Cited by 555Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsAdvanced Causal Inference TechniquesMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Issues in Outcomes Research: An Overview of Randomization Techniques for Clinical Trials

Open access

Kang, Minsoo, Ragan, Brian G., Park, Jae-Hyeon·2008·Journal of Athletic Training

DOI 10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215PMC PMC2267325

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: To review and describe randomization techniques used in clinical trials, including simple, block, stratified, and covariate adaptive techniques. Background: Clinical trials are required to establish treatment efficacy of many athletic training procedures. In the past, we have relied on evidence of questionable scientific merit to aid the determination of treatment choices. Interest in evidence-based practice is growing rapidly within the athletic training profession, placing greater emphasis on the importance of well-conducted clinical trials. One critical component of clinical trials that strengthens results is random assignment of participants to control and treatment groups. Although randomization appears to be a simple concept, issues of balancing sample sizes and controlling the influence of covariates a priori are important. Various techniques have been developed to account for these issues, including block, stratified randomization, and covariate adaptive techniques. Advantages: Athletic training researchers and scholarly clinicians can use the information presented in this article to better conduct and interpret the results of clinical trials. Implementing these techniques will increase the power and validity of findings of athletic medicine clinical trials, which will ultimately improve the quality of care provided.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647
Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial
Pocock, S. J., & Simon, R. (1975) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529712 · Cited by 2,350
The Arrangement of Field Experiments
Fisher, R. A. (1992) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_8 · Cited by 977
Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering
Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07750-4 · Cited by 923
Minimization: A new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups
Taves, D. R. (1974) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1974155443 · Cited by 891
Forcing a sequential experiment to be balanced
EFRON, B. (1971) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/58.3.403 · Cited by 873
Generation of allocation sequences in randomised trials: chance, not choice
Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07683-3 · Cited by 774
The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials
Scott, N. W., McPherson, G. C., Ramsay, C. R., & Campbell, M. K. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00242-8 · Cited by 651
Statistics notes: How to randomise
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7211.703 · Cited by 506

Show all 31 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Altman, D. G. and J. M.Bland. How to randomise.BMJ1999. 319 (7211):703–704.
Blair, E. Gold is not always good enough: the shortcomings of randomization when evaluating interventions in small heterogeneous samples. J Clin Epidemiol 2004. 57 (12):1219–1222.

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 552

The effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress indices and skin regimentation of vitiligo patients
Fallah, M., Abedini, R., Mahiabadi, S. A., et al. (2023) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-023-02687-2 · Cited by 4
“So, in this case, the block classification of our study will be four [18, 19].”
Background
Efficacy of sesame oil versus placebo in the management of acute radiation‐induced dermatitis in breast cancer patients: A double‐blind randomized clinical trial
Moslemi, D., Ramezany, S., Moghadamnia, A. A., et al. (2023) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1111/ajco.13999 · Cited by 4
The effects of kinesthetic and visual motor imagery on interjoint coordination in the hemiplegic index finger: an experimental study using the index of temporal coordination
O’Brien, J., Bracewell, R. M., & Martínez, J. A. C. (2021) · Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2526-8910.ctoao2170 · Cited by 4
IRINI: Random group allocation of multiple prognostic factors
Kasturi, J., Geisler, J. G., Liu, J., Kirchner, T., Amaratunga, D., & Lubomirski, M. S. (2010) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2010.12.009 · Cited by 4
“[12] and Kao et al.”
Efficacy of a Computer-Based Editing Strategy with Postsecondary Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Woods‐Groves, S., Hughes, C. A., Rodgers, D. B., Balint‐Langel, K., Alqahtani, S. S., Neil, K. M., & Hinzman, M. (2020) · Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416472005500203 · Cited by 4
“The use of a coin ﬂip for assignment could result in an imbalance in participants with similar attributes being over assigned to one of the two groups (Kang et al., 2008).”
