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Cutting Edge: Inflammatory Responses Can Be Triggered by TREM-1, a Novel Receptor Expressed on Neutrophils and Monocytes
Abstract
We have identified new activating receptors of the Ig superfamily expressed on human myeloid cells, called TREM (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells). TREM-1 is selectively expressed on blood neutrophils and a subset of monocytes and is up-regulated by bacterial LPS. Engagement of TREM-1 triggers secretion of IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and TNF-alpha and induces neutrophil degranulation. Intracellularly, TREM-1 induces Ca2+ mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1 (ERK1), ERK2 and phospholipase C-gamma. To mediate activation, TREM-1 associates with the transmembrane adapter molecule DAP12. Thus, TREM-1 mediates activation of neutrophil and monocytes, and may have a predominant role in inflammatory responses.
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“TREM2 expression was first observed in macrophages and dendritic cells, but not granulocytes or monocytes (9–11).”
From Trem2 promotes anti-inflammatory responses in microglia and is suppressed under pro-inflammatory conditions (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
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“The molecule is expressed on monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and neutrophils [41,42] and its activation triggers molecules involved in cellto-cell signaling/interactions and inflammatory responses (including CD83, IL-6 and TNF among others).”
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“TREM-1 has a relative molecular weight of 30×103 [17].”
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“The TREM1 protein is believed to trigger the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines [47,48].”
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“This is in accordance with the data known for TREM-1 function in mammalian neutrophils (Bouchon et al., 2000; Fortin et al., 2007).”
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Ocular surface immune transcriptome and tear cytokines in corneal infection patients
Alenezi, H., Parnell, G. P., Schibeci, S. D., Ozkan, J., Willcox, M. D. P., White, A. J. R., & Carnt, N. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346821 · Cited by 13
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“In CF, increased colonization of the airways points to abnormal innate immune mechanisms; which also affects CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) clearing of neutrophils, with resultant decreased neutrophil activity.(20) In-vitro evidence in CF cultured TABLE 3—An Analysis of Correlations Between sTREM-1 and Specific Variabl…”
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“TREM-1 is an amplifier of the immune response, which strongly potentiates the activation of PMNs in response to microbial products [12].”
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“Human TREM-1 is a 30-kDa monomeric transmembrane receptor [1], and an increase of serum-soluble TREM-1 in patients with renal insufficiency may be caused by low urinary excretion.”
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“TREM1 subtype is the most characteristic protein of its family, and promotes inflammatory response in many ways.(6) An increase in the levels of TREM1 was observed in pneumonia, inflammatory bowel disease, intraperitoneal infection, and other inflammatory diseases.”
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“Discussion TREM-1, a novel inflammatory receptor, plays an important role in inflammatory and immune responses in the tumor microenvironment.(6,7) In the present study, we first demonstrated that the expression of TREM-1 in GBM was significantly higher than that in normal brain tissue, and high expression of TREM-1 in…”
BackgroundAn Integrating Immune-Related Signature to Improve Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Zhu, R., Guo, W., Xu, X., & Zhu, L. (2020) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2020/8872329 · Cited by 13
“It is an activated receptor of the TREM family, primarily expressed on the surface of neutrophils and CD14+ monocyte/macrophage [57].”
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Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells in Cutaneous Melanoma
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“This protein contains an Ig-like extracellular domain and a short cytoplasmic tail without signaling motif.([5]) TREM-1 activates cells through DNAX-activating protein of 12kDa, an associated signal transduction molecule, and promotes secretion of interleukine-1b (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and monocyte…”
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SCHOOL of nature: ligand-independent immunomodulatory peptides
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The Effect of Soluble TREM-1 in Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
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“Bouchon et al. (2000) identified the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) in 2000, mostly expressed by myeloid cells and associated with proinflammatory responses.”
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“Activation of TREM-1 with agonistic monoclonal antibodies was first shown to synergistically increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes since combined with Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4) ligands [26].”
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“TREM-1 encodes a sinle extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domain of the variable (V) ype and possesses a positively charged residue within its transembrane domain permitting the partnering with and signaling hrough the adaptor protein DAP12 (Bouchon et al., 2000; Ford nd McVicar, 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBacterial Superinfection Following Lung Inflammatory Disorders
Habibzay, M., Weiss, G., & Hussell, T. (2013) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.12.143 · Cited by 12
TREM-2 negatively regulates LPS-mediated inflammatory response in rat bone marrow-derived MSCs
Ye, P., Xu, D., Xu, J., Liu, G., Huang, S. J., Zhang, W., Zheng, P., Li, J., & Huang, J. (2017) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.7212 · Cited by 12
“Triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells (TREM) were found to be part of an immune pattern receptor family in 2000 (7).”
Gurien, S. D., Aziz, M., Cagliani, J. A., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000002664 · Cited by 12
“TREM-1 activation leads to increased production of cytokines and chemokines.(18,21,22) We have recently found that both eCIRP and TREM-1 are upregulated in sepsis and serve as mediators of inflammation.”
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“Monocytes respond to such an impact by the increases in proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL6, and M-CSF) and chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-3, and MIP-1α) production and the decrease in anti-inflammatory IL-10 secretion [11, 14].”
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Massaccesi, L., Romanelli, M. M. C., & Galliera, E. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26199822 · Cited by 13
“TREM2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of approximately 40 kDa (reduced to 26 kDa after N-deglycosylation) that belongs to the single immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain receptor family [47,48].”
Trivedi, N., Bhosale, J. D., Pant, A., Suryawanshi, S. P., Tiwari, P., Abel, P. W., & Jadhav, G. P. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110386 · Cited by 11
“TREM-1, encoded by the Trem-1 gene, belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and functions as a cell surface receptor that enhances inflammatory pathways through the release of cytokines and chemokines [1,2].”
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“TREM1 is an important receptor found on plasma membranes of myeloid-derived cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages [46].”
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“…transmembrane receptor that also contains a single extracellular V-type Ig domain followed by a short stalk leading to a single transmembrane helix [1] where it interacts with DNAX-activation protein 12 (DAP12), encoded by TYROBP ( tyrosine kinase-binding protein ), to mediate downstream signaling…”
BackgroundRole of TREM2 in immune and neurological diseases: Structure, function, and implications
Yin, P., Su, Z., Shu, X., Dong, Z., & Tian, Y. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113286 · Cited by 14
TREM-1 and TREM-2 as therapeutic targets: clinical challenges and perspectives
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“CD9 is highly expressed on monocytes as well as on monocyte-derived macrophages involved in tissue scaring,[25,26] Activated monocytes, especially those secreting IL-8 and MCP-1, do express triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) which is upregulated by bacterial products such as LPS.[27,28] Furthermo…”
BackgroundTREM-1 Contributes to Inflammation in IgA Nephropathy
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“Trem-1 is up-regulated by bacterial LPS, mediates the activation of neutrophils and monocytes, and plays an important role in the immune response by inducing the secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and the release of myeloperoxidase, and by up-regulating adhesion molecules [17].”
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Role of TREM2 in neuroinflammation
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TREM2 in Regulating Macrophage Inflammatory Responses and Disease Pathogenesis
Medd, M. M. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Immunology · doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.2024054889 · Cited by 12
RhoA/ROCK/GSK3β Signaling: A Keystone in Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease
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“TREMs primarily act as modulators of the immune response that regulate the activation of myeloid cells, notably macrophages [198,199].”
Ljungcrantz, E. G., Askman, S., Sjövall, F., & Paulsson, M. (2025) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0229-2024 · Cited by 10
“The soluble form is elevated in cell free body fluids during infection or inflammation and is present in very low concentrations in healthy controls [62, 63].”
Early changes of the kinetics of monocyte trem-1 reflect final outcome in human sepsis
Marioli, A., Koupetori, M., Raftogiannis, M., et al. (2014) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-014-0063-y · Cited by 10
“The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) is a pattern-recognition receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes [6], playing a key-role in the septic process [7].”
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Neves, G. S. T., Elangovan, G., Teixeira, M. K. S., de Mello‐Neto, J. M., Tadakamadla, S. K., Lourenço, E., Telles, D. D. M., & Figueredo, C. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063627 · Cited by 10
“Cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils express TREM-1 during inflammatory and infectious processes [10,11].”
BackgroundAssociation of salivary TREM‐1 and PGLYRP1 inflammatory markers with non‐communicable diseases
Silbereisen, A., Lira‐Junior, R., Åkerman, S., et al. (2023) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13858 · Cited by 10
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Gene Dysfunction Mediates Immune Response to Dopaminergic Degeneration in Parkinson’s Disease
Jiao, Z., Zhang, W., Chen, C., Zhu, X., Chen, X., Zhou, M., Peng, G., Liu, H., Qiu, J., Lin, Y., et al. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00373 · Cited by 10
Research and progress on biomarkers of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Wang, J., Liu, J., Li, R., & Wang, C. (2020) · Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction · doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1830109 · Cited by 10
“TREM2 on the membrane of microglia contains three domains: extracellular region, a transmembrane area, and cytoplasmic tail [69].”
BackgroundTREM-1 enhances Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages
Feng, J., Su, W., Chuang, F., et al. (2020) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.10.001 · Cited by 10
Han, X., Han, J., Wang, N., Ji, G., Guo, R., Li, J., Wu, H., Ma, S., Fang, P., & Song, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.891670 · Cited by 10
“The TYROBP gene, also known as DAP12, serves as a downstream adaptor for many immune receptors such as trigger receptor expression myeloid 1 (TREM1) (Bouchon et al., 2000), trigger receptor expression myeloid 2 (TREM2) (Colonna, 2003), and complement receptor 3 (CR3) (Linnartz and Neumann, 2013).”
BackgroundMechanistic Role of Jak3 in Obesity-Associated Cognitive Impairments
Kumar, P., Mishra, J., & Kumar, N. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183715 · Cited by 10
“First identified in dendritic cells and macrophages, the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a single-pass transmembrane receptor on the microglial cells in the brain [84].”
BackgroundMishra, K. P., Jain, S. K., Ganju, L., et al. (2013) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-013-0345-9 · Cited by 10
“TREM-1 activation also enhances the production of TNF-a, IL-6, and MIP-2, as well as PMN infiltration [7].”
BackgroundMolecular Cloning and Expression Pattern of Porcine Myeloid DAP12-Associating Lectin-1
Yim, D., Jie, H.-B., Sotiriadis, J., et al. (2001) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1006/cimm.2001.1782 · Cited by 10
Endocrine Markers of Severity and Prognosis in Critical Illness
Nylen, E. S., Seam, N., & Khosla, R. (2006) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2005.08.002 · Cited by 10
Study of different diagnostic markers used to differentiate septic from aseptic meningitis
El-Yamany, S. A., Mayah, W. W., Jiman-Fatani, A. A., Saadany, S. A. E., Hassanien, M. A., Hasan, A., & Abo-Hagar, H. H. (2013) · Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure · doi:10.1016/j.jmau.2013.06.007 · Cited by 10
CD Antigens 2001: Aims and Results of HLDA Workshops
Mason, D. Y., André, P., Bensussan, A., et al. (2001) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.19-6-556 · Cited by 10
Østergaard, A. E., Lubieniecki, K. P., Martín, S., et al. (2010) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-697 · Cited by 10
“TREM receptors are involved in the amplification and attenuation of the inflammatory response [8,9], while the NKp44 receptor activates NK cells [10].”
BackgroundLonghui, C., Zemin, Y., Weiwen, C., et al. (2015) · 中医杂志:英文版 · doi:10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30154-0 · Cited by 10
Chao, W., Wang, C., Chan, M.-C., et al. (2007) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60239-4 · Cited by 10
Immune activation in female infertility: Significance of autoantibodies and inflammatory mediators
Tagoma, A. (2013) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu) · Cited by 10
Matthay, Z. A., Fields, A. T., Wick, K. D., Jones, C., Lane, H. C., Herrera, K., Nunez‐Garcia, B., Gennatas, E. D., Hendrickson, C. M., Kornblith, A. E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130821 · Cited by 9
“TREM-1, a mediator of inflammation and prognostic biomarker in sepsis, was elevated in patients who developed severe disease, though did not achieve statistical significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons (38, 39).”
BackgroundWang, H., Shen, Z., Wu, C., Ji, P., Noh, J. Y., Geoffroy, C. G., Kim, S.-J., Threadgill, D. W., Li, J., Zhou, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339937 · Cited by 9
Risk of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: Insights gained by multi‐omics
Qu, H., Liu, Y., Connolly, J. J., Mentch, F. D., Kao, C., & Hakonarson, H. H. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14604 · Cited by 9
“185 Therefore, the therapeutic focus may need to prioritize restoring the impaired function of specific TREM2 variants rather than simply enhancing TREM2 activity.”
Charting γ-secretase substrates by explainable AI
Breimann, S., Kamp, F., Basset, G., Abou‐Ajram, C., Güner, G., Yanagida, K., Okochi, M., Müller, S. A., Lichtenthaler, S. F., Langosch, D., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60638-z · Cited by 9
Hasibeder, A., Stein, P., Brandwijk, R. J. M. G. E., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep15381 · Cited by 9
Ubagai, T., Tansho, S., Ieki, R., & Ono, Y. (2012) · Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.7883/yoken.65.376 · Cited by 9
“This receptor has been found to amplify the immune response that strongly potentiates the activation of PMNs in response to microbial products (24).”
BackgroundRunzheimer, J., Mewes, C., Büttner, B., Hinz, J. M., Popov, A., Ghadimi, M. B., Kristóf, K., Beißbarth, T., Schamroth, J., Tzvetkov, M. V., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8030301 · Cited by 9
“TREM-1 expression is enhanced by inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a ligand for TLR4, or lipoteichoic acids [13,14].”
BackgroundTREM1 regulates antifungal immune responses in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Bernal‐Martínez, L., Gonçalves, S. M., de Andrés, B., Cunha, C., González-Jiménez, I., Lagrou, K., Mellado, E., Gaspar, M.-L., Maertens, J., Carvalho, A., et al. (2021) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1879471 · Cited by 9
“TREM1 is an immune receptor expressed on innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, mature monocytes, macrophages [9], and platelets [35].”
BackgroundKogut, M. H., Genovese, K. J., Nerren, J. R., & He, H. (2011) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.015 · Cited by 9
“Lastly, we have demonstrated that ligation of TREM-A1 on chicken heterophils leads to the activation of ERK1/2 which is similar to that observed in mammalian neutrophils (Bouchon et al., 2000; Colonna and Facchetti, 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMihailidou, I., Πελεκάνου, Α., Pistiki, A. C., Spyridaki, A., Tzepi, I., Damoraki, G., & Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00050 · Cited by 9
Chicken TREM-B1, an Inhibitory Ig-Like Receptor Expressed on Chicken Thrombocytes
Turowski, V., Sperling, B., Hanczaruk, M. A., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151513 · Cited by 9
TREM-1low is a novel characteristic for tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer
Zhang, G., Liu, H., Huang, J. A., et al. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.9639 · Cited by 9
“As previously described, TREM-1 is known as a key molecule for the triggering and amplification of inflammatory response to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines secretion [7, 8].”
BackgroundInfluentialParent, M., Boudier, A., Maincent, P., et al. (2016) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.3877 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouchon, A., Dietrich, J., & Colonna, M.
- Affiliations
- Basel Institute for Immunology , Basel ,
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4991-4995
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W2149698238
- Semantic Scholar
- c6fffd66acdcb27c928605f7aca443056a3a6c3f
- Cited by
- 1,284
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Keywords
- TREM-1, neutrophils, monocytes, inflammation, IL-8 secretion, MCP-1, TNF-α, neutrophil degranulation, calcium mobilization, phospholipase C-gamma, myeloid cell activation
- MeSH terms
- Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1, Amino Acid Sequence, Fungi, Multigene Family, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Inflammation, Macrophage Activation, Membrane Glycoproteins, Membrane Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Weight, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Phosphorylation, Receptors, Immunologic, Tyrosine, Biomarkers, Up-Regulation, Cytokines, Neutrophil Activation, Chemokines, Calcium Signaling, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
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