The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 29 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the United States.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Although benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with adverse health effects, it is unknown what proportion of benzodiazepine users misuse them or meet criteria for benzodiazepine use disorders. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among US adults. METHODS: Data from 102,000 adults 18 years and older who participated in the 2015-2016 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health were used. IMS Health Total Patient Tracker data were also examined. Descriptive analyses and multinomial logistic regressions were applied. RESULTS: Among US adults in 2015-2016, 12.5% (annual average, 95% CI, 12.19%-12.81%) used benzodiazepines, 2.1% (95% CI, 2.03%-2.25%) misused benzodiazepines at least once, and 0.2% (95% CI, 0.15%-0.22%) had benzodiazepine use disorders. Among benzodiazepine users, 17.1% (95% CI, 16.30%-17.93%) misused benzodiazepines, and 1.5% (95% CI, 1.26%-1.72%) had benzodiazepine use disorders. Benzodiazepine use was associated with emergency room visits, suicidal ideation, use of most substances, and mental disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders was associated with younger age, male sex, being black, poor educational attainment, being uninsured and unemployed, being single, having family income below $50,000, and having suicidal ideation and other specific substance use problems. Correlates of benzodiazepine use disorders were similar, but most correlates were associated with benzodiazepine use disorders more strongly than with misuse without use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: While benzodiazepine use is highly prevalent among US adults, benzodiazepine use disorders are relatively rare among benzodiazepine users. Our results help characterize benzodiazepine users and identify adults at risk for misuse and use disorders.
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Claims the paper makes
58 Own result · 16 Not checked yet · 8 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.2 (95% CI=0.13–0.21) million for benzodiazepine abuse”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among U.S. adults in 2015–2016, 12.5% (annual average, 95% CI=12.19%–12.81%) used benzodiazepines”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > Abstract > RESULTS:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.19% (95% CI=0.15%–0.22%) had a benzodiazepine use disorder”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2.1% (95% CI=2.03%–2.25%) misused benzodiazepines at least once”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > Abstract > RESULTS:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.5 (95% CI= 0.38–0.52) million met criteria for benzodiazepine use disorders”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5.2 (95% CI=4.94–5.48) million misused benzodiazepines at least once”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“based on IMS data, we further estimated that 25.7 million adults were dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in the U.S. in 2015.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker data accurately count unique adults dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among benzodiazepine users, 17.1% (95% CI=16.30%–17.93%) misused benzodiazepines at least once”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.3 (95% CI=0.23–0.33) million for benzodiazepine dependence”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“approximately 30.5 (annual average, 95% CI= 29.63–31.29) million U.S. adults used benzodiazepines”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“having Medicaid”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Characteristics of adults with past-year benzodiazepine use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“having ER visit(s)”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Characteristics of adults with past-year benzodiazepine use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While benzodiazepine use was associated with females, probably due to greater prevalence of anxiety disorders29 and higher probability of treatment seeking among women than among men”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
- Not checked yetcites [25]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The annual average weighted response rate for the 2015–2016 NSDUH was 54.3 percent”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > METHODS > Study Population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“benzodiazepine use disorders were associated with men, possibly reflecting the greater prevalence of substance use disorders among men”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increasing prevalence of benzodiazepine use with age may be due to long-term use of benzodiazepines among those who start them”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that younger users, socioeconomically disadvantaged users, and those with psychopathology (particularly substance use disorders) are at increased risk for benzodiazepine misuse, use disorders, and associated harms.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NSDUH data collection was approved by the Institutional Review Board at RTI International. Oral informed consent was received from each study participant.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > METHODS > Study Population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NSDUH data are subject to recall and social-desirability biases”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with multiple adverse health effects,8, 9 including decreased motor coordination and traffic accidents,9, 10 overdose,11, 12 and premature mortality.13”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
- Not checked yetcites [10]
- Not checked yetcites [11]
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These measures have good validity and reliability.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analyses are based on DSM-IV criteria. Analyses based on DSM-5 criteria may have yielded different results”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepines are often used for the short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
- Not checked yetcites [2]
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“consistent with a prior study showing upward trends in benzodiazepine use during 2002–2014”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Because the study was based on pharmacy data, it could not examine other important sociodemographic characteristics, assess diagnostic information of users, or estimate the prevalence or correlates of misuse and use disorders among benzodiazepine users.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the lack of nationally representative data, it has not been possible to date to estimate what proportion of users meet criteria for misuse or use disorders and which users are at greatest risk for benzodiazepine misuse or use disorders.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An important recent study provided the first estimates of benzodiazepine use in the U.S using data from IMS Health, describing the age and sex of benzodiazepine users.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“none has estimated the national prevalence of benzodiazepine use, examined whether correlates of use are similar to those of misuse and use disorders, or investigated motivations for benzodiazepine misuse in a national sample”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
- Not checked yetcites [7]
- Not checked yetcites [16]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Retail pharmacy data do not include adults obtaining benzodiazepines from hospitals, clinics, and other non-retail settings.
“Because retail pharmacy data do not include adults obtaining benzodiazepines from hospitals, clinics, and other non-retail settings”
The paper relies on this without support.
NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
“providing the first opportunity to obtain nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations for benzodiazepine misuse among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
“Based on the 102,000 sampled adults from the 2015–2016 NSDUH”
The paper relies on this without support.
IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker data accurately count unique adults dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.
“IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker to assess the number of unique adults who were dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This paper outlines principles for deprescribing benzodiazepines and z-drugs in patients who take them as prescribed – without benzodiazepine use disorder – which accounts for 98% of benzodiazepine users (Blanco et al., 2018).”
From Pharmacological principles for safe benzodiazepine and Z-drug dose reduction (2026) · cites this paper as Blanco et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“For example, older individuals taking opioids may experience constipation, fatigue, pruritus, anorexia, somnolence, mental status changes, and nau sea.”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [327]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Misuse of benzodiazepines and other sedatives can lead to an array of adverse consequences, such as the development of sedative/anxiolytic use disorder (9)”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“However, there is evidence that other substance use disorders are highly prevalent among those with benzodiazepine misuse (9), and that benzodiazepine misuse is associated with poorer substance use disorder treatment outcomes (14).”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Of note, the sedative/anxiolytic use disorder rates among those with any benzodiazepine use reported herein were similar to those previously estimated using 2015–2016 NSDUH data (9)”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Our estimate for the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse is similar to prior reports in the literature (9), indicating that approximately 2% of the U.S. population engages in misuse each year.”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
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Relationship between Nonmedical Prescription-Opioid Use and Heroin Use
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Benzodiazepine Use in the United States
Olfson, M., King, M., & Schoenbaum, M. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1763 · Cited by 786
The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale: A multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence
Shiffman, S. S., Waters, A. J., & Hickcox, M. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/1462220042000202481 · Cited by 571
Bandelow, B., Sher, L., Bunevicius, R., Hollander, E., Kasper, S., Zohar, J., Möller, H.-J., WFSBP Task Force on Mental Disorders in Primary Care, & WFSBP Task Force on Anxiety Disorders, O. A. P. (2012) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2012.667114 · Cited by 428
Compton, W. M., Han, B., Jones, C. M., Blanco, C., & Hughes, A. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30208-5 · Cited by 377
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review*
Votaw, V. R., Geyer, R., Rieselbach, M. M., & McHugh, R. K. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.033 · Cited by 479
“Among those with OUD and/or injection drug use who misused benzodiazepines in the previous month, 27–60% report daily benzodiazepine misuse (Darke et al., 1993; Fatseas et al., 2009; Gilchrist et al., 2006), with misuse occurring on an average of 13 days (Eiroa-Orosa et al., 2010; Stein et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVolkow, N. D., & Blanco, C. (2023) · World psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21073 · Cited by 503
Self-citationPolysubstance use in the U.S. opioid crisis
Compton, W. M., Valentino, R. J., & DuPont, R. L. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00949-3 · Cited by 298
“37,47,48 For example, the addition of cocaine to decrease the dose of heroin and degree of physical dependence has been reported by out-of-treatment users and by methadone patients.”
Self-citationCompton, W. M., Han, B., Blanco, C., Johnson, K., & Jones, C. M. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17091048 · Cited by 263
Self-citationXu, K. Y., Hartz, S. M., Borodovsky, J. T., Bierut, L. J., & Grucza, R. A. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28557 · Cited by 87
Metadata
- Authors
- Blanco, C., Han, B., Jones, C. M., Johnson, K., & Compton, W. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2018-10-16
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-2101
- PMC
- PMC10309967
- OpenAlex
- W2897046664
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 8.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 DA999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine misuse, benzodiazepine use disorder, prevalence, suicidal ideation, emergency department visits, substance use, mental illness, socioeconomic factors, health insurance status, National Survey on Drug Use and Health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Benzodiazepines, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Prescription Drug Misuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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