Experimental Design
de Winter, J., & Dodou, D. (2017) · SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56964-2_2 · Cited by 5
Quality Assessment of Randomized Controlled Trials Published In Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery (MAOS) From 2009–2021 Using RoB-2.0 Tool
Kaur, A., Bali, R. K., Patnana, A. K., Gigi, P. G., Pandey, A., Ganesan, A., & Chaudhry, K. (2022) · Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12663-022-01795-2 · Cited by 3
Adaptive Randomization Method to Prevent Extreme Instances of Group Size and Covariate Imbalance in Stroke Trials
Italiano, D., Campbell, B. C. V., Hill, M. D., Johns, H. T., & Churilov, L. P. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.123.046269 · Cited by 3
Exposure to content written by large language models can reduce stigma around opioid use disorder
Mittal, S., Shah, D., Do, S. W., et al. (2025) · npj Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s44387-025-00049-z · Cited by 3
“For both the studies, participants were randomly assigned to the three intervention conditions, i.e., LLM, Human, and Control, via strati ﬁ ed randomization 75 .”
Investigating the effectiveness of colchicine tablets on the outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial
Moghadam, V. D., Ghorbani, M., Ahmadi, A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2026.101009 · Cited by 3
Effect of aerobic exercise on neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio in burn patients: A randomized controlled trial.
Çınar, M. A., & Erkiliç, A. (2024) · Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2024.05.032 · Cited by 2
Impact of an Online Discussion Forum on Self-Guided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: Randomized Trial
McCall, H. C., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/59699 · Cited by 4
“We adopted a simple randomization approach [37], which we implemented via a random number generator with a 1:1 ratio.”
Nourishing the evidence: exposing bias and filling gaps in isocaloric intermittent fasting research—An opinion
Hamsho, M., Shkorfu, W., Ranneh, Y., & Fadel, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1563017 · Cited by 2
“While pharmaceutical trials can easily utilize a placebo for blinding, dietary interventions often require participants to have a knowledge of their assigned regimen (4, 5).”
Perspective on Clinical Trials: What Researchers Need to Know
Barde, P. J., & Barde, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81787-8_11 · Cited by 3
Reporting preclinical gene therapy studies in the field of Niemann-Pick type C disease according to the ARRIVE guidelines
Rasmussen, C. L. M., Burkhart, A., Moos, T., & Thomsen, L. B. (2025) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-024-03479-1 · Cited by 3
“Davidson and colleagues argue that they have employed randomization by using multiple cohorts, but this does not depict the type of randomization used to allocate the mice to either the control or treatment group (e.g., simple, stratified, or block randomization) [26].”
Reaching and Grasping Training based on Robotic Hybrid Assistance for Neurological Patients
Bulgheroni, M., D'Amico, E., Vita, I. D., et al. (2016) · IASTED International Conference on Telehealth and Assistive Technology (TAT) · doi:10.2316/p.2016.847-015 · Cited by 3
“power)and comfort with FES (VAS <= 3) with the possibility to perform the required actions Since the sample size is considered small according to randomization criteria (n < 100), and we need to ensure similar size groups to be compared, the “Block Randomization” method will be used [19].”
