Drinking Strategies: Planned Drinking Versus Drinking to Thirst
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In humans, thirst tends to be alleviated before complete rehydration is achieved. When sweating rates are high and ad libitum fluid consumption is not sufficient to replace sweat losses, a cumulative loss in body water results. Body mass losses of 2% or greater take time to accumulate. Dehydration of ≥ 2% body mass is associated with impaired thermoregulatory function, elevated cardiovascular strain and, in many conditions (e.g., warmer, longer, more intense), impaired aerobic exercise performance. Circumstances where planned drinking is optimal include longer duration activities of > 90 min, particularly in the heat; higher-intensity exercise with high sweat rates; exercise where performance is a concern; and when carbohydrate intake of 1 g/min is desired. Individuals with high sweat rates and/or those concerned with exercise performance should determine sweat rates under conditions (exercise intensity, pace) and environments similar to that anticipated when competing and tailor drinking to prevent body mass losses > 2%. Circumstances where drinking to thirst may be sufficient include short duration exercise of < 1 h to 90 min; exercise in cooler conditions; and lower-intensity exercise. It is recommended to never drink so much that weight is gained.
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Drinking-to-thirst is an acknowledged means of maintaining hydration during short-duration exercise (<90 min), when environmental conditions are cool, and/or when exercise intensity is low (e.g., <60% V̇O2max).
“Drinking-to-thirst is an acknowledged means of maintaining hydration during short-duration exercise (<90 min), when environmental conditions are cool, and/or when exercise intensity is low (e.g., < 60% V̇O2max) [121].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [121]
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- Authors
- Kenefick, R. W.
- Affiliations
- United States Army (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kenefick, Robert W.
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2018-01-24
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 31-37
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC5790864
- OpenAlex
- W2785137812
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 12
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- Gran Sasso Science Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- dehydration, sweat rate, weight loss, exercise thermoregulation, exercise performance, carbohydrate intake, heat exposure
- MeSH terms
- Dehydration, Drinking, Humans, Sweating, Thirst, Water, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Exercise, Athletes
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