Cited by 555Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsAdvanced Causal Inference TechniquesMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Issues in Outcomes Research: An Overview of Randomization Techniques for Clinical Trials

Open access

Kang, Minsoo, Ragan, Brian G., Park, Jae-Hyeon·2008·Journal of Athletic Training

DOI 10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215PMC PMC2267325

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: To review and describe randomization techniques used in clinical trials, including simple, block, stratified, and covariate adaptive techniques. Background: Clinical trials are required to establish treatment efficacy of many athletic training procedures. In the past, we have relied on evidence of questionable scientific merit to aid the determination of treatment choices. Interest in evidence-based practice is growing rapidly within the athletic training profession, placing greater emphasis on the importance of well-conducted clinical trials. One critical component of clinical trials that strengthens results is random assignment of participants to control and treatment groups. Although randomization appears to be a simple concept, issues of balancing sample sizes and controlling the influence of covariates a priori are important. Various techniques have been developed to account for these issues, including block, stratified randomization, and covariate adaptive techniques. Advantages: Athletic training researchers and scholarly clinicians can use the information presented in this article to better conduct and interpret the results of clinical trials. Implementing these techniques will increase the power and validity of findings of athletic medicine clinical trials, which will ultimately improve the quality of care provided.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647
Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial
Pocock, S. J., & Simon, R. (1975) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529712 · Cited by 2,350
The Arrangement of Field Experiments
Fisher, R. A. (1992) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_8 · Cited by 977
Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering
Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07750-4 · Cited by 923
Minimization: A new method of assigning patients to treatment and control groups
Taves, D. R. (1974) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1974155443 · Cited by 891
Forcing a sequential experiment to be balanced
EFRON, B. (1971) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/58.3.403 · Cited by 873
Generation of allocation sequences in randomised trials: chance, not choice
Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07683-3 · Cited by 774
The method of minimization for allocation to clinical trials
Scott, N. W., McPherson, G. C., Ramsay, C. R., & Campbell, M. K. (2002) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00242-8 · Cited by 651
Statistics notes: How to randomise
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7211.703 · Cited by 506

Show all 31 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Altman, D. G. and J. M.Bland. How to randomise.BMJ1999. 319 (7211):703–704.
Blair, E. Gold is not always good enough: the shortcomings of randomization when evaluating interventions in small heterogeneous samples. J Clin Epidemiol 2004. 57 (12):1219–1222.

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 552

Evaluating “Comparing the Effects of Massage Therapy and Aromatherapy on Knee Pain, Morning Stiffness, Daily Life Function, and Quality of Life in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis”
Li, M., Liu, Z., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000521783 · Cited by 1
Rest versus exercise as treatment for patients with low back pain and Modic changes. A randomised controlled clinical trial.
Jensen, R. K., Leboeuf‐Yde, C., Wedderkopp, N., Sørensen, J. S., & Manniche, C. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/preaccept-2076984228657971 · Cited by 1
Debunking the myth of using “quiet” in clinical departments: an integrative overview of available literature
Umar, T. P., & Jain, N. (2022) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104792 · Cited by 1
“As a result, it needs to be rethought before replication in a small-scale clinical trial [10].”
Background
The effect of fine-particle size and extrafine particle size inhaled corticosteroid in reducing airway resistance in asthmatic patients
Hamid, M. F. A., Ahmad, A., Jailaini, M. F. M., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/20101058231167250 · Cited by 1
“23,24 A proper crossover model usually has a washout period.”