Data anomalies and apparent reporting errors in ‘Randomized controlled trial testing weight loss and abdominal obesity outcomes of moxibustion’
Mestre, L. M., Dickinson, S., Golzarri‐Arroyo, L., Brown, A. W., & Allison, D. B. (2020) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-020-0753-z · Cited by 3
Évaluation de la version arabe du questionnaire français de qualité de vie « VQ11 » chez des patients tunisiens atteints de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive
Knaz, H., Anane, I., Guezguez, F., Prefaut, C., & Saad, H. B. (2020) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires · doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2020.07.005 · Cited by 3
Rıdvan Ağa’dan Süleyman Bey’e (1634-1774): Osmanlı Elçilik Heyetlerinin Avusturya Devlet Arşivindeki İzleri
Ercan, H. (2020) · Osmanlı Araştırmaları · doi:10.18589/oa.862776 · Cited by 3
The Uniformed Services Constipation Action Plan: An Effective Tool for the Management of Children with Functional Constipation
Reeves, P. T., Jack, B., Rogers, P. L., Kolasinski, N. T., Burklow, C. S., Min, S. B., & Nylund, C. M. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.09.011 · Cited by 3
The Impact of Electronic Cigarettes (e-Cigs) Smoking Habit on Periodontal Status and Salivary pH among Some Passive e-Cigs Smokers Referred to the College of Dentistry Clinics, King Khalid University
Al-Abdaly, M. M. A. A., Asiri, I. A., Faya, A. A., Aldhaban, O. A., & AlJuman, A. S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2022.1311040 · Cited by 3
“1311040 534 International Journal of Clinical Medicine the current study [34].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The reliability of simultaneous versus individual data collection during stuttering assessment
Davidow, J. H., Ye, J., & Edge, R. L. (2023) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12860 · Cited by 3
Effect of laser acupuncture combine a knee exercise on patients with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot trial
Ly, H. C., Nguyen, D. T., Do, S. T., Nguyen, H. L. V., Le, N. T., Nguyen, T. B., Huynh, T. L. K., & Nguyen, N. P. H. (2023) · Y HOC TP HO CHI MINH · doi:10.32895/ump.mpr.7.4.15 · Cited by 3
Online occupational therapy in the caregivers of people with Multiple sclerosis: a randomized control trial
Motaharinezhad, F., Ghahari, S., Mehraban, A. H., et al. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2251397 · Cited by 3
“We used a randomization block method conducted by one of the research team members who had been blinded to the participant allocation [20].”
Investigating Ovulation Induction Outcomes in Patients with Decreased Ovarian Reserve Treated with Double Stimulation during The Follicular and Luteal Phases Compared to The Conventional Antagonist Cycle: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Ghahghayi, F., Payandeh, A., Najafian, A., et al. (2024) · PubMed · doi:10.22074/ijfs.2023.1978181.1405 · Cited by 3
“The current research was performed in a randomised and single-blind method so that the patients were classified into the case (DuoStim) and control (conventional antagonist) groups using the permuted block stratified randomisation method (19).”
Method
A prospective randomised controlled trial investigating household SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a densely populated community in Cape Town, South Africa – the transmission of COVID-19 in crowded environments (TRACE) study
Smith, P. J., Little, F., Hermans, S., Davies, M., Wood, R., Orrell, C., Pike, C., Peters, F., Dube, A., Georgeu-Pepper, D., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19462-1 · Cited by 2
“Conducting randomization in blocks of four in an RCT helped ensure balanced group sizes across treat-ment and control arms, enhanced the statistical validity and reliability of the study, and maintained the blinding of researchers [14].”
Background
Wound cleansing solutions versus normal saline in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers – A systematic review
Ringblom, A., Ivory, J. D., Adlerberth, I., et al. (2024) · Journal of Tissue Viability · doi:10.1016/j.jtv.2024.08.010 · Cited by 3
Effectiveness of Different Antimicrobial Agents on Malodor Prevention in Two-Stage Dental Implants: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial
Fathi, A., Rismanchian, M., & Dezaki, S. N. (2022) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1747954 · Cited by 3
Practitioner survey and measurement error in manual bicycle and pedestrian count programs
Lowry, M. B., McGrath, R. P., Scruggs, P., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2015.1137377 · Cited by 3
Quality and Methodological Challenges in Internet-Based Mental Health Trials
Ye, X., Bapuji, S. B., Winters, S. E., Metge, C. J., & Raynard, M. (2014) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0298 · Cited by 3
“, simple randomization, blocked randomization, stratified randomization, and minimization) have been developed to create balanced comparison groups and assign an intervention.(36) Even though randomization sequences are generated properly, the implementation of random assignment (or allocation concealment) is crucial.”
Effect of proximal exercises of lower extremity on static balance parameters during quiet standing
Rakhshani, M., Ashtiani, A. R. A., Payandeh, A., Akbari, A., Ghiasi, F., Hosseinifar, M., Namvar, H., Najafi, A., & Reyshahri, R. Z. M. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_362_22 · Cited by 3
“In this study, 36 patients were assigned randomly to two groups using the replacement block‐stratified randomized method.[16] Both groups received interventions three sessions per week (for 6 weeks).”
