NADPH oxidase modifies patterns of MHC class II–restricted epitopic repertoires through redox control of antigen processing
Abstract
The chemistries within phagosomes of APCs mediate microbial destruction as well as generate peptides for presentation on MHC class II. The antimicrobial effector NADPH oxidase (NOX2), which generates superoxide within maturing phagosomes, has also been shown to regulate activities of cysteine cathepsins through modulation of the lumenal redox potential. Using real-time analyses of lumenal microenvironmental parameters, in conjunction with hydrolysis pattern assessment of phagocytosed proteins, we demonstrated that NOX2 activity not only affects levels of phagosomal proteolysis as previously shown, but also the pattern of proteolytic digestion. Additionally, it was found that NOX2 deficiency adversely affected the ability of bone marrow–derived macrophages, but not dendritic cells, to process and present the I-Ab–immunodominant peptide of the autoantigen myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Computational and experimental analyses indicated that the I-Ab binding region of the immunodominant peptide of MOG is susceptible to cleavage by the NOX2-controlled cysteine cathepsins L and S in a redox-dependent manner. Consistent with these findings, I-Ab mice that were deficient in the p47phox or gp91phox subunits of NOX2 were partially protected from MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and displayed compromised reactivation of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells in the CNS, despite eliciting a normal primary CD4+ T cell response to the inoculated MOG Ag. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the redox microenvironment within the phagosomes of APCs is a determinant in MHC class II repertoire production in a cell-specific and Ag-specific manner, which can ultimately impact susceptibility to CD4+ T cell–driven autoimmune disease processes.
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Macrophages employ indirect antimicrobial mechanisms involving inflammasome activation, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and MHC-dependent presentation of pathogen-derived antigens.
“Indirect mechanisms involve inflammasome activation and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, which aim to organize subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as MHC-dependent presentation of pathogen-derived antigens [205].”
From Superoxide Anion Chemistry—Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity (2023) · cites this paper as [205]
Nox2 is the exclusive source of extracellular ROS produced by macrophages in response to bacterial infection.
“This is completely abrogated in Nox2-deficient peritoneal macrophages (PM) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) [30,58,232] establishing Nox2 as the exclusive source of extracellular ROS produced by macrophages in response to bacterial infection.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
Macrophages employ indirect antimicrobial mechanisms including activation of inflammasomes, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and MHC-dependent presentation of pathogen-derived antigens.
“Indirect antimicrobial mechanisms include the activation of inflammasomes and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, which help to orchestrate the subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses [30,231], and the MHC-dependent presentation of pathogen-derived antigens [232].”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
Nox2 deficiency in antigen-presenting BMDM results in increased cleavage of several investigated phagocytosed antigens and reduced MHC class II-dependent presentation.
“Accordingly, Nox2 deficiency of antigen-presenting BMDM resulted in increased cleavage of several investigated phagocytosed antigens and reduced MHC-class II-dependent presentation.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
Phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles induces extracellular ROS production, which is abolished in Nox2-deficient BMDM.
“Phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized particles induced extracellular ROS production, which was abolished in Nox2-deficient BMDM.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
Nox2-derived extracellular ROS play an important role in antigen presentation.
“Allan and colleagues demonstrated an important role for Nox2-derived extracellular ROS in antigen presentation [232].”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
Nox2-deficient animals show partial protection from an antigen-induced model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
“In vivo, Nox2-deficient animals showed partial protection from an antigen-induced model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis, corroborating the in vitro findings.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
Nox2-derived ROS inactivate phagosomal cathepsins L and S in a redox-dependent manner, reducing uncoordinated proteolysis of engulfed peptides and increasing proper antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules.
“Nox2-dervied ROS inactivated in a redox-dependent manner the phagosomal cathepsins L and S, thereby reducing uncoordinated proteolysis of engulfed peptides and increasing proper presentation as antigens by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class II molecules (see Figure 6).”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [232]
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- Authors
- Allan, E. R. O., Tailor, P., Balce, D. R., Pirzadeh, P., McKenna, N. T., Renaux, B., Warren, A. L., Jirik, F. R., & Yates, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Tailor, Pankaj
- Pirzadeh, Payman
- Renaux, Bernard
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-06-01
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4989-5001
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1631759172
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- NADPH oxidase, NOX2, MHC class II epitopes, antigen processing, cysteine cathepsins, cathepsin L, cathepsin S, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, macrophages, dendritic cells, p47phox, gp91phox, autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- NADPH Oxidase 2, Animals, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Bone Marrow Cells, Cathepsins, Cell Line, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Macrophages, Membrane Glycoproteins, Oxidation-Reduction, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Mice, Knockout, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, NADPH Oxidases, Mice, Cathepsin L, Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
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