology, Tumaco, Andean prehistory
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