Method
The Importance of Sample Size Calculation and Power Analysis in Research Studies
Köse, Ö., & Aslan, A. (2025) · Acta Medica Alanya · doi:10.30565/medalanya.1850488 · Cited by 3
A randomized controlled trial on the nomenclature of scientific computing
Kluthe, T., Stabler, H., McNamara, A. A., & Stefik, A. (2024) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1080/08993408.2024.2403971 · Cited by 2
“Stratified randomization was used to assign participants to their language group (Kang et al., 2008).”
Effectiveness of aortic balloon occlusion in reducing blood loss during cesarean section in placenta accreta spectrum disorders: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Bapayeva, G., Aimagambetova, G. N., Kadroldinova, N., Zemlyanskiy, V., Kassymbek, K., & Terzić, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1535258 · Cited by 2
Randomization Strategies
Thompson, M., Yu, Z., & Odum, S. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77563-5_3 · Cited by 2
Effects of oral clonidine on bleeding in pelvic and acetabular fractures surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Qoreishy, M., Mirahmadi, A., Movahedinia, M., et al. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08558-3 · Cited by 2
“Patients were randomly allocated into two groups based on whether they received preoperative clonidine or placebo using the Covariate adaptive randomization method considering gender and Body mass index (BMI) as covariates [23].”
Rigorous methodological approaches to address knowledge gaps in exercise, nutrition, immunity, and infection risk research
Davison, G., Chidley, C., & Jones, A. W. (2025) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70479 · Cited by 2
“If captured at the beginning of the study, this can be built into the randomization plan; otherwise, it can be recorded and serve as a covariate during data analysis (although this is not as powerful, e.g., Kang et al., 2008).”
Evaluating the Cultural Adaptation of Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Interventions for African Immigrant Women: Exploratory Pilot Mixed-Methods Study
Malika, N. M., Bogart, L. M., Adamu, N., Maganga, G., Jeon, E. D., Fenta, E. H., Diouf, K., & Ojikutu, B. O. (2025) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-025-01762-2 · Cited by 3
“After recruitment, participants were randomized to either DADA (SISTA) or DKD (S2S), stratified by state [43].”
Protecting Employee Well-Being in the Age of AI: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam’s Hospitality Sector
Pham, T. N. N., & Hien, P. H. (2026) · Strategic Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbr.2026.100052 · Cited by 2
Single-cell transcriptomics of multi-site cell therapy in osteoarthritis: Tissue-specific treatment correlations
Chatterjee, P., Stevens, H. Y., Kippner, L. E., Yeago, C., Drissi, H., Mautner, K., Boden, S. D., Gibson, G. C., & Roy, K. (2026) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102839 · Cited by 3
Does body composition mediate the association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and physical literacy in school-aged children? A cross-sectional mediation analysis
Liu, L., Hadier, S. G., Hamdani, S. D., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1772818 · Cited by 2
Common design concepts in randomized controlled trials
Egbewale, B. E. (2020) · Nigerian Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/nmj.nmj_112_19 · Cited by 2
Design and Statistical Methods for Handling Covariates Imbalance in Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials: Dilemmas Resolved
Egbewale, B. E. (2021) · Clinical Trials and Practice – Open Journal · doi:10.17140/ctpoj-4-121 · Cited by 2
Aromatherapy for First Trimester Nausea, Vomiting, and Subjective Well-Being: A Blinded, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial of Three Essential Oils
Hires, C., Hawkins, J., & Dunne, E. (2022) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2022.29052.chi · Cited by 2
Effects of the Triple Q Intervention on Argument Writing: Findings from a Small-Scale Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
Crosson, A. C., Correnti, R. J., Matsumura, L. C., & McKeown, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2023.2231941 · Cited by 2
“Third, we were fortunate to have all teachers enroll at the same time (prior to pretest and treatment), as well as have at our disposal school-level covariates for blocking (see, e.g., Figure 6 in Kang et al., 2008).”
Causal Machine Learning in Social Impact Assessment
Lopes, N. C., & Cavique, L. (2023) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9591-9.ch004 · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of the Health Education Intervention using Facebook and LINE on Intention to Reduce Alcohol Consumption among Entertainment Girls in Bangkok, Thailand: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sakulthanit, P., Oo, M. Z., Tint, S. S., & Yamarat, K. (2024) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445309826240516114214 · Cited by 4
A Randomized Control Trial Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Interpersonal Psychotherapy on Symptom Reduction and Relapse Prevention for Depression among the Depression Patients
Varadharasu, S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.4103/ijph.ijph_26_22 · Cited by 2
Feasibility and acceptability of a telerehabilitation intervention on patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty in Iran: randomised controlled trial protocol
Farrokhi, N., Sarzaeem, M. M., & Feizi, D. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083784 · Cited by 2
Financial implications of treating nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis in 3 California dairies
Bruno, D. R., Cleale, R. M., Overton, M. W., et al. (2024) · JDS Communications · doi:10.3168/jdsc.2024-0548 · Cited by 2
Endoscopic Fat Graft Myringoplasty Augmented With Hyaluronic Acid for Managing Large‐Sized Eardrum Perforations; A Prospective Comparative Randomised Study
Mandour, M. F., Tomoum, M. O., Elsheikh, M. N., et al. (2024) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/coa.14252 · Cited by 2
Effects of physical therapy via telerehabilitation on cardiopulmonary, physical and psychological function in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A randomised controlled trial
Suthanawarakul, B., Promma, N., Iampinyo, P., Saraboon, C., Wattanaprateep, J., & Waongenngarm, P. (2024) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x241303804 · Cited by 2
“50 Additionally, it may have affected the generalisability of the study ﬁ ndings, as the results may not accurately represent the population at large.”
Enhancing memory performance in older adults through socially engaging cognitive training
Izhak, S. B., Yemini, A., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2025) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2025.2458142 · Cited by 3
“Using Excel’s random number generator function, we generated a random sequence that assigned each participant to either the ST +SE group or the SE group.”
Influential
Co-treatment with cannabidiol and escitalopram in ineffective doses induces antidepressant effect in maternally separated male adolescent rats.
Dragon, J., Gołyszny, M., & Obuchowicz, E. (2025) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174000 · Cited by 2
The Effects of Universal Design for Learning on Fifth-Grade Puberty Instruction to Enable Accessibility for Students with Disabilities
Curtiss, S. L., Stoffers, M., Brown, A., & Mindler, P. (2025) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/00144029251350061 · Cited by 2
“We used block randomization (Kang et al., 2008) at the school level.”
One-on-one and group-based physical activity intervention compared to a waitlist control for post-secondary student mental health and social well-being: A 3-arm parallel randomized controlled trial protocol
deJonge, M. L., Yuen, S., Simard, L., & Sabiston, C. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330851 · Cited by 2
“Simple randomization will be used to allocate eligible students to the intervention arms using Research Randomizer [www.randomizer.org; 34,35].”
Eye Movements, Item Modality, and Multimodal Second Language Vocabulary Learning: Processing and Outcomes
Malone, J., Hui, B., Pandža, N. B., & Tytko, T. (2025) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.70007 · Cited by 3
“To ensure L1 script diversity across the two groups, we utilized stratiﬁed random assignment (Kang et al., 2008), in order to seek balance for L1 script for Mandarin/Cantonese speakers and participants from L1s in Bangladesh/India/Sri Lanka across the two experimental groups.”
Optimal Allocation of Prognostic Factors in Randomized Preclinical Animal Studies
Su, Z. (2011) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286151104500508 · Cited by 2
Randomization, What is the Proper Method?
Hong, J. H., & Yoo, J. C. (2013) · Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow · doi:10.5397/cise.2013.16.1.58 · Cited by 8
Effect of phosphorus and potassium application on growth, yield and quality of kinnow mandarin.
Dudi, O. P., Singh, R., Singh, S., & Baloda, S. (2007) · Haryana journal of horticultural sciences · Cited by 2
Chronic Effects of Different Intensities of Interval Training on Hemodynamic, Autonomic and Cardiorespiratory Variables of Physically Active Elderly People
Sant’Ana, L. D. O., Monteiro, D., Budde, H., Ribeiro, A. A. D. S., Vieira, J. G., Monteiro, E. R., Scartoni, F. R., Machado, S. E. D. C., & Vianna, J. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20095619 · Cited by 3
“After this procedure, the participants formed the three groups of the present research: the TGA group (n = 8), the TGB (n = 8) and the CG (n = 8) [38].”
Method
A Randomized-Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of a Web Tutorial on Perceptions and Usage of Opioids Post-Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery
Gilmer, G. G., Cluts, L. M., Gibbons, J. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online · doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.03.010 · Cited by 2
Principles of Evidence-Based Medicine
Knežević, N. N., Manchikanti, L., & Hirsch, J. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46217-7_8 · Cited by 2
Effect of three different exercise trainings on functional capacity in early stage severe burn patients: A randomized controlled trial
Çınar, M. A. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.14744/tjtes.2024.59987 · Cited by 2
“[9] Participants A total of 25 patients were included in the study: 9 in Group 1, 8 in Group 2, and 8 in Group 3 (Fig.”
Background
Randomized Controlled Trials Under Influence: Covariate Factors and Graph-Based Network InterferencePreprint
Schwarz, T. C. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.14263 · Cited by 2
Single-Cell Profiling Reveals Altered Endometrial Cellular Features Across the Menstrual Cycle in Endometriosis PatientsPreprint
Almonte-Loya, A., Wang, W., Houshdaran, S., Tang, X., Flynn, E., Liu, B., Kushnoor, D., NEZHAT, C. R., Vilella, F., Simón, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.666016 · Cited by 2
Integrative Multi-omics Analysis of the Human Skeletal Muscle Response to Endurance or Resistance Exercise: Findings from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC)Preprint
Keshishian, H., Many, G. M., Smith, G. R., Clark, N. M., Iyer, G. R., Hart, P., Lindholm, M. E., Montalvo, S., Zhang, Z., Jin, C. A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.705181 · Cited by 2
Randomization
Mahajan, S., Kakkar, S., Vashistha, R., & Vashistha, B. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88423-5.00095-9 · Cited by 1
Randomization
Shah, A., & Vingan, P. S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91259-4.00079-5 · Cited by 1
Outpatient follow-up of tumour diseases through video-based value-oriented behavioural activation (ViVA): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Reder, M., Hofheinz, C., Melzner, L., Prinz, G., & Kröger, C. B. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-07953-w · Cited by 1
“Starting with participant 37, allocation will be conducted by minimisation [39, 40].”
Background
Permanent Pacemaker Implantation: Early Post-Implantation Data
Yoncheva, I. D., Biserov, D. E., & Negreva, M. N. (2024) · Acta Medica Bulgarica · doi:10.2478/amb-2024-0002 · Cited by 1
Efficiency assessment of follow-up methodology of patients with knee replacement to predict post-surgical functionality: a protocol for randomised control PROKnee trial
Valenzuela, C. S. M., Tabarés‐Seisdedos, R., Rubio, A. P., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077942 · Cited by 1
“Because patient recruitment will occur over a prolonged period, the assignment to the groups will be performed as block randomisation 33 34 with a 1:1 allocation.”
Background
Virtual Reality Exercise with Autonomy Support Increases Positive Affect During Time Trial Exercise
Moore, A. R., & Butler, B. A. S. (2024) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2024.0157 · Cited by 1
The impact of power posing on presentation performance and self-efficacy in higher education: An embodied cognition approach
Deng, W., Liu, D., & Fan, G. F. (2025) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2025.2452393 · Cited by 1
“The randomisation was stratified by gender to ensure equal distribution across conditions, a practice recommended when gender differences may impact the outcome variables (Kang et al., 2008).”
The Impact of a Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian Diet on Post-Operative Recovery and Wound Healing Following Mandibular Third Molar Extraction—A Prospective Study
Baranowska, A., Pitułaj, A., Makar, M., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050759 · Cited by 1
“We decided to increase the number of participants in each group to 20, as such a sample size of 2 equal groups differing by one variable of total 40 participants has been proposed as sufficient large in the literature before [11].”
Frontalis flap advancement versus PTFE (Gore-Tex) frontalis sling operations in the management of congenital blepharoptosis
Abdelbaky, S. H., Shahin, H. I., Essawy, R. A. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104180 · Cited by 1
Effects of Landing Impacts and Running on Balance Error Scoring System Performance
Munkasy, B. A., & Buckley, T. A. (2025) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2024-0314 · Cited by 1
Effects of Electromyographic Biofeedback Training After Meniscectomy on Quadriceps Strength and Health Related Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial
de Almeida, M. B., Bravo, A., & Santo, J. E. (2025) · Lecture notes in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87729-2_3 · Cited by 1
Application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver biopsy
Fedak, A., Czapska, A. H., Jamroś, J., et al. (2025) · Polish Journal of Radiology · doi:10.5114/pjr/203333 · Cited by 1
“For trials including less than 200 participants, other methods of randomisation are preferred [20].”
Impacts of dry swing intervention on bat speed and attack angle: an analysis of core intervention factors
Li, H., Cheng, G., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1591520 · Cited by 2
Post-activation performance enhancement in resisted sprinting: effects of different loads and rest intervals on 100-m sprint segments
Chen, W., Qian, D., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1544291 · Cited by 1
Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition and Personalized Nutritional Approach After Colorectal Resection Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence
Frountzas, M., Stefanoudakis, D., Mela, E., Theodorou, P., Theodoropoulos, G. E., Theodorou, D., & Toutouzas, K. G. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61081459 · Cited by 2
“Patients who fulfil the inclusion criteria should be randomized by a software in two groups according to the “block randomization method” [66].”
Effects of flossing technique and core stabilization exercise on the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain - A randomized controlled trial
Wongcharoen, C., Sakulsriprasert, P., Bunprajun, T., Jensen, M. P., & Sornkaew, K. (2025) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.09.036 · Cited by 2
Long-Term Effects of Semaglutide and Sitagliptin on Circulating IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-rp1: Results from a One-Year Study in Type 2 Diabetes
Dániel, E., Sztanek, F., Csiha, S., Ratku, B., Somodi, S., Paragh, G., Harangi, M., & Lőrincz, H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110404 · Cited by 1
Sixty-minute inhalation of molecular hydrogen decreases blood oxygen saturation but does not alter autonomic cardiac regulation at rest in healthy females: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
Grepl, P., Krejčí, J., McKune, A. J., & Botek, M. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2025-0228 · Cited by 1
The effect of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on inflammatory markers, lipoprotein lipase and metabolic profile in patients with psoriasis: a randomized clinical trial
Nouri, A., Mostafazadeh, P., Javadi, F., Azizpour, A., Hajiabbasoghli, S., Hosseinzadeh‐Attar, M. J., & Ebrahimpour‐Koujan, S. (2026) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-025-04497-0 · Cited by 1
“This method of randomization provided an equal number of men and women, as well as normal and overweight patients, who were assigned to the intervention and placebo groups [ 12, 13].”
SUPERA® Cognitive Stimulation Study - effectiveness of a multi-component cognitive stimulation program for cognitively unimpaired older adults: A randomized controlled clinical trial
da Silva, T. B. L., Ordonez, T. N., dos Santos, G., Costa, L. A., Moreira, A. P. B., Bacelar, D. D. S., de Souza, M. A. A., da Silva, S. A., Yassuda, M. S., & Brucki, S. M. D. (2026) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.inpsyc.2025.100178 · Cited by 1
Effect of Transcendental Meditation on the Social Emotional Well-Being of Bilingual Teacher-Leaders
Peterson, M., Bleasdale, J. E., & Nidich, S. (2026) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/00220574261419506 · Cited by 1
A pilot randomized controlled trial of the ABCs of SLEEPING mHealth intervention for parents of school-aged children with insomnia symptoms
Jemcov, A., Corkum, P. V., Smith, I. M., & Mackinnon, S. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2025.1665671 · Cited by 1
Harnessing metabolomics and proteomics in a clinical trial for pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from post-hoc analysis of the REHAB-PH trial
Pi, H., Xia, L., Rayner, S. G., Probstfield, J. L., Branch, K. R., Shojaie, A., Leary, P. J., & Gharib, S. A. (2026) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106191 · Cited by 1
“12 This issue is especially important in rare and complex diseases such as PAH, which has heterogeneous causes, advanced medical interventions, and variable clinical trajectories.”
Operationalizing “place immersion” as a spatial neuropsychosocial phenomenon: Development and validation of the Place Immersion Scale (PLIMS)
Buttazzoni, A. N., van Rompay, T. J. L., & Minaker, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.103008 · Cited by 1
Managing emotional distress in older adults with mental illness: a randomized controlled trial evaluating virtual reality relaxation
Seethaler, M., Güntner, L., Lütt, A., & Just, S. A. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03955-1 · Cited by 1
Methods and Concepts of Epidemiology
Mikolajczyk, R. (2009) · Statistics in the health sciences · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_11 · Cited by 1
“Randomization should ensure that the studied groups are comparable and the selection of patients is not influenced by the expectations of the researcher (Kang et al. 2008).”
Background
Advantages of nerve-sparing intrastromal total abdominal hysterectomy
Samimi, D. (2013) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s39631 · Cited by 1
“The founder of randomized controlled trials (Fisher) first introduced the idea of randomization, the academic community has deemed randomization an essential tool for unbiased comparisons of treatment groups.(11) Five years after Fisher’s introductory paper, the first randomized controlled trial involving tuberculosis…”
Quantifying the exact allocation ratios in randomized clinical trials with biased coin randomization
Lin, Y., & Su, Z. (2012) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2012.03.013 · Cited by 1
“[4] M.”
Method
A Combined Technique for Randomisation of a Small Number of Participants with a Variety of Covariates into Treatment and Control Groups in Randomised Controlled Trials
Naemi, R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Trials · doi:10.4172/2167-0870.1000150 · Cited by 1
“Another method known as covariate adaptive randomization [6] has been commonly used when participants are not all identified before the start of randomisation [7].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Randomization Procedures: The Case for Strong Encryption
Berger, V. W. (2016) · Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal · doi:10.15406/bbij.2016.03.00054 · Cited by 1
“This involves minimizing vulnerability to the prediction of future allocations, and selection bias [2].”
Background
The Economic Impact of a Pharmacy-Based Hybrid Medication Adherence Model in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Omerza, K. E. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Post-operative Hypocalcaemia Following Open Thyroidectomy for Benign Multinodular Goiters Using FOCUS Harmonic Scalpel Versus Conventional Suture Ligation Technique for Hemostasis: a Prospective, Single-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Zehra, S., & Parveen, S. (2018) · Journal of Endocrine Surgery · doi:10.16956/jes.2018.18.2.132 · Cited by 1
Intermittent fasting & performance: The iFast clinical trial protocol
El‐Outa, A., Ghandour, L., Hamade, H., Borgi, C., Fares, E.-J., Gherbal, T., & Mufarrij, A. J. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100766 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, after obtaining the mentioned baseline records for the participant, she/he will be digitally randomized into one of the four study arms using block randomization technique [27,28] using RStudio version 1.”
Method

Authors: Kang, M., Ragan, B. G., & Park, J.-H.
Affiliations: Middle Tennessee State University (US)
University of Northern Iowa (US)
Korea National Sport University (KR)
ORCID: Kang, Minsoo
Park, Jae-Hyeon
Venue: Journal of Athletic Training
Publisher: National Athletic Trainers' Association
Published: 2008-03
Volume: 43
Issue: 2
Pages: 215-221
ISSN: 1062-6050 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215
PMC: PMC2267325
OpenAlex: W2103799103
Semantic Scholar: 76a894a7f31f671125792589418911fc63574599
Cited by: 555
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 6.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Athletic Training (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: randomization technique, clinical trials, block randomization, stratified randomization, covariate-adaptive randomization, covariate control, evidence-based practice
MeSH terms: Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Random Allocation, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Evidence-Based Medicine

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Issues in Outcomes Research: An Overview of Randomization Techniques for Clinical Trials

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks