The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 29 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the United States.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Although benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with adverse health effects, it is unknown what proportion of benzodiazepine users misuse them or meet criteria for benzodiazepine use disorders. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among US adults. METHODS: Data from 102,000 adults 18 years and older who participated in the 2015-2016 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health were used. IMS Health Total Patient Tracker data were also examined. Descriptive analyses and multinomial logistic regressions were applied. RESULTS: Among US adults in 2015-2016, 12.5% (annual average, 95% CI, 12.19%-12.81%) used benzodiazepines, 2.1% (95% CI, 2.03%-2.25%) misused benzodiazepines at least once, and 0.2% (95% CI, 0.15%-0.22%) had benzodiazepine use disorders. Among benzodiazepine users, 17.1% (95% CI, 16.30%-17.93%) misused benzodiazepines, and 1.5% (95% CI, 1.26%-1.72%) had benzodiazepine use disorders. Benzodiazepine use was associated with emergency room visits, suicidal ideation, use of most substances, and mental disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse without use disorders was associated with younger age, male sex, being black, poor educational attainment, being uninsured and unemployed, being single, having family income below $50,000, and having suicidal ideation and other specific substance use problems. Correlates of benzodiazepine use disorders were similar, but most correlates were associated with benzodiazepine use disorders more strongly than with misuse without use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: While benzodiazepine use is highly prevalent among US adults, benzodiazepine use disorders are relatively rare among benzodiazepine users. Our results help characterize benzodiazepine users and