ENTRE LOS RÍOS: INTER-VALLEY MOBILITY ON THE FAR SOUTHERN COAST OF PERU (AD 1000-1930)

It may state two separate claims as one.

The later Late Intermediate Period (AD 1300-1450) saw the establishment of a new western foothill route as well as indications of emerging routes connecting major settlements in the lower valley with adjacent pampas.

“The later Late Intermediate Period (AD 1300-1450) saw the establishment of a new western foothill route as well as indications of emerging routes connecting major settlements in the lower valley with adjacent pampas (Figure 5).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

To the west, a topographic corridor traverses the Pampa de Sama and Pampa El Arrojadero to reach the Locumba Valley at Sitana over a distance of 35 km; to the east, a corridor extends 32 km to the city of Tacna in the Caplina Valley.

“To the west, a topographic corridor traverses the Pampa de Sama and Pampa El Arrojadero to reach the Locumba Valley at Sitana over a distance of 35 km.To the east, a corridor extends 32 km to the city of Tacna in the Caplina Valley, with the only obstacle formed by the low hills of the Cerrillos Negros that separate the Pampa de Pedregal and the Pampa de Layagache.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The late Republican period (ca. AD 1860-1920) seems to have seen an important discontinuity in patterns of mobility, with shifts away from the traditional foothills route and towards multiple intervalley routes leading to the market centers of Tacna and Arica.

“The late Republican period (ca.AD 1860-1920) seems to have seen an important discontinuity in patterns of mobility, with shifts away from the traditional foothills route and towards multiple intervalley routes leading to the market centers of Tacna and Arica (Figure 8).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

One of the trackways with increased evidence for traffic passed to the south of the Cerrillos Negros and crossed the Sama River at the newly constructed Tomasiri bridge, a new route that was likely favored for wheeled transportation.

“One of the trackways with increased evidence for traffic passed to the south of the Cerrillos Negros and crossed the Sama River at the newly constructed Tomasiri bridge (Anonymous 1905), a new route that was likely favored for wheeled transportation and which would come to be the dominant transport corridor over the coming”

• cites Anonymous 1905Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The colonial route is characterized by high-density offsite botija ('olive jar') scatters, numerous isolated finds of horse and mule shoes, and a chain of major caravan campsites (from S-68 in the east to S-69 in the west).

“Characterized by high-density offsite botija ('olive jar') scatters, numerous isolated finds of horse and mule shoes, and a chain of major caravan campsites (from S-68 in the east to S-69 in the west), the colonial route bears a clear comparison with analogous routes recorded in highland Tacna (Corcoran-Tadd 2017), highland Arica (Corcoran-Tadd 2019c), and the central Atacama (García-Albarido 2017”

• cites Corcoran-Tadd 2017Not matched

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• cites Corcoran-Tadd 2019cNot matched

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• cites García-Albarido 2017Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

15 archaeological sites associated with the trackways were recorded, as well as extensive off-site isolated finds and low-density scatters.

“15 archaeological sites associated with the trackways were recorded (Table 1), as well as extensive off-site isolated finds and lowdensity scatters.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Survey results showed that Inca-period movement was focused on the increasingly established foothill route, although the multiple routes through the Cerrillos Negros suggest a more reticulated network than sometimes assumed.

“Survey results showed that Inca-period movement was focused on the increasingly established foothill route, although the multiple routes through the Cerrillos Negros suggest of a more reticulated network than sometimes assumed (Figure 6).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The network of trackways shows a strong bias for east-west movement across the inter-valley pampas, with some north-south segments that parallel the edges of the valley.

“Typically, the network shows a strong bias for east-west movement across the inter-valley pampas; there are also some north-south segments that parallel the edges of the valley although these are more frequently disturbed by modern occupation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Ceramics from the Arica tradition (primarily jars in the San Miguel and Gentilar styles) were recorded in substantial numbers on the middle valley routes as well as in lower numbers along routes likely associated with the key lower valley sites of Amapaya and Gentilar (n=167).

“Ceramics from the Arica tradition (primarily jars in the San Miguel and Gentilar styles) were recorded in substantial numbers on the middle valley routes as well as in lower numbers along routes likely associated with the key lower valley sites of Amapaya and Gentilar (n=167).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The trackways show a pull exerted by the Caplina Valley, with numerous convergent tracks leading to Pachía, Tacna, and Para, contrasting with divergent connections with locations along the Locumba Valley including Ite, Sitana, Locumba, and Mirave.

“One pattern that can be immediately grasped in Figure 3 is the pull exerted by the Caplina Valley, with numerous convergent tracks leading to the population centers of the middle Caplina Valley (Pachía, Tacna, and Para) contrasting with the divergent connections with locations along the Locumba Valley (including Ite, Sitana, Locumba, and Mirave).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The results point to a persistent corridor of movement in the middle valley beginning as early as the Middle Horizon with major discontinuities only appearing in the archaeological record of the tumultuous 19th and early 20th centuries.

“The results point to a persistent corridor of movement in the middle valley beginning as early as the Middle Horizon with major discontinuities only appearing in the archaeological record of the tumultuous 19 th and early 20 th centuries.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The old route to Locumba shows wooden poles and ceramic insulators from the early telegraph line (established in 1879) paralleled by a series of rusting wayside crosses marking one of the Señor de Locumba pilgrimage routes, itself following an earlier caravan trail associated with the valley's wine production during the Colonial period.

“The tensions between transformation and continuity during this period are perhaps best exemplified on the old route to Locumba: here, wooden poles and ceramic insulators from the early telegraph line (established in 1879 (Paz Soldán 1886)) are paralleled by a series of rusting wayside crosses marking one of the Señor de Locumba pilgrimage routes, itself following an earlier caravan trail assoc”

• cites Paz Soldán 1886Not matched

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The presence of this route contrasts with the absence of similar routes through the pampas to the south, where surveyed caminos troperos found only later Republican materials.

“The presence of this route contrasts with the absence of similar routes through the pampas to the south, where surveyed caminos troperos found only later Republican materials.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Targeted ground-truthing of the trackway segments showed clear evidence of long-term route usage in some cases, while also highlighting moments of significant transformation.

“Targeted ground-truthing of the trackway segments showed clear evidence of long-term route usage in some cases, while also highlighting moments of significant transformation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The middle valley is bound to the east and west by relatively flat desert pampas that have few topographic obstacles to movement and form potentially important transport corridors connecting Sama to the neighboring valleys.

“The middle valley is bound to the east and west by relatively flat desert pampas.Apart from shallow dry quebradas, the pampas have few topographic obstacles to movement and form potentially important transport corridors connecting Sama to the neighboring valleys.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Two signatures of the trackways are the removal of a lighter pampa surface to reveal the darker subsurface, and the presence of 'hollow ways' and rilled surfaces formed by the displacement of surface sediment by human and animal movement.

“Two of the signatures of these trackways include: (a) the removal of a lighter pampa surface to reveal the darker subsurface, and (b) the presence of 'hollow ways' and rilled surfaces (tipo rastrillo in Muñoz and Briones 1996) formed by the displacement of surface sediment by human and animal movement.”

• cites Muñoz and Briones 1996Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Both the lomas and the guano deposits formed attractive resources that appear to have repeatedly 'pulled' inhabitants and visitors out of the valley over the long term.

“As will be seen, both the lomas and the guano deposits formed attractive resources that appear to have repeatedly 'pulled' inhabitants and visitors out of the valley over the long term.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Tacna valleys region remains poorly understood from an archaeological perspective and the Sama Valley is no exception.

“Although archaeological research in the Tacna valleys has seen some growth in recent decades (Corcoran-Tadd 2017; Gordillo 2000; Gordillo and Bolaños 2013; Sitek 2021; Umire 2012), the region remains poorly understood from an archaeological perspective and the Sama Valley is no exception.”

• cites Corcoran-Tadd 2017Not matched

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• cites Gordillo 2000Not matched

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• cites Gordillo and Bolaños 2013Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Research in northern Chile has looked even further into the desert to examine past patterns of connectivity.

“while research in northern Chile has looked even further into the desert to examine past patterns of connectivity (e.g., García and Ajata 2016;Méndez-Quirós and García 2018;Núñez and Nielsen 2011;Valenzuela et al. 2019).”

• cites García and Ajata 2016Not matched

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• cites Méndez-Quirós and García 2018Not matched

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• cites Núñez and Nielsen 2011Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Archaeological scholarship on the Peruvian coast has increasingly highlighted the importance of looking at agricultural landscapes that lay beyond the immediate margins of valley systems.

“Over the past several decades, archaeological scholarship on the Peruvian coast has increasingly highlighted the importance of looking at agricultural landscapes that lay beyond the immediate margins of valley systems (e.g., Canziani and Mujica 1997;Caramanica and Koons 2016;van Gijseghem 2016;Zaro et al. 2010)”

• cites Canziani and Mujica 1997Not matched

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• cites Caramanica and Koons 2016Not matched

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• cites van Gijseghem 2016Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Sama Valley forms an important yet under-investigated area between the research hotspots of Arica and Moquegua.

“As Baitzel and Rivera Infante (2019) note, the Sama Valley forms an important yet under-investigated area between the research hotspots of Arica and Moquegua, which have both seen decades of intensive archaeological and historical investigation.”

• cites Baitzel and Rivera Infante 2019 sourceNot checked yet

It may state two separate claims as one.

The recovery of camelid and Chenopodium sp. (quinoa) remains at Los Batanes is suggestive of these communities' persistent highland links and the increasing importance of the animal-based mobilities underpinning these connections.

“The recovery of camelid and Chenopodium sp.(quinoa) remains at Los Batanes (Folk 2020) are suggestive of these communities' persistent highland links and the increasing importance of the animal-based mobilities underpinning these connections.”

• cites Folk 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The survey results provide an important baseline for understanding regional mobility over the past millennium.

“While reliant on artefact typologies that need considerable future refinement (particularly with respect to domestic ceramic types), the survey results provide an important baseline for understanding regional mobility over the past millennium.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Agricultural production in the middle and lower Sama Valley during late prehispanic periods appears to have focused primarily on maize, ají (chili peppers), and cotton, with wheat and alfalfa added during the early colonial period.

“Agricultural production in these sections of the valley during late prehispanic periods appears to have focused primarily on maize, ají (chili peppers), and cotton, with wheat and alfalfa added during the early colonial period (Cavagnaro 1988;Vázquez de Espinosa 1948:478 [1629]).”

• cites Cavagnaro 1988Not matched

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• cites Vázquez de Espinosa 1948Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Botijas are absent from the late Republican routes, likely driven by a combination of a declining regional production of wine and aguardiente (brandy), the rise of sugar-based alcohols, and the shift towards new container technologies.

“Botijas are absent from the late Republican routes, likely driven by a combination of a declining regional production of wine and aguardiente (brandy), the rise of sugar-based alcohols, and the shift towards new container technologies.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Sugarcane emerged as a cash crop during the 18th century, with sugar and cotton becoming the two key products of the lower valley during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

“Sugarcane emerged as a cash crop during the 18 th century, with sugar and cotton becoming the two key products of the lower valley during the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries (García 1907).”

• cites García 1907Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The long-term trajectory of agriculture in Sama was shaped by the river's salinity, which hindered the expansion of grape and olive production that otherwise shaped the postconquest economies of the neighboring Locumba, Moquegua, and Azapa Valleys.

“The long-term trajectory of agriculture in Sama was also shaped by the river's salinity (Álvarez 2014), which hindered the expansion of (the) grape and olive production that otherwise shaped the postconquest economies of the neighboring Locumba, Moquegua, and Azapa Valleys (Henríquez 2003;Rice 2011).”

• cites Álvarez 2014 sourceCheck pending
• cites Henríquez 2003Not matched

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• cites Rice 2011Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The period of Chilean occupation (from 1880) had multiple legacies for Sama, including an increase in smuggling, the consolidation of a major sugar-producing hacienda at Tomasiri, and the arrival of a new Afro-descendent diaspora.

“Among these was an increase in the valley's long-standing role as a smuggling route (Dirección General de Aduanas 1887:47-50; Ministerio de Hacienda 1893:159-164), the consolidation of a major sugar-producing hacienda in the middle valley at Tomasiri with its Bolivian and Japanese workforces, and the arrival of a new Afro-descendent diaspora fleeing from the policies of 'chilenización' of the Az”

• cites Dirección General de Aduanas 1887Not matched

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• cites Ministerio de Hacienda 1893Not matched

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• cites Alarcón et al. 2017Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

There are important inter-valley differences including high variability in river discharge.

“there are also other important inter-valley differences including high variability in river discharge (see e.g., ONERN 1976).”

• cites ONERN 1976Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The legal documentation from the early colonial period highlights the complexity of the valley's multiethnic landscape with groups identified as yungas of local origin, as mitimae 'colonists' with links to highland communities including Chucuito and Pomata, and as coastal camanchaca or chango communities.

“While the local impacts of these encomiendas and of the subsequent efforts of the Lupaqa elite from Chucuito to regain control over the valley remain unclear, the legal documentation from this early period highlights the complexity of the valley's multiethnic landscape with groups identified as yungas of local origin, as mitimae 'colonists' with links to highland communities including Chucuito and”

• cites Hidalgo 2004Not matched

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Highland communities in Tarata and Putina retained stakes in the Sama Valley, maintaining agricultural lands in the middle valley as well as the rights to travel unimpeded to the coast to extract guano.

“Highland communities in Tarata and Putina also retained stakes in the valley, maintaining agricultural lands in the middle valley as well as the rights to travel unimpeded to the coast to extract guano, a fertilizer vital for the productivity of maize and ají in the drainage (Cúneo-Vidal 1977b:398-399).”

• cites Cúneo-Vidal 1977bNot matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The Sama Valley first enters the colonial archive in the 1530s and 1540s, with communities initially assigned to the encomiendas of Lucas Martínez Vegazo and Pedro Pizarro.

“The Sama Valley first enters the colonial archive in the tumultuous years of the 1530s and 1540s, with communities in the valley initially assigned to the encomiendas (labor grants) of Lucas Martínez Vegazo and Pedro Pizarro (Cavagnaro 1988;Hidalgo 2004;Trelles 1982; although see Umire 2020).”

• cites Cavagnaro 1988Not matched

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• cites Hidalgo 2004Not matched

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• cites Trelles 1982Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.

Higher salinity and higher water availability affected agricultural potential in the middle and lower Sama valley in comparison with the Locumba and Caplina valleys.

“the higher salinity and higher water availability that affected agricultural potential in the middle and lower Sama valley in comparison with the Locumba and Caplina valleys”

• cites Álvarez 2014 sourceCheck pending
• cites ONERN 1976Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Such trails often followed much older routes including segments of the Inca qhapaq ñan and colonial road networks, although such continuities should not be assumed a priori and need to be demonstrated on a case-by-case basis.

“Such trails often followed much older routes including segments of the Inca qhapaq ñan and colonial road networks (e.g., Choque 2017), although such continuities should not be assumed a priori and need to be demonstrated on a case-by-case basis (e.g., Corcoran-Tadd et al. 2021).”

• cites Choque 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Corcoran-Tadd et al. 2021Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Archaeological studies of postconquest occupations in coastal valleys have offered important insights into productive and built landscapes.

“At the broader regional scale of the south-central Andes, archaeological studies of postconquest occupations in coastal valleys -from the doctrinas and reducciones of the 16 th century (Rice 2014;Urbina 2017) to the bodegas and haciendas of the 18 th and 19 th centuries (Becerra et al. 2014;Gordillo 2000;Rice 2011; Romero Guevara 2018)have offered important insights into productive and built”

• cites Rice 2014Not matched

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• cites Urbina 2017Not matched

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• cites Becerra et al. 2014Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Sama continued to be a major center for the cultivation of ají during the 16th to late 18th centuries, with production primarily oriented towards the highland markets of Potosí, Oruro, and La Paz.

“Sama continued to be a major center for the cultivation of ají during this period, with production between the 16 th and late 18 th centuries primarily oriented towards the highland markets of Potosí, Oruro, and La Paz (Assadourian 1982;Glave 1989;Vázquez de Espinosa 1948[1629]:478).”

• cites Assadourian 1982Not matched

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• cites Glave 1989Not matched

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• cites Vázquez de Espinosa 1948Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Gaining a better grasp on the long-term patterns of horizontal connectivity and movement through the intervalley pampas is vital to understanding historical change within the Sama Valley and in its articulations with wider regions and networks.

“Gaining a better grasp on the long-term patterns of horizontal connectivity and movement through the intervalley pampas is therefore vital to understanding historical change within the Sama Valley and in its articulations with wider regions and networks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Caminos troperos are informal trails formed by the passage of animals (camelids, equids, and/or cattle) and often remain highly visible across the landscapes of southern Peru and northern Chile.

“Caminos troperos (drovers' roads) are informal trails formed by the passage of animals (camelids, equids, and/or cattle) and often remain highly visible across the landscapes of southern Peru and northern Chile.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A coastal section of stone-paved road below the Morro de Sama, originally identified as Inca, is likely to be historical in date.

“A coastal section of stone-paved road below the Morro de Sama, originally identified as Inca by the Programa Qhapaq Ñan (2005), is likely to be historical in date (M.Cabrera Arana, pers.comm.2021).”

• cites M.Cabrera Arana, pers.comm.2021Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

During each of these periods, the Sama valley was both an inhabited place with a complex, multi-ethnic landscape of settlement and an inter-nodal corridor that connected larger networks over wider spatial scales.

“During each these periods, the Sama valley was both an inhabited place with a complex, multi-ethnic landscape of settlement and an inter-nodal corridor that connected larger networks over wider spatial scales.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

President Leguía's national program of road building connected Sama to motorized traffic and the rest of Peru, while the regional role of muleteers fell dramatically over this period.

“President Leguía's ambitious national program of road building connected Sama to motorized traffic and the rest of Peru, while the regional role of muleteers fell dramatically over this period (Dirección General de Estadística 1925; Ministerio de Hacienda y Comercio 1944): the long era of animal-based mobility on the coast had finally come to an end.”

• cites Dirección General de Estadística 1925Not matched

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• cites Ministerio de Hacienda y Comercio 1944Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

From the early 17th century onwards, much agriculture in the middle and lower Sama Valley was reliant on enslaved African and Afro-Peruvian labor, with intensified production of sugar, cotton, and cattle at haciendas including Angola and Llamolle.

“From the early 17 th century onwards, much agriculture in these sections of the valley was reliant on enslaved African and Afro-Peruvian labor (Cavagnaro 1994), with intensified production of sugar, cotton, and cattle at haciendas including Angola and Llamolle.”

• cites Cavagnaro 1994Not matched

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