Background
Clinical and- radiographic evaluation of mineralised plasmatic matrix (MPM) on postextraction socket healing
Farag, M. Y. Y. A., Tawfik, M. A.-M., & Abdel-Rahman, F. H. (2023) · Mansoura Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.61793/2812-5479.1006 · Cited by 1
THE EFFECT OF INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY AND OSCILLATORY POSITIVE EXPIRATORY PRESSURE THERAPIES ON FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY, DYSPNEA, AND SATURATION IN BURN PATIENTS WITH INHALATION INJURY: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY
Çınar, M. A., Başarici, K. G., Sarikaya, A., et al. (2024) · Karya Journal of Health Science · doi:10.52831/kjhs.1483229 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Cognitive Functional Therapy on Gait Kinetics in Women with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Clinical Trial Study
Yalfani, A., & Asgarpoor, A. (2024) · مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان · doi:10.61186/jrums.23.6.552 · Cited by 1
An In Vitro Study to Assess the Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of 3D Printed, Milled, and Traditional Provisional Crown and Bridge Materials
Jain, S., Daak, H. A., Hamed, N. E., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.74505 · Cited by 1
Photodiagnosis of diabetic eye disease—The Beichen Eye Study
Yeung, C. S. K., & Au, S. C. L. (2024) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104451 · Cited by 1
A companion to the preclinical common data elements for rigor, reproducibility and transparency in basic and translational epilepsy research. A report of the TASK3 ‐ WG1A : Pharmacology Working Group of the ILAE / AES Joint Translational Task Force
Klein, B. D., Harte‐Hargrove, L. C., Mowrey, W. B., Galanopoulou, A. S., Metcalf, C. S., Coles, L. D., Forcelli, P. A., Katsarou, A., Köhling, R., Leclercq, K., et al. (2025) · Epilepsia Open · doi:10.1002/epi4.70053 · Cited by 1
“41,54 Along this line, the time point for group allocation should be determined considering the relevance of covariates.”
Evaluating the feasibility of study methods for a future trial-based economic evaluation of a multistage shared decision-making program for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled pilot study
Tichler, A., Hertroijs, D. F. L., van Mastrigt, G. A. P. G., Brouwers, M. C. G. J., Ruwaard, D., & Elissen, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300944 · Cited by 1
“Simple randomization will be used to assign each primary care practice to a group with an equal probability (1:1 allocation) using a computerized random number generator [27].”
Randomization versus matching method in resistance training research: A simulation study based on maximal isometric squat strength recovery data
Pekünlü, E., & Özsu, İ. (2014) · Isokinetics and Exercise Science · doi:10.3233/ies-140554 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, intervention and control groups should be equal and show no systematic differences in crucial physical and physiological characteristics likely to be affected by the intervention [2].”
Influential
Doctoring Your Clinical Trial with Adaptive Randomization: SAS® Macros to Perform Adaptive Randomization
Colavincenzo, J. (2013) · Cited by 1
Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of Allen Carr’s Easyway programme versus Lambeth and Southwark NHS for smoking cessation
Wood, K. V., Albery, I. P., Moss, A. C., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016867 · Cited by 1
“Kang M, Ragan BG, Park JH. Issues in outcomes research: an overview of randomization techniques for clinical trials.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Pilot Study of a Pre-Deployment Parent Coaching Program for Military Families with Young Children
Louie, A. D., Barlaan, D. R., & Cromer, L. D. (2020) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2020.1819487 · Cited by 1
“Following assessment completion, group assignment was determined using block (n1⁄4 4) randomization (Kang et al., 2008).”
Method
Mixed‐methods study protocol for explanation of pregnant women’s concerns about antenatal anomaly screening process: Designing, implementing and evaluation of intervention
Khakbazan, Z., Poursharifi, H., Farnam, F., Hantoushzadeh, S., Abdollahi, P., Haghani, S., & Arjmandifar, M. (2021) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1012 · Cited by 1
Comments on “Whole lung irradiation as a novel treatment for COVID-19: Final results of the prospective randomized trial (WINCOVID trial)”
Ozyurek, Y., Sarı, S. Y., & Hürmüz, P. (2022) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2022.02.035 · Cited by 1
“Stratified or covariate adaptive randomization must be used if sample size below 200 and covariates need to be controlled [11].”
Oral manifestations of Behçet's disease.
Khemiss, M., Hajjaj, S., Blouza, I., et al. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1
An observational study of dose dense chemotherapy with lipegfilgrastim support in early breast cancer
Rashed, A., Fitzpatrick, O. M., Easty, D. J., Coyne, Z. L., Collins, D. C., Mallet, V., Milewski, M., Egan, K., Breathnach, O. S., Grogan, L., et al. (2023) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-023-10603-0 · Cited by 1
Influence of Experienced and Internalized Weight Stigma and Coping on Weight Loss Outcomes among Adults
Lenz, E. M. (2017) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 1
Randomization
Guyatt, G. H., & Alexander, P. E. (2013) · doi:10.4155/ebo.13.429 · Cited by 1
Analyzing open-ended questions in research: A commonly used category selection methodologyPreprint
Arroyo, L. D. A., Fitzmaurice, A., Feric, Z., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.22275646 · Cited by 1
Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Multi-Site Cell Therapy in Osteoarthritis: Tissue-Specific Traits and Treatment CorrelationsPreprint
Chatterjee, P., Stevens, H. Y., Kippner, L. E., Yeago, C., Drissi, H., Mautner, K., Boden, S. D., Gibson, G. C., & Roy, K. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.25325743 · Cited by 1
Percutaneous needle fasciotomy for Dupuytren's disease : report on a randomized clinical trial and related research
van Rijssen, A. L. (2012) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
Methodology and Application of Adaptive and Sequential Approaches
Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., Cui, Y., & Kowalski, J. (2012) · Digital Archive @ GSU
Evaluating referral appropriateness in primary care extended scope physiotherapists through the development of referral criteria for rotator cuff tears
Griffiths, S. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32434614
The effects of adding a neuromuscular electrical stimulation device to a progressive resistance training programme in people with multiple sclerosis
Hughes, L. (2011) · University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) · doi:10.34961/7705
Adaptive and Sequential Methods for Clinical Trials
Zhao, Y., Chen, Z., Huang, X., & Tighiouart, M. (2013) · Journal of Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1155/2013/386058
A feasibility study into the efficacy of a three session Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) training, with Implementation Intentions (II), for adolescents experiencing high levels of social anxiety : a single-case series
Smith, H. R. (2015) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Assessing the Quality of Surgical Trials
Farrokhyar, F., & Karanicolas, P. J. (2011) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3182080766
Pediatric Asthma Control Assessment Project
Correa, R. V. D. (2013) · ePublications at Regis University (Regis University)
Radiological clinical trials: Proposal of a problem-finding questionnaire to improve study success
Valdora, F., Bignotti, B., Calabrese, M., et al. (2016) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v6.i4.214
The Operating Room as a Classroom: a New Approach to Skills Assessment and Training in Surgery
Bonrath, E. M. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Évaluation de la qualité de vie des patients tunisiens atteints de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive
Khalladi, R., & Saad, H. B. (2017) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires · doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2016.10.377
Considerations for Assessment and Applicability of Studies of Intervention
Gil, A. B., Piva, S. R., & Irrgang, J. J. (2018) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2018.03.008
ESTABLISHING THE EFFICACY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS AND UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERPINNING EMOTIONAL DISTRESS IN BREAST CANCER
Temple, J. (2019) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03033174
Do Individual Responses to Resistance Exercise Exist to an Extent That Can be Detected Beyond That of Measurement Error/Random Biological Variability?
Dankel, S. J. (2019)
Prevalence of osteopenia in chronic asymptomatic Type 2 diabetic patients
E.DHANDAPAN, I., B.KALAISELV, I., & DR.S.ARUN (2017) · International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences · doi:10.22376/ijpbs.2017.8.1.b577-581
Relationship between the COPD assessment test (CAT) and respiratory function characteristics of North African stable COPD patients
Rouatbi, S., Souid, R., Anane, I., et al. (2020) · doi:10.36811/ojprm.2020.110009
“The sample size for correlation study was calculated according to the following predictive equation [12]:”
Method
Effects of 12 Weeks Combined Exercise on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Elderly Women
Shin, Y.-C., Jang, Y., & Cho, J. (2020) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2020.29.3.256
“선택 편향을 일으키지 않기 위해 블록 무작위 배정 (block randomization)방식으로 한 블록당 6명의 피험자를 설정하였으 며, 각 블록 내 일정한 배정비에 따라 배정하였다[23].”
Quels facteurs influencent la qualité de vie des patients tunisiens atteints de cancer du poumon?
Khalladi, R., Gargouri, I., Zedini, C., & Saad, H. B. (2017) · Journal de la faculté de médecine d Oran · doi:10.51782/jfmo.v4i2.109
Efeitos do exercício aeróbio na aprendizagem implícita de indivíduos pós-acidente vascular cerebral
Bonuzzi, G. M. G. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2020.tde-21052021-100545
Evaluation of the Effect of Scheduled Family Appointments on Agitation of ICU Patients: A Quasi-experimental Study
Shahriyari, E., Salar, A., & Payandeh, A. (2021) · Medical - Surgical Nursing Journal · doi:10.5812/msnj.118394
Effects of A Gamified, Behavior Change Techniques-Based Mobile Application on Increasing Physical Activity and Reducing Anxiety in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Preliminary Study (Preprint)Preprint
Lee, D., Frey, G., Cothran, D., Harezlak, J., & Shih, P. C. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/preprints.35701
Simulação virtual por meio de um serious game sobre segurança do paciente: um estudo experimental
Domingues, A. N. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.22.2021.tde-14122021-165816 · Cited by 1
Comparison of the effect of removing bandage contact lens on the days 3 and 5 following photorefractive keratectomy
Sánchez‐González, M. C., Sánchez‐González, J., Gargallo-Martínez, B., et al. (2022) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-021-02148-7
“Therefore, in this work, ideally complex randomizations such as randomized complete blocks design or independent stratified randomization should be done [2].”
Background
Introduction
Ferreira, I. S., Costa, B. T., & Fregni, F. (2018) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7880-9_1
Retraction: “An Overview of Randomization Techniques: An Unbiased Assessment of Outcome in Clinical Research”
(2015) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/0974-1208.170593
Retracted
Therapeutic effect of herbal infusion on abnormal uterine bleeding: interventional non-randomized pilot study
Selmi, M., Lassoued, L., Bannour, B., et al. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.122435.1
“A heparinized catheter was inserted into the antecubital vein to collect venous blood samples in three different tubes: an EDTA-coated tube, used for the CBC analysis parameters that were assessed following the combining laser diffraction flow cytometry and spectrophotometric technique,14 a sodium citrate 3.2% tube us…”
MethodInfluential
Evidence for Better Results of Combined General and Epidural Anaesthesia in Esophagectomy
Tustumi, F., & Viana, M. A. (2022) · Journal of College of Physicians And Surgeons Pakistan · doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2022.11.1509
Comparison of two washing methods for bed baths: Soap and water or disposable wet wipes - A mixed methods study
Veje, P. L. (2022) · doi:10.54337/aau517402491
On the Methodological Aspects of the Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Conducted in the First Year of the Pandemic: A Descriptive Analysis
Georgiadi, E. C., & Sachlas, A. (2023) · Statistics in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12561-023-09366-w
“[22] mentioned, the implementation of randomization increases both the power and validity of the results and improves the quality of the provided care.”
Background
Examining the effects of an Educational Person-centered Intervention on Compensatory Strategies (EPICS) in older adults living with frailty: A mixed-methods pilot trial
Provencher, V., D’Amours, M., Carbonneau, H., Levasseur, M., Poulin, V., Filiatrault, J., Obradović, N., Drouin, L., & Giroux, D. (2023) · Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure · doi:10.1080/07053436.2023.2184096
“…of physical and social frailty, participants were assigned to the experimental and control groups using an adaptive randomized allocation procedure (Kang et al., 2008; Suresh, 2011) that balanced the two groups on frailty characteristics (physically frail, socially frail, and both physically and…”
Method
Anterolateral thigh harvesting for head and neck reconstruction without Doppler: Risky or not?
Spyropoulou, G.-A., Vahtsevanos, K., Αντωνιάδης, Κ., et al. (2023) · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases · doi:10.1016/j.omsc.2023.100304
Análise da qualidade das evidências científicas sobre a eficácia e segurança nas bulas de anticoagulantes orais diretos comercializados no Brasil
Souza, D. H. I., de Almeida, N. A., Domingues, M. L. D. P., Baldoni, A. O., Baldoni, N. R., & Rios, D. R. A. (2023) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2023.196548
Changes in the levels of factor X (FXA) and factor XII (FXIIA) in patients after permanent pacemaker implantation
Biserov, D. E., Yoncheva, I. D., & Negreva, M. N. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.2.1523
“The study was designed to equalise the demographic and clinical characteristics of both groups in order to minimise the possibility of selection bias and compare them objectively [5].”
Method
A feasibility and pilot additive randomised control trial of attachment security priming during behavioural activation
Heathcote, C., Walton, J. M., Kellett, S., Millings, A., Simmonds‐Buckley, M., & Wright, A. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000504
“Indeed, the current study showed significant differences between the arms with regard to age and gender, therefore introducing a potential confound and so making direct comparisons unreliable (Kang et al ., 2008).”
Background
Relationship between CTGF levels and echocardiographic parameters in patients after permanent pacemaker implantation
Yoncheva, I. D., & Negreva, M. N. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.3.2616
“The study design involved equalization of demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and controls in order to minimize selection errors and provide objective comparison [11].”
Performance of key physical tests for temporomandibular disorder via telehealth: Establishing validity and reliability
Hartono, J., Cottrell, M. A., Window, P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.13643
Rethinking Clinical Metritis Definition: Treatments’ Effects on Dairy Cows with Different Vaginal Discharge ScoresPreprint
Hamilton, J., Jimenez, E., Zarei, P., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4665120
Musicoterapia analgésica: una revisión de los estudios recientes
Heyerdahl-Viau, I., & López-Naranjo, F. (2024) · Fides et Ratio - Revista de Difusión cultural y científica de la Universidad La Salle en Bolivia · doi:10.55739/19e5zk56
Re: Gyawali, Sushil; Luitel, Bhoj Raj; Bhattarai, Amit Sharma; Sharma, Uttam Kumar. Comparison of efficacy of intercostal nerve block versus peritract infiltration with 0.25% bupivacaine in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Indian Journal of Urology 40(1):p 37-43, Jan–Mar 2024
Kirti, S., Mandal, S., Kumar, D. M., et al. (2024) · Indian Journal of Urology · doi:10.4103/iju.iju_6_24
Effectiveness of dry needling on pain & disability in athletes with iliotibial band tightness- a clinical trial
Singh, A., Bhagat, U., & Sharma, M. (2024) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.048
Clinical Research Methodologies: Choosing the right approach for successful trials
Sharma, Y., Sheetal, S., Saloni, S., & Anchal (2024) · International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) · doi:10.69580/ijppr.15.2.2024.140-153
Drug Repurposing: A strategic approach to addressing unmet medical needs
Goel, G. (2024) · International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) · doi:10.69580/ijppr.15.2.2024.154-163
Hypnotherapy for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized clinical trialsPreprint
Souza, F. L., Moura, M. S., Elkins, G. R., & Silva, J. V. A. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.24310435
Randomized clinical trials and related concepts in clinical research
Nogueiras‐Álvarez, R. (2024) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1177/10815589241270464
“17 There are different techniques that can be used for the random assignment of participants in clinical trials 18 : Simple randomization is based on a single sequence of random assignments.”
Behavioral activation for veterans with co-occurring alcohol use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Basis and methodology for a pilot randomized controlled trial
Blakey, S. M., Alsobrooks, A., Morgan‐López, A. A., Kruskamp, N., Simpson, T. L., Daughters, S. B., DuBois, C. M., Huang, J. W., Evans, J., Serrano, B. N., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107670
A Comparative Study of the Effects of Bupropion and Amantadine on the Improvement of Sexual Function in Methadone-Dependent Males
Rahimi, S., Hamidia, A., Koutanaei, S. J., Kheirkhah, F., Seyed-Alipour, S., & Gholinia, H. (2024) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-145407
Randomization: Fixed or adaptive procedures
Seyedian, S. S. L., & Djaladat, H. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90186-4.00084-5
Targeted Medical Consultation and Lifestyle Modification Advice for the Improvement of Quality of Life and Daily Habits in Gynaecological Patients: A Pilot Study
Bimpa, K., Xydias, E. M., Karagiannidou, D., Sagali, A., & Tsakos, E. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.72015
Оцінка інформативності клініко-інструментальних та лабораторних показників у виявленні активності патогенетичних факторів, асоційованих зі змінами перебігу інфаркту міокарда в період воєнного стану
Shumakov, O. V., Parkhomenko, A. N., Lutay, Y. M., et al. (2024) · Ukrainian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.31928/2664-4479-2024.5.720
“…є аналогом Matched Sampling Method, в якому конструювання кон-трольної вибірки (шляхом вибіркового додавання пацієнтів по одному із загальної «контрольної» когорти) відбувається із покроковим оцінюван-ням різниці між групами за показниками, які мають бути статистично подібними в групах [6, 9, 14].”
Comments on gait training with a safety suspension device accelerates the achievement of supervision level walking in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial
Vaish, H., & Sharma, D. (2024) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000642
VOCÊ NÃO AJUDOU O PACIENTE: Um recurso teórico sobre vieses confundidores
Souza, F. L., Souza, N. C., Wainer, A. F. M., Fernandes, J. A. D. R., & Wainer, L. M. (2024) · Psicologia e Saúde em Debate · doi:10.22289/2446-922x.v10a2a46
Assessment of sub-maximal aerobic capacity in North African patients with chronic hepatitis B: a pilot case-control study
Bergaoui, J., Latiri, I., Mrad, S., Chaouch, H., Amous, S., Abdallah, J. B., Hajri, S. S. E., & Saad, H. B. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.160390.1
Bilateral lateral rectus recession versus bilateral lateral rectus recession and one medial rectus resection in correction of exotropia
Taher, S. G., Elsherbiny, R. F., Khazbak, L. M., et al. (2025) · Delta Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/djo.djo_58_24
Group allocation
Lopes, M. D. A., Melo, P., & Gobatto, A. L. N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91790-2.00029-0
A PA-led telemedicine advance care planning intervention in a life-limiting illness
Cooper, C. S., & Karl, J. A. (2025) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000000000000091
Evaluation of the effectiveness of “Shega” natural and self-made solution as compared to permethrin lotion in eliminating head lice in infested Schoolchildren in Gondar area, Ethiopia: a randomized non-inferiority trial
Tessema, T. A., Cavin, A.-L., Gurmu, A. E., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1507760
Effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on coagulation and fibrinolytic activity in major burns: a preliminary randomized trial
Çınar, M. A., Bayramlar, K., & Erkılıç, A. (2026) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-026-02005-z
Randomization: Fixed or adaptive procedures
McCall, M., Wynn, A., Marino, G., & Collins, A. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821426-8.00034-0
Controlling exposure
Miller, E., Begg, S. J., & Lee, P. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009522342.009
Improved Ecodriving Using Instantaneous Consumption Displays in an Electric Vehicle Driving Simulator: The Role of Energy Dynamics AwarenessPreprint
Gödker, M., Schrills, T., & Franke, T. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zusyx_v4
Study population: Who and why them?
Smith, C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90391-2.00023-3
Group allocation
SathiyaNarayanan, R., Mestre, A., & John, J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90391-2.00018-x
Sağlık Bilimlerinde Güç Analizi: Kavramsal ve Uygulamalı Bir Yaklaşım
Türkiş, F. C. (2025) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub779.c3248
Supera cognitive stimulation study with cognitively-unimpaired older adults: methodology and initial results of a randomized controlled clinical trial
da Silva, T. B. L., Ordonez, T. N., dos Santos, G., Costa, L. A., Moreira, A. P. B., Bacelar, D. D. S., de Souza, M. A. A., da Silva, S. A., Brucki, S. M. D., & Yassuda, M. S. (2025) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1809882
Evaluating the Effects of Yoga on the Body Mass Index and Heart Rate among Individuals with Substance Use Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Kumar, S., Sahu, M., & Ghosh, K. (2025) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-025-09727-9
“Block randomization was used to ensure equal group sizes, as recommended for small sample experimental studies (Kang et al., 2008).”
Impact of almond milk fortified with vitamin D3-loaded soy protein nanoparticles on serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations in adults with CKD: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial
Kuo, L., Neda, B. N. C., Luo, Y. E., Ceylan, J. A., Andrade, J. E., & Andrade, J. (2025) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-025-02353-y
“…by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) using a computer-generated method to place participants into the intervention or control group [17]. eGFR was calculated from serum creatinine (Sigma-Aldrich ® assay) using the updated Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation…”
Teaching Students With and Without Learning Disabilities to Use a Scientific Argumentative Writing Strategy in Inclusive Science Classes
Boyle, J. R., Watson, L., Frith, D. M., et al. (2025) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/09388982251359640
“According to Kang et al. (2008), using random assignment ensures “ each participant an equal chance of being assigned to groups, which makes the groups comparable on the dependent variable by eliminating potential bias ” (p. 216).”
Tournament Design in Doubles Pickleball
Swartz, T. B., & Tang, B. (2025) · International Journal of Racket Sports Science · doi:10.30827/ijrss.34548
A randomization strategy for a cluster-randomized controlled trial with variable operating room availability
Chen, S., Chen, H., Paez, R., et al. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.108057
Cross-Body Versus Combined Sleeper Stretch for Posterior Shoulder Tightness: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Kawakami, J., Karasuyama, M., Tomohiko, N., et al. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.92975
“The evaluators were blinded to group allocation [15].”
Workflows to automate covariate-adaptive randomization in REDCap via data entry triggers
Schauer, J. M., Broxton, M. O., Rasmussen, L. V., Swann, G., Newcomb, M. E., & Ciolino, J. D. (2025) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf110
“8,14,15 Among the barriers to their broader use are their complexity and limited software options.”
Influential
Effect of percutaneous release versus steroid injection among adults with trigger fingers: a randomized clinical trial
Karki, M., Sharma, R., Sunuwar, D. R., Gupta, R. S., Singh, D. R., Lama, S., Bhandari, K. K., Tamang, R. K., & Chaudhary, N. K. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08981-6
A review of clinical trials in Down Syndrome
Denne, E., Channell, M. M., White, N., Fidler, D., Baumer, N., Wu, J., Tapia, I. E., Froehlich, T. E., Hartley, S. L., & Esbensen, A. J. (2025) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2025.09.002
Comparison of the Effects of Sugammadex and Pyridostigmine on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and the Recovery Profile in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Strabismus Surgery: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Observational Study
Kim, S. H., Jong, H. S., Ha, E. G., et al. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61101826
“Primarily, the small sample size hinders the generalizability of the results, underscoring the need for a larger sample for a more robust analysis [27] and regarding the statistical inaccuracy of using Cohen’s d for sample size calculation with a binary outcome (PONV incidence).”
Does social support reduce bodily pain among African American women with SLE? Findings from a randomised controlled trial
Leung, J., Keller, E., Nietert, P. J., Caldwell, T., Dismuke, C., Johnson, H., & Williams, E. M. (2025) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2025-001712
Seeing the bigger picture – a comparison between 2D and 360°-AR action observation in golf training
Schumacher, T., & Klatt, S. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2025.2578864
Self-management of type 2 diabetes using a co-designed text based mobile health (mHealth) intervention in Nepal: A study protocol for randomised controlled trial
Shrestha, N., Simkhada, P. P., Kurmi, O., Gautam, S., Karmacharya, B. M., Shrestha, A., Tamrakar, R., & Poudel, A. N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335333 · Cited by 1
“A simple randomization technique [57] will be used to assign participants to either intervention or control group on 1:1 basis.”

Authors: Kang, M., Ragan, B. G., & Park, J.-H.
Affiliations: Middle Tennessee State University (US)
University of Northern Iowa (US)
Korea National Sport University (KR)
ORCID: Kang, Minsoo
Park, Jae-Hyeon
Venue: Journal of Athletic Training
Publisher: National Athletic Trainers' Association
Published: 2008-03
Volume: 43
Issue: 2
Pages: 215-221
ISSN: 1062-6050 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215
PMC: PMC2267325
OpenAlex: W2103799103
Semantic Scholar: 76a894a7f31f671125792589418911fc63574599
Cited by: 555
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 6.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Athletic Training (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: randomization technique, clinical trials, block randomization, stratified randomization, covariate-adaptive randomization, covariate control, evidence-based practice
MeSH terms: Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Random Allocation, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Evidence-Based Medicine

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Issues in Outcomes Research: An Overview of Randomization Techniques for Clinical Trials

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks