Eye tracking in HCI and usability research
Abstract
Eye tracking is a technique whereby an individual’s eye movements are measured so that the researcher knows both where a person is looking at any given time and the sequence in which the person’s eyes are shifting from one location to another. Tracking people’s eye movements can help HCI researchers to understand visual and display-based information processing and the factors that may impact the usability of system interfaces. In this way, eye-movement recordings can provide an objective source of interface-evaluation data that can inform the design of improved interfaces. Eye movements also can be captured and used as control signals to enable people to interact with interfaces directly without the need for mouse or keyboard input, which can be a major advantage for certain populations of users, such as disabled individuals. We begin this article with an overview of eye-tracking technology and progress toward a detailed discussion of the use of eye tracking in HCI and usability research. A key element of this discussion is to provide a practical guide to inform researchers of the various eye-movement measures that can be taken and the way in which these metrics can address questions about system usability. We conclude by considering the future prospects for eye-tracking research in HCI and usability testing.
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The higher the number of fixations, the more difficult it is to identify the target in the search task and the greater the cognitive load.
“The higher the number of fixations, the more difficult it is to identify the target in the search task and the greater the cognitive load (Poole and Ball, 2006).”
From The impact of usage experience and input modality on trust experience and cognitive load in older adults (2025) · cites this paper as Poole and Ball, 2006
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“More fixations within an AOI indicate less skimming and more cognitive processing of information (Poole & Ball, 2006).”
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Trust Measurement in Human-Autonomy Teams: Development of a Conceptual Toolkit
Krausman, A., Neubauer, C. E., Forster, D. E., Lakhmani, S. G., Baker, A. L., Fitzhugh, S. M., Gremillion, G. M., Wright, J. L., Metcalfe, J. S., & Schaefer, K. E. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3530874 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Combining user logging with eye tracking for interactive and dynamic applications
Ooms, K., Çöltekin, A., Maeyer, P. D., et al. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0542-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“2002; Jacob & Karn, 2003; Nivala, Sarjakoski, Jakobsson, & Kaasinen, 2001; Pieters, 2008; Poole & Ball, 2006; Rayner, 1998, 2009; Recarte & Nunes, 2000; Wedel & Pieters, 2006) During the last century, visual stimuli have evolved dramatically, from analog and static (e.g., Buswell, 1935; Fits,…”
Kumar, D., Dutta, A., Das, A., et al. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2016.2518222 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ahuja, K., Islam, R., Parashar, V., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3214260 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Gaze sensing has been used extensively in the field of HCI [33], most often to infer a user’s area of attention.”
Thiessen, A., Beukelman, D. R., Ullman, C., & Longenecker, M. (2014) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2014.905798 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Albert (2002, cited in Poole and Ball, 2006) argued that the percentage of participants fi xating on areas of interest provides information as to whether that element is appropriately placed within an image.”
BackgroundEye tracking in library and information science: a literature review
Lund, H. (2016) · Library Hi Tech · doi:10.1108/lht-07-2016-0085 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Using Eye-Tracking to Unveil Differences Between Kids and Teens in Coding Activities
Papavlasopoulou, S., Sharma, K., Giannakos, M. N., et al. (2017) · ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3078072.3079740 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“A sampling rate of 60hz is considered sufficient for usability studies [35].”
BackgroundMcMillan, D., Brown, B. A. T., Kawaguchi, I., Jaber, R., Belenguer, J. S., & Kuzuoka, H. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359278 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Gaze has been extensively used to understand user behaviour in human-computer interaction [40, 64], to augment other input modalities [41], improve accessibility [48], as well as to enhance the social interaction of communicative social robots [1, 70].”
BackgroundNuske, H. J., Vivanti, G., & Dissanayake, C. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2479-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sun, Q. C., Xia, J. C., Nadarajah, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Spatial Science · doi:10.1080/14498596.2016.1149116 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…so that the researcher knows both where a person is looking at any given time and the sequence in which the eyes shift from one location to another (poole & Ball 2006). over the past decade, eye tracking with highly specialised eye wear equipment has been used to record detailed and accurate eye…”
MethodInvestigating the relationship between eye movements and situation awareness in weather forecasting
Argyle, E. M., Gourley, J. J., Kang, Z., & Shehab, R. L. (2020) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103071 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kules, B., & Capra, R. (2011) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21647 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cognitive Effort in Translation, Editing, and Post‐editing
Lacruz, I. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119241485.ch21 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Background sound impairs interruption recovery in dynamic task situations: procedural conflict?
Hodgetts, H. M., Vachon, F., & Tremblay, S. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2952 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Eye fixations, a widely accepted index of cognitive processing (e.g., Goldberg & Kotval, 1999), can nevertheless be interpreted in various ways depending on the context in which they are recorded (see, e.g., Poole & Ball, 2006).”
BackgroundJang, Y., Mallipeddi, R., & Lee, M. (2013) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-013-9142-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Andrzejewska, M., & Stolińska, A. (2016) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.9.3.3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“By constructing an overview of the investigations on cognitive overload Poole and Ball (2006) found, that not only were the parameters of fixation and saccade considered, but the pupil dilation and frequency of blinks were also considered to be important in the experiments and indexes of…”
MethodThe evaluation of a mobile user interface for people on the autism spectrum: An eye movement study
Rezae, M., Chen, N. T. M., McMeekin, D. A., Tan, T., Krishna, A., & Lee, H. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102462 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Poole, A., & Ball, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Lancaster University (GB)
- ORCID
- Ball, Linden J.
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- IGI Global
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 211-219
- OpenAlex
- W401941822
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IGI Global eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- eye tracking, eye movements, usability evaluation, human-computer interaction, eye movement metrics, visual processing, gaze-based interaction, assistive technology for people with disabilities, interface design
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