Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the United States.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Although benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with adverse health effects, it is unknown what proportion of benzodiazepine users misuse them or meet criteria for benzodiazepine use disorders. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among US adults. METHODS: Data from 102,000 adults 18 years and older who participated in the 2015-2016 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health were used. IMS Health Total Patient Tracker data were also examined. Descriptive analyses and multinomial logistic regressions were applied. RESULTS: Among US adults in 2015-2016, 12.5% (annual average, 95% CI, 12.19%-12.81%) used benzodiazepines, 2.1% (95% CI, 2.03%-2.25%) misused benzodiazepines at least once, and 0.2% (95% CI, 0.15%-0.22%) had benzodiazepine use disorders. Among benzodiazepine users, 17.1% (95% CI, 16.30%-17.93%) misused benzodiazepines, and 1.5% (95% CI, 1.26%-1.72%) had benzodiazepine use disorders. Benzodiazepine use was associated with emergency room visits, suicidal ideation, use of most substances, and mental disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders was associated with younger age, male sex, being black, poor educational attainment, being uninsured and unemployed, being single, having family income below $50,000, and having suicidal ideation and other specific substance use problems. Correlates of benzodiazepine use disorders were similar, but most correlates were associated with benzodiazepine use disorders more strongly than with misuse without use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: While benzodiazepine use is highly prevalent among US adults, benzodiazepine use disorders are relatively rare among benzodiazepine users. Our results help characterize benzodiazepine users and identify adults at risk for misuse and use disorders.
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- Findingown data
Approximately 0.2 million U.S. adults met criteria for benzodiazepine abuse (95% CI 0.13-0.21 million).
“0.2 (95% CI=0.13–0.21) million for benzodiazepine abuse”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
In 2015-2016, 12.5% of U.S. adults used benzodiazepines (annual average, 95% CI 12.19-12.81).
“Among U.S. adults in 2015–2016, 12.5% (annual average, 95% CI=12.19%–12.81%) used benzodiazepines”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
In 2015-2016, 0.19% of U.S. adults had a benzodiazepine use disorder (95% CI 0.15-0.22).
“0.19% (95% CI=0.15%–0.22%) had a benzodiazepine use disorder”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
In 2015-2016, 2.1% of U.S. adults misused benzodiazepines at least once (95% CI 2.03-2.25).
“2.1% (95% CI=2.03%–2.25%) misused benzodiazepines at least once”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Approximately 0.5 million U.S. adults met criteria for benzodiazepine use disorders (95% CI 0.38-0.52 million).
“0.5 (95% CI= 0.38–0.52) million met criteria for benzodiazepine use disorders”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Approximately 5.2 million U.S. adults misused benzodiazepines at least once in the past year (95% CI 4.94-5.48 million).
“5.2 (95% CI=4.94–5.48) million misused benzodiazepines at least once”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Based on IMS data, 25.7 million U.S. adults were dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.
“based on IMS data, we further estimated that 25.7 million adults were dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in the U.S. in 2015.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker data accurately count unique adults dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.
- Findingown data
Among U.S. adult benzodiazepine users, 17.1% misused benzodiazepines at least once (95% CI 16.30-17.93).
“Among benzodiazepine users, 17.1% (95% CI=16.30%–17.93%) misused benzodiazepines at least once”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Approximately 0.3 million U.S. adults met criteria for benzodiazepine dependence (95% CI 0.23-0.33 million).
“0.3 (95% CI=0.23–0.33) million for benzodiazepine dependence”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Approximately 30.5 million U.S. adults used benzodiazepines in the 12 months before the survey (95% CI 29.63-31.29 million).
“approximately 30.5 (annual average, 95% CI= 29.63–31.29) million U.S. adults used benzodiazepines”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with not living in large metropolitan areas.
“not living in large metropolitan areas”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with being uninsured.
“being uninsured”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with residing in non-West regions.
“residing in the non-West regions”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with female sex.
“Past-year benzodiazepine use was associated with older age, women”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Among past-year benzodiazepine misusers, 5.7% reported experimentation as the main motivation for their most recent misuse.
“About 5.7% reported “experimentation” as their main motivation for misuse”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with having less than high school education.
“having less than high school education”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with having Medicaid-only insurance.
“having Medicaid-only”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Among past-year adult benzodiazepine misusers, 19.7% reported obtaining benzodiazepines from one doctor for their most recent misuse.
“from one doctor (19.7%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with residing in a metropolitan area.
“residing in a metropolitan area”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with older age.
“Past-year benzodiazepine use was associated with older age”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with being non-Hispanic black or Hispanic.
“being non-Hispanic black or Hispanic”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Among past-year benzodiazepine misusers, 46.3% reported that the main motivation for their most recent misuse was to relax or relieve tension.
“46.3% reported that the motivation for their most recent misuse was to relax or relieve tension”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingcitation
Being divorced or separated or being never married was associated with benzodiazepine use disorders.
“Being divorced or separated or being never married was also associated with benzodiazepine use disorders”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with not being full-time employed.
“not being full-time employed”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Major depressive episode and suicidal ideation were associated with increased odds of benzodiazepine use disorders.
“MDE and suicidal ideation were associated with increased odds of benzodiazepine use disorders”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Compared to adults with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders, those with benzodiazepine use disorders were less likely to report misusing to help with sleep (14.9% vs. 23.1%).
“or to help with sleep (14.9% vs. 23.1%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with reporting less than excellent self-rated health.
“reporting less than excellent self-rated health”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity.
“non-Hispanic whites”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with male sex.
“male sex”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with being single.
“being single”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with family income below $20,000.
“having family income below $20,000”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with family income below $50,000.
“having family income below $50,000”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with other specific substance use problems.
“other specific substance use problems”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with major depressive episodes.
“major depressive episodes”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with past-year suicidal ideation.
“having past-year suicidal ideation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Correlates of benzodiazepine use disorders were similar to correlates of benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders.
“Correlates of benzodiazepine use disorders were similar to correlates of benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with most of the psychiatric disorders assessed.
“most of the psychiatric disorders assessed in this study”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with younger age.
“Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders was associated with younger age”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with being part-time employed or unemployed.
“being part-time employed or unemployed”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with being widowed/divorced/separated.
“being widowed/divorced/separated”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Compared to adults with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders, those with benzodiazepine use disorders were more likely to report motivation to help with emotions (20.3% vs. 9.6%).
“or to help with emotions (20.3% vs. 9.6%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Compared to adults with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders, those with benzodiazepine use disorders were more likely to obtain benzodiazepines from doctors (40.8% vs. 18.5%).
“adults with benzodiazepine use disorders were more likely to obtain them from doctors (40.8% vs. 18.5%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Among past-year benzodiazepine misusers, 11.8% reported using to get high or because of being hooked as the main motivation for their most recent misuse.
“11.8% reported using them to “get high” or because of being “hooked””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Compared to adults with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders, those with benzodiazepine use disorders were less likely to obtain benzodiazepines from friends or relatives for free (20.9% vs. 56.1%).
“were less likely to obtain them from friends or relatives for free (20.9% vs. 56.1%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Among past-year adult benzodiazepine misusers, 53.0% reported obtaining benzodiazepines from friends or relatives for free for their most recent misuse.
“obtaining it from friends or relatives for free (53.0%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Among past-year benzodiazepine misusers, 22.4% reported helping with sleep as the main motivation for their most recent misuse.
“followed by helping with sleep (22.4%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with use of most substances.
“use of most substances”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine use disorders were associated with being non-Hispanic other (rather than Hispanic).
“benzodiazepine use disorders were associated with being non-Hispanic other (rather than Hispanic)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingnone given
The most common sources of misused benzodiazepines are friends or relatives who give them for free or sell them to the individual who misuses them.
“The most common sources of misused benzodiazepines are friends or relatives who give them to friends or relatives for free or sell them to the individual who misuses them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders among U.S. adults was associated with having no past-year ER visits.
“having no past-year ER visits”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with having high-school or more education.
“having high-school or more education”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Among those who obtained benzodiazepines from friends or relatives for free, 80.4% reported that their friends or relatives received prescription benzodiazepines from one doctor.
“80.4% reported that their friends or relatives received prescription benzodiazepines from one doctor”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Compared to adults with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders, those with benzodiazepine use disorders were more likely to report a drug-related motivation (24.6% vs. 18.5%).
“adults with benzodiazepine use disorders were more likely to report a drug related motivation (24.6% vs. 18.5%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Most correlates were associated with benzodiazepine use disorders more strongly than with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders.
“most of these correlates were associated with benzodiazepine use disorders more strongly than with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Compared to adults with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders, those with benzodiazepine use disorders were more likely to obtain benzodiazepines from drug dealers/strangers (16.7% vs. 6.8%).
“or from drug dealers/strangers (16.7% vs. 6.8%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with having ER visit(s).
“having ER visit(s)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Past-year benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was associated with suicidal ideation.
“having suicidal ideation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Findingown data
Compared to adults with benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders, those with benzodiazepine use disorders were less likely to report misusing to relax (38.2% vs. 47.1%).
“were less likely to report misusing them to relax (38.2% vs. 47.1%)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Interpretationown data
Better management of insomnia and anxiety symptoms could have a substantial effect on reducing benzodiazepine misuse.
“suggesting that better management of insomnia and anxiety symptoms could have a substantial effect on reducing benzodiazepine misuse”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Strong associations between benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders with heroin and prescription opioid use disorders may help explain the increased risk of lethal overdoses associated with combined opioid and benzodiazepine use.
“strong associations between benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders with heroin and prescription opioid use disorders, which may help explain the increased risk of lethal overdoses associated with combined opioid and benzodiazepine use”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [11]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Even a low prevalence of benzodiazepine use disorder among users results in large absolute numbers of individuals with use disorders in the general adult population.
“even a low prevalence of benzodiazepine use disorder among benzodiazepine users results in large absolute numbers of individuals with benzodiazepine use disorders in the general adult population”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Benzodiazepine use is highly prevalent among U.S. adults.
“while benzodiazepine use is highly prevalent among U.S. adults”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with increased prevalence of other substance use, mood and anxiety disorders.
“They are also associated with increased prevalence of other substance use, mood and anxiety disorders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15]
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductreasoning
Because of the cross-sectional nature of NSDUH, this study cannot establish causal relationships.
“because of the cross-sectional nature of NSDUH, this study cannot establish causal relationships”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Benzodiazepine use disorders are relatively rare among benzodiazepine users.
“benzodiazepine use disorders are relatively rare among benzodiazepine users”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Some confidence intervals around the strong associations with other substance use disorders are wide, indicating limited precision of the estimates.
“some CIs around the strong associations with other substance use disorders are wide, which indicate limited precision of the estimates”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Age-related decreases in the odds of benzodiazepine use disorders are consistent with greater impulsivity and rates of substance use disorders among younger individuals.
“age-related decreases in the odds of benzodiazepine use disorders are consistent with greater impulsivity31 and rates of substance use disorders among younger individuals”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [31]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [32]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Most patients who use benzodiazepines are unlikely to become addicted to them.
“suggesting that most patients are unlikely to become addicted to benzodiazepines”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The overall number of U.S. adults who use benzodiazepines based on NSDUH is expected to be greater than the IMS estimate.
“the overall number of U.S. adults who use benzodiazepines based on the NSDUH is expected to be greater than our IMS estimate”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Retail pharmacy data do not include adults obtaining benzodiazepines from hospitals, clinics, and other non-retail settings.
- Premisecitation
Only about 10% of individuals with substance use disorders receive substance use disorder treatment in any given year.
“only about 10% of individuals with substance use disorders receive substance use disorder treatment in any given year”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premiseown data
These estimates are higher than the 5.2% of adult benzodiazepine users in 2008 reported by Olfson et al.
“These estimates are higher than the 5.2% of adult benzodiazepine users in 2008 reported by Olfson et al.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Not checked in the free run.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- May combine two claims. 11
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataBenzodiazepine use disorders were associated with having Medicaid.
“having Medicaid”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataBenzodiazepine use disorders were associated with having ER visit(s).
“having ER visit(s)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationBenzodiazepine use was associated with females, probably due to greater prevalence of anxiety disorders and higher probability of treatment seeking among women than men.
“While benzodiazepine use was associated with females, probably due to greater prevalence of anxiety disorders29 and higher probability of treatment seeking among women than among men”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [29]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [25]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe annual average weighted response rate for the 2015-2016 NSDUH was 54.3 percent.
“The annual average weighted response rate for the 2015–2016 NSDUH was 54.3 percent”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationBenzodiazepine use disorders were associated with men, possibly reflecting the greater prevalence of substance use disorders among men.
“benzodiazepine use disorders were associated with men, possibly reflecting the greater prevalence of substance use disorders among men”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationIncreasing prevalence of benzodiazepine use with age may be due to long-term use of benzodiazepines among those who start them.
“Increasing prevalence of benzodiazepine use with age may be due to long-term use of benzodiazepines among those who start them”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataYounger users, socioeconomically disadvantaged users, and those with psychopathology (particularly substance use disorders) are at increased risk for benzodiazepine misuse, use disorders, and associated harms.
“Our results suggest that younger users, socioeconomically disadvantaged users, and those with psychopathology (particularly substance use disorders) are at increased risk for benzodiazepine misuse, use disorders, and associated harms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenNSDUH data collection was approved by the Institutional Review Board at RTI International, and oral informed consent was received from each participant.
“NSDUH data collection was approved by the Institutional Review Board at RTI International. Oral informed consent was received from each study participant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenNSDUH data are subject to recall and social-desirability biases.
“NSDUH data are subject to recall and social-desirability biases”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBenzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with multiple adverse health effects, including decreased motor coordination and traffic accidents, overdose, and premature mortality.
“Benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with multiple adverse health effects,8, 9 including decreased motor coordination and traffic accidents,9, 10 overdose,11, 12 and premature mortality.13”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [8]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [10]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe measures used in NSDUH have good validity and reliability.
“These measures have good validity and reliability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [21]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [22]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe analyses are based on DSM-IV criteria, and analyses based on DSM-5 criteria may have yielded different results.
“our analyses are based on DSM-IV criteria. Analyses based on DSM-5 criteria may have yielded different results”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBenzodiazepines are often used for the short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia.
“Benzodiazepines are often used for the short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [1]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [2]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThese estimates are consistent with a prior study showing upward trends in benzodiazepine use during 2002-2014.
“consistent with a prior study showing upward trends in benzodiazepine use during 2002–2014”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningBecause that study was based on pharmacy data, it could not examine other important sociodemographic characteristics, assess diagnostic information of users, or estimate the prevalence or correlates of misuse and use disorders among benzodiazepine users.
“Because the study was based on pharmacy data, it could not examine other important sociodemographic characteristics, assess diagnostic information of users, or estimate the prevalence or correlates of misuse and use disorders among benzodiazepine users.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDue to the lack of nationally representative data, it has not been possible to estimate what proportion of benzodiazepine users meet criteria for misuse or use disorders and which users are at greatest risk.
“Due to the lack of nationally representative data, it has not been possible to date to estimate what proportion of users meet criteria for misuse or use disorders and which users are at greatest risk for benzodiazepine misuse or use disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent study provided the first estimates of benzodiazepine use in the U.S. using IMS Health data, describing the age and sex of benzodiazepine users.
“An important recent study provided the first estimates of benzodiazepine use in the U.S using data from IMS Health, describing the age and sex of benzodiazepine users.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningPrior studies have not estimated the national prevalence of benzodiazepine use, examined whether correlates of use are similar to those of misuse and use disorders, or investigated motivations for benzodiazepine misuse in a national sample.
“none has estimated the national prevalence of benzodiazepine use, examined whether correlates of use are similar to those of misuse and use disorders, or investigated motivations for benzodiazepine misuse in a national sample”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [4]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16]
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Retail pharmacy data do not include adults obtaining benzodiazepines from hospitals, clinics, and other non-retail settings.
“Because retail pharmacy data do not include adults obtaining benzodiazepines from hospitals, clinics, and other non-retail settings”
The paper relies on this without support.
NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
“providing the first opportunity to obtain nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations for benzodiazepine misuse among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
“Based on the 102,000 sampled adults from the 2015–2016 NSDUH”
The paper relies on this without support.
IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker data accurately count unique adults dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.
“IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker to assess the number of unique adults who were dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Patients who take benzodiazepines as prescribed, without benzodiazepine use disorder, account for 98% of benzodiazepine users.
“This paper outlines principles for deprescribing benzodiazepines and z-drugs in patients who take them as prescribed – without benzodiazepine use disorder – which accounts for 98% of benzodiazepine users (Blanco et al., 2018).”
From Pharmacological principles for safe benzodiazepine and Z-drug dose reduction (2026) · cites this paper as Blanco et al., 2018
The Results report that 1.5% of benzodiazepine users had a use disorder, supporting an approximate 98% figure for users without one. But the same section reports that 17.1% of users misused benzodiazepines at least once; the paper therefore does not support describing 98% of users as taking them as prescribed. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOlder individuals taking opioids may experience constipation, fatigue, pruritus, anorexia, somnolence, mental status changes, and nausea.
“For example, older individuals taking opioids may experience constipation, fatigue, pruritus, anorexia, somnolence, mental status changes, and nau sea.”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [327]
The Introduction discusses adverse effects of benzodiazepine misuse, while the Discussion addresses overdose risk when benzodiazepines and opioids are combined. Searches for the listed symptoms and for adverse effects of opioids in older adults found no passage addressing the claim; the cited paper does not provide evidence for that symptom list. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMisuse of benzodiazepines and other sedatives can lead to adverse consequences, such as the development of sedative/anxiolytic use disorder.
“Misuse of benzodiazepines and other sedatives can lead to an array of adverse consequences, such as the development of sedative/anxiolytic use disorder (9)”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
There is evidence that other substance use disorders are highly prevalent among those with benzodiazepine misuse and that benzodiazepine misuse is associated with poorer substance use disorder treatment outcomes.
“However, there is evidence that other substance use disorders are highly prevalent among those with benzodiazepine misuse (9), and that benzodiazepine misuse is associated with poorer substance use disorder treatment outcomes (14).”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
The sedative/anxiolytic use disorder rates among those with any benzodiazepine use reported herein were similar to those previously estimated using 2015-2016 NSDUH data.
“Of note, the sedative/anxiolytic use disorder rates among those with any benzodiazepine use reported herein were similar to those previously estimated using 2015–2016 NSDUH data (9)”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Our estimate for the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse is similar to prior reports in the literature, indicating that approximately 2% of the U.S. population engages in misuse each year.
“Our estimate for the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse is similar to prior reports in the literature (9), indicating that approximately 2% of the U.S. population engages in misuse each year.”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review*
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“Benzodiazepines can have rewarding effects that, in some cases, can lead to habit formation (Blanco et al., 2018; Tan et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPrescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective
Schepis, T. S., Klare, D. L., Ford, J. A., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221820909352 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Liu, L., Jia, L., Jian, P., Zhou, Y., Zhou, J. H., Wu, F., & Tang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00755 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“BZD abuse behaviors include meeting sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic use disorder criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and using a higher frequency or dose, or longer use time than prescribed, or without a prescription (1, 4, 33).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrunner, E., Chen, C.-Y. A., Klein, T., Maust, D., Mazer-Amirshahi, M., Mecca, M., Najera, D., Ogbonna, C., Rajneesh, K. F., Roll, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09499-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Keller, M. S., Carrascoza-Bolanos, J., Breda, K., Kim, L. Y., Kennelty, K. A., Leang, D. W., Murry, L. T., Nuckols, T. K., Schnipper, J. L., & Pevnick, J. M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066234 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
McHugh, R. K., Votaw, V. R., Trapani, E. W., & McCarthy, M. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1129447 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Our estimate for the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse is similar to prior reports in the literature (9), indicating that approximately 2% of the U.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLimited Utility for Benzodiazepines in Chronic Pain Management: A Narrative Review
Wright, S. L. (2020) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01354-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Islam, M. T., Sarkar, C. K., Hossain, R., Bhuia, M. S., Mardare, I., Kulbayeva, M., Ydyrys, A., Călina, D. C., Habtemariam, S., Kieliszek, M., et al. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114900 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Behar, E., Bagnulo, R., Knight, K. R., Santos, G., & Coffin, P. O. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230408 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Common substance use disorders in older adults
Seim, L. A., Vijapura, P., Pagali, S. R., & Burton, M. C. (2020) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2020.1733287 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Misuse is more common when used to relieve anxiety and insomnia [48].”
BackgroundLiu, L.-Z., Jian, P.-Y., Zhou, Y.-F., Zhou, J., Jia, L., Tang, M., Zhang, R., & Tang, Y.-Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595623 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Benzodiazepines (BZD) are a class of psychoactive drugs that can enhance the binding of the neurotransmitter gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) on the GABA-A receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects (1).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPatterns of Polysubstance Use among Adults with Tranquilizer Misuse
Votaw, V. R., McHugh, R. K., Vowles, K. E., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1708118 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders are common among those with substance use disorders (Lai, Cleary, Sitharthan, & Hunt, 2015), and psychological distress increases risk of tranquilizer misuse (Blanco et al., 2018; McHugh, Geyer, Karakula, Griffin, & Weiss, 2018; McHugh et al., 2017; Schepis et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBDZs, Designer BDZs and Z-drugs: Pharmacology and Misuse Insights
Zaami, S., Graziano, S., Tittarelli, R., Beck, R., & Marinelli, E. (2021) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612827666210917145636 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Medicine misuse: A systematic review and proposed hierarchical terminology
Singier, A., Noïze, P., Berdaï, D., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14604 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ross, M. C., Sartin‐Tarm, A., Letkiewicz, A. M., Crombie, K. M., & Cisler, J. M. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00918-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD
Marchese, S., & Huckins, L. M. (2022) · Advanced Genetics · doi:10.1002/ggn2.202200017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bushnell, G., Olfson, M., & Martins, S. S. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108609 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“BZD users typically have higher prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders than non-BZD users; thus, BZD users are recommended to be assessed on an ongoing basis for psychiatric conditions.(Blanco et al. 2018) Many youth do not receive necessary treatment for these Bushnell et al.”
BackgroundBenzodiazepine Use and Dependence in Relation to Chronic Pain Intensity and Pain Catastrophizing
Lape, E. C., Powers, J. M., Hooker, J. E., Edwards, R. R., & Ditre, J. W. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.09.019 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“5% meet criteria for BZD-related substance use disorder (Blanco et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGall, A. J., & Shuboni‐Mulligan, D. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.911153 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Benzodiazepines: the time for systematic change is now
Schmitz, A. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15095 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x16_substance_related_disorders · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Epidemiologic assessment of benzodiazepine exposure among suicide deaths in Colorado, 2015–2017
Ghosh, T., Bol, K., Butler, M., Gabella, B., Kingcade, A., Kaplan, G., & Myers, L. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09250-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Addiction and physical dependence are not the same thing
Horowitz, M. A., & Taylor, D. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00230-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Saloner, R., Grelotti, D. J., Tyree, G. A., Sundermann, E. E., Ma, Q., Letendre, S. L., Heaton, R. K., & Cherner, M. (2019) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002183 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A qualitative study of benzodiazepine/z-drug and opioid co-use patterns and overdose risk
Family, H. E., Vojt, G., Poulter, H. L., Bailey, C. P., Abdala, A. P., Cavallo, D., Karimi, S., Booth, N., Silva, P. D., Aitken, L., et al. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01153-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Co-use of benzodiazepines has been reported to enhance the effects of opioids including heroin and methadone [13, 22–25].”
Hoopsick, R. A., Las, S., & Sun, R. C. F. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02496-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Given the self-medication theory and that psychotropic medication use is highly prevalent among adults in the US [31, 32], it is possible that burnout among healthcare workers might manifest in both prescribed psychotropic medication use and misuse (i.”
Ford, J. A., Schepis, T. S., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“, alcohol other drug use, and substance use disorders) (Blanco et al., 2018; Compton et al., 2018; Han et al., 2018; Schepis et al. 2020a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBenzodiazepine and unhealthy alcohol use among adult outpatients.
Hirschtritt, M. E., Palzes, V. A., Kline‐Simon, A. H., Kroenke, K., Campbell, C. I., & Sterling, S. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Whitehead, H. D., Hayes, K. L., Swartz, J. A., et al. (2023) · Forensic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.forc.2023.100512 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Simal-Aguado, J., Campos-Navarro, M. P., Valdivia-Muñoz, F., Galindo‐Tovar, A., & García-Carmona, J. A. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4394 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bushnell, G., Lloyd, K., Olfson, M., Gerhard, T., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., & Hasin, D. S. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16749 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Trager, R. J., Cupler, Z. A., Delano, K. J., Perez, J. A., & Dusek, J. A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058769 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lopez‐Quintero, C., Warren, T. B., Falise, A. M., Sharma, V., Bares, C. B., & Oshri, A. (2021) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173169 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, D., Chen, S., Chang, Y., & Yen, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030851 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“5% of US adults used benzodiazepines in 2015 [8].”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of the Risks of Motor Vehicle Crashes Associated with Psychiatric Disorders
Rapoport, M. J., Chee, J. N., Prabha, T., Dow, J., Gillespie, I., Koppel, S., Charlton, J., O’Neill, D. J., Donaghy, P. C., Ho, A. O., et al. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437221128468 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Socias, I. M., Leiva, A., Pombo, H., Bejarano‐Romero, F., Verdú, E. S., Rodríguez-Rincón, R. M., Fiol, F., Mengual, M., Ajenjo-Navarro, A., do Pazo-Oubiña, F., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157964 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Psychiatric Characteristics of People on a Mephedrone (“bath salts”) Binge
Ordak, M., Nasierowski, T., Muszyńska, E., & Bujalska‐Zadrożny, M. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1753775 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This is confirmed by the fact that numerous studies indicate that sleep disorders are among the effects of alcohol (Blanco et al., 2018; Blumenthal et al., 2019).”
BackgroundTaha, S. A., Westra, J. R., Tacker, D. H., Raji, M. A., & Kuo, Y. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102584 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jovita-Farias, C., Follett, M. E., Dias-Júnior, B. C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1122568 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For cluster 1 (aversion; Figure 5 top panel), the ANOVA demonstrated no effects of dose [dose main effect: F(2, 7) = 1.”
InfluentialThalib, H. I., Damanhory, A. A., Shaikh, A. H., Haidar, S., Khan, S., Jamal, A., & Abdelghany, O. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2025.1639890 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“They are often administered to treat muscle spasms due to musculoskeletal or neurological conditions (Blanco et al., 2018).”
Carminati, M., Tondello, M., & Zanardi, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1471083 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Schulenberg, J. E., Wilens, T. E., Schepis, T. S., Werner, K. S., McCabe, V. V., & Veliz, P. T. (2024) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20230418 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dore, S., Weleff, J., Anand, A., Thompson, N. R., & Barnett, B. S. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.09.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zanardi, R., Carminati, M., Fazio, V., Maccario, M., Verri, G., & Colombo, C. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16030426 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y. L., Lipsitz, O., Rodrigues, N. B., Gill, H., Ma, J., Wilkialis, L., Tamura, J. K., Siegel, A. N., Chen-Li, D. C. J., et al. (2021) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852921000055 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: Clinical Aspects
Wright, S. L. (2020) · The Benzodiazepines Crisis · doi:10.1093/med/9780197517277.003.0008 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Trends in Benzodiazepine and Z-Drug Prescriptions in Eastern China (2015–2021)
Deng, Q., & Chen, H. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap38792 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Previous study reveals that while benzodiazepine use is common among US adults, misuse and use disorders are relatively rare, though certain demographics are at higher risk for misuse and associated health issues [9].”
Bushnell, G., Rynn, M. A., Gerhard, T., Keyes, K. M., Hasin, D. S., Cerdá, M., Nyandege, A. N., & Olfson, M. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16359 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Weleff, J., Anand, A., Squeri, M., Sieke, R., Thompson, N. R., & Barnett, B. S. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2191610 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Suicide in Older Adult Men Is Not Related to a Personal History of Participation in Football
Iverson, G. L., Deep‐Soboslay, A., Hyde, T. M., Kleinman, J. E., Erskine, B., Fisher‐Hubbard, A., deJong, J. L., & Castellani, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.745824 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“People who misuse alcohol (28), drugs (29), benzodiazepines (45), and opioids (46, 47) are at increased risk for suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundPeñarrubia‐María, M. T., Parker, L. A., Puig‐García, M., Fuente‐Moreno, M., Lumbreras, B., López-Pintor, E., Domènech‐Abella, J., Sáez, M., Dima, A. L., Guzmán, A. F., et al. (2025) · Family Medicine and Community Health · doi:10.1136/fmch-2024-003233 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Särkilä, H., Taipale, H. T., Tanskanen, A. J., Kurko, T., Taiminen, T. J., Tiihonen, J., Sund, R., Saastamoinen, L., Hietala, J. A., & Niemelä, S. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.780 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“22 Our findings, utilising national data on all reimbursed prescription drug purchases in Finland, indicate that a high proportion, up to 10% of young men using BZDRs end up using them in very high doses periodically, i.e. ≥ 3.0 DDDs/day.”
BackgroundInfluentialGriffeuille, P., Balkhi, S. E., Dulaurent, S., et al. (2024) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000001189 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Palma-Álvarez, R. F., Daigre, C., Ros‐Cucurull, E., Perea-Ortueta, M., Ortega‐Hernández, G., Ríos-Landeo, A., Roncero, C., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., & Grau‐López, L. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115147 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Benzodiazepine exposures among women of reproductive age in the US, 2004–2018
Michaels, N. L., Spiller, H., Badeti, J., Sheftall, A., Funk, A., & Smith, G. A. (2021) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/09603271211013431 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Thornton, S. L., Whitacre, J., Pallo, N., Roberts, N. B., & Oller, L. (2021) · Kansas Journal of Medicine · doi:10.17161/kjm.vol1414653 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Opioid use disorder and concurrent benzodiazepine use: clinical risks and management strategies
Fakhri, A., Ritvo, A. D., Casarella, J., & Tang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2025.2593244 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Intentional benzodiazepine poisoning in older adults reported to United States Poison Centers
Choi, N. G., Choi, B. Y., Marti, C. N., & Baker, D. (2024) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2334828 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Benzodiazepine misuse among older adults has been identified as a contributing factor for suicidality [20,21,24,25].”
BackgroundPylväs-Korolainen, M., Karjalainen, K., & Lintonen, T. (2021) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/14550725211003417 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Becker et al. (2007) established in their cross-sectional study in the United States that, among people aged 18 years or older, non-medical use of sedatives was also associated with low socioeconomic level and older age, whereas Blanco et al. (2018) found an association with younger age.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBenzodiazepine and Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics (Z-Drugs): The Other Epidemic
Umbricht, A., & Vélez, M. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_11 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Logan, J. E., Ertl, A. M., Rostad, W. L., Herbst, J. H., & Plant, E. A. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12685 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“While benzodiazepines are controlled prescription drugs, they are susceptible to misuse (Blanco et al., 2018), which may partially explain the link between insomnia and prescription drug misuse in this study.”
BackgroundCarrasco‐Garrido, P., Jiménez‐Trujillo, I., Hernández‐Barrera, V., Florêncio, L. L., & Palacios‐Ceña, D. (2020) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2020.1800846 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Axonal mechanisms mediating GABA-A receptor inhibition of striatal dopamine releasePreprint
Kramer, P. F., Twedell, E. L., Shin, J. H., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.941179 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Effect of benzodiazepines on axons Benzodiazepines can have rewarding effects that, in some cases, can lead to habit formation (Blanco et al., 2018; Tan et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDifferences in Prescription Drug Misuse Among U.S. Adults With and Without Disabilities
Garcia, J. M., Ross, S. M., & Haegele, J. A. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.01.025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Anta, L., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Pereira-Sánchez, V., Donat‐Vargas, C., Lara-Abelenda, F. J., Arrieta, M., Montero-Torres, M., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Mora, F., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06111-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The hypothesis that Twitter users are not identifying certain symptoms as side effects of benzodiazepines might extend to other complications of prolonged use, which are difficult to correlate directly with benzodiaz-epine intake, such as the risk of traffic accidents or falls [71, 72].”
BackgroundMother's little helper turned a foe: Alprazolam use, misuse, and abuse
Cardona-Acosta, A. M., Meisser, N., Vardeleon, N. I., Steiner, H., & Bolaños‐Guzmán, C. A. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111137 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nowels, M., Duberstein, P. R., Crystal, S., Treitler, P. C., Miles, J., Olfson, M., & Samples, H. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.11.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Schulenberg, J. E., Wilens, T. E., Schepis, T. S., McCabe, V. V., & Veliz, P. T. (2023) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20220247 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hoopsick, R. A., Las, S., & Sun, R. C. F. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002068/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Missbrauch und Abhängigkeit von Benzodiazepinen und Z-Drugs
Soyka, M. (2021) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1523-5718 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Daten der National Survey on Drug Use and Health zeigten, dass 2,1 % der Erwachsenen Benzodiazepine missbraucht haben, fanden aber nur eine Prävalenz von BZD-Konsumsubstanzstörungen von 0,2 % [46].”
BackgroundBenzodiazepines and Other Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
LaGrotta, C., & Thomas, A. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33404-8_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Downey, P. M., Collins, J. C., El‐Den, S., & O’Reilly, C. L. (2025) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640251384126 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Supporting Patients Through Benzodiazepine Tapering: A New Joint Clinical Practice Guideline
Zgierska, A. E., Boyle, M. P., & Conigliaro, J. C. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09634-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Allopregnanolone Regulation of Phasic Dopamine Release and Motivated Behavior
McFarland, M. H., Morrow, A. L., & Robinson, D. L. (2025) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00774 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Law, R., Gupta, N., Langford, A. V., & Reeve, E. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06717-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Chronic use of other psychotropic medicines, specifically benzodiazepines, may also confer a greater risk of harm in patients with psychiatric disorders and can contribute to cognitive impairment, behavioural disinhibition, paradoxical agitation and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms [25–27].”
Chirica, M. G., Adams, S. M., Quinn, P. D., Meraz, R., Rickert, M. E., Sidorchuk, A., Kroenke, K., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.065 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Deeds, B. G., Goldstein, A. B., & Blanco, C. (2024) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20240019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationA qualitative study of Benzodiazepine/Z-drug and Opioid co-use patterns and overdose riskPreprint
Family, H. E., Vojt, G., Poulter, H. L., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.24311053 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Otufowora, A., Liu, Y., Okusanya, A., Ogidan, A. O., Okusanya, A., & Cottler, L. B. (2024) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2023.230226r2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Disorders due to Substance Use: Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
Blanco, C., Wesson, D. R., & Smith, D. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_163 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDisorders Due to Substance Use: Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
Blanco, C., Wesson, D. R., & Smith, D. E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_163-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSoyka, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00033-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, M., Lv, G., Lee, T.-Y., Wu, J., & Lu, K. (2020) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2020.1842320 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(Vinkers & Olivier, 2012) The utilization rate of benzo-diazepines was 12% in 2016 and increased over time in the U.S. (Blanco et al., 2018; Maust et al., 2019) Given the short-term bene fi ts and long-term risks, benzo-diazepines should be used with caution and are an important medication class for…”
BackgroundInfluentialPreclinical evidence for a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach for treating benzodiazepine addiction
Berro, L. F., Cook, J. E., Moreira-Junior, E. D. C., Hembree, H. L., Comfort, V. L., Rüedi‐Bettschen, D., Platt, D. M., & Rowlett, J. K. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03762-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Of note, the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse in the U.S. population may be as high as 6 million people per given year [4, 5].”
Abubakar, M. M., Isah, A., Jeminiwa, R. N., Abioye, I., Yunusa, I. U., Abba‐Aji, M., Cole, O. K., Sani, J., Ijaiya, M., Nwachuya, C. A., et al. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11996-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“There are existing recommendations that the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioural therapy would help to better manage insomnia [58].”
Kuijpers, K. W. K., Hämäläinen, M., Zetterström, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1584716 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trends in drug use among young adult females: a 22-year retrospective analysis
Clifford, E., Kilgore, P. C. S. R., Cvek, U., Trutschl, M., Baker, S. G., Conrad, S. A., Arnold, T., & Korneeva, N. L. (2022) · Toxicology Communications · doi:10.1080/24734306.2022.2110201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wheeler, P. B., Miller-Roenigk, B. D., Jester, J. K., & Stevens-Watkins, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2022.2101575 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Weleff, J., Anand, A., Squeri, M., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4133122 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uso inapropiado de psicofármacos prescritos: diazepam intravenoso en la emergencia psiquiátrica.
Quispe-Turpo, F., Huanco-Condori, J., & Cruzado, L. (2021) · Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría · doi:10.20453/rnp.v84i2.4001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Además puede apreciarse un incremento progresivo de estas cifras a lo largo de épocas recientes (3,5), todo esto en el contexto de la “medicalización” y “psiquiatrización” de la sociedad, donde la expectativa de una receta farmacológica para paliar todas y cada una de las molestias presentadas por el paciente, aunque…”
BackgroundCo‐ingestion of prescription drugs and alcohol in US adults aged 50 years or older
Schepis, T. S., Ford, J. A., & McCabe, S. E. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2803 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…the 35–49 age group in terms of co‐ingestion prevalence than adults age 65 and older, and future research should investigate whether this is a cohort effect or characteristic of that age range, given evidence of cohort effects in opioid PDM and other substance use (Boeri, 2018; Wall et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThompson, C., Alcover, K. C., & Yip, S. W. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108344 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herbal detox – Benzodiazepine withdrawal treatment with the help of St. John's Wort?
Moeller, S., Sitter, A., Darrelmann, U. G., Philipsen, A., Müller, H., Wang, R., & Olek, A. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.08.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lifetime Substance Use Disorder in 4250 Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorder Patients
Miola, A., Tondo, L., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01718-z
Gundim, V. A., da Silva, H. C., Costa, R. C. D. A., Nascimento, L. F. S., Jovita-Farias, C., Tiruveedhula, V. V. N. P. B., Mondal, P., Favoretto, C. A., Cook, J. M., Rowlett, J. K., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261473409
- Authors
- Blanco, C., Han, B., Jones, C. M., Johnson, K., & Compton, W. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2018-10-16
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-2101
- PMC
- PMC10309967
- OpenAlex
- W2897046664
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 8.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 DA999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine misuse, benzodiazepine use disorder, prevalence, suicidal ideation, emergency department visits, substance use, mental illness, socioeconomic factors, health insurance status, National Survey on Drug Use and Health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Benzodiazepines, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Prescription Drug Misuse
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