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Crops, cattle and commensals across the Indian Ocean: Current and Potential Archaeobiological Evidence

Fuller, Dorian Q., Boivin, Nicole·2009·Études Océan Indien
DOI 10.4000/oceanindien.698
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Abstract

Les plantes cultivées, les mauvaises herbes, les bovins et les animaux commensaux ont tous été transportés par l’action de l’homme à travers l’océan Indien depuis les temps préhistoriques. Dans cet article, nous examinons les preuves, principalement issues de l’archéobotanique et de l’archéozoologie, mais aussi de la génétique, de ces échanges. Ces derniers peuvent être divisés en deux grandes sous-régions d’interactions : l’une plus ancienne et dans le Nord, et l’autre plus tardive et au milieu de l’océan Indien. Le premier et le plus ancien ensemble d’échanges a eu lieu dans tout le nord-ouest de l’océan Indien, près de l’Arabie il y a environ 2 000 ans av. J.-C. Cette période a vu le transfert de plusieurs plantes cultivées, d’Afrique à l’Inde, notamment Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum glaucum, Eleusine coracana, Lablab purpureus, et Vigna unguiculata. Les données actuelles favorisent l’hypothèse d’un transfert direct par mer plutôt que par la péninsule Arabique. Les transferts de l’Asie à l’Afrique incluent notamment le mil Panicum miliaceum, le zébu, même si tous deux ont dû voyager jusqu’à l’Afrique via la péninsule Arabique. La seconde époque d’échanges a eu lieu probablement après 1 000 av. J.-C., mais la date est sujette à caution. Ces échanges ont porté principalement sur les transferts de l’Asie à la côte et aux îles de l’Afrique de l’Est, bien que quelques espèces aient été transférées à des parties de l’Asie à ce moment ou plus tard. Les contributions importantes d’Asie tropicale à l’agriculture tropicale africaine ont été Musa sapientum, Colocasia esculenta et Dioscorea alata, même si les preuves archéologiques sont limitées à la banane. En outre, des mauvaises herbes, telles que Trainthema spp. et Spermacoce spp., et des animaux commensaux, Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, et Suncus murinus, ont été involontairement transportés de l’Asie à l’Afrique comme cela a été démontré par la biogéographie et la génétique. D’autres mauvaises herbes qui probablement comprennent Striga asiatica et Spermaococe ocymoides ont été déplacées de l’Afrique à l’Asie. Ces nombreux transferts préhistoriques d’organismes suggèrent que les petites sociétés de pêche côtière et maritime de la côte d’Afrique et d’Asie ont été des agents actifs d’échange et d’interaction, même si leurs vestiges sont moins visibles et moins étudiés par les archéologues que ceux des sociétés plus tardives de pêche et d’échanges maritimes sur les marges de l’Océan Indien.

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  • Five African crops reached South Asia shortly after c. 2000 BC.

    “Five African crops (Figure 1) reached South Asia shortly thereafter (Boivin & Fuller 2009: 155-60;Fuller & Boivin 2009).”

    From Across the Indian Ocean: the prehistoric movement of plants and animals (2011) · cites this paper as Fuller & Boivin 2009

  • Broomcorn millet is found in Pakistan at c. 1900 BC, Yemen at around 2000 BC, and Sudanese Nubia by c. 1700 BC, while absent from Egypt and Mesopotamia.

    “Broomcorn millet is known from other central Asian sites from around 2000 BC and is found in Pakistan at c. 1900 BC, Yemen at around 2000 BC, and in Sudanese Nubia by c. 1700 BC (Figure 1, left inset), while being absent from intervening regions such as Egypt and Mesopotamia (Fuller & Boivin 2009).”

    From Across the Indian Ocean: the prehistoric movement of plants and animals (2011) · cites this paper as Fuller & Boivin 2009

  • A few potential weeds have been translocated from Africa to Asia or Asia to Africa, apparently via the Indian Ocean based on their absence from the flora of intervening land regions (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran).

    “Elsewhere (Fuller & Boivin 2009) we have reviewed evidence for a few potential weeds that have been translocated from Africa to Asia or Asia to Africa, apparently via the Indian Ocean based on their absence from the flora of intervening land regions (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran).”

    From Across the Indian Ocean: the prehistoric movement of plants and animals (2011) · cites this paper as Fuller & Boivin 2009

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Authors
Fuller, D. Q., & Boivin, N.
Venue
Études Océan Indien
Publisher
OpenEdition
Published
2009
Volume
42-43
Pages
13-46
ISSN
  • 0246-0092
  • 2260-7730
DOI
10.4000/oceanindien.698
Cited by
90
References
4
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (unspecified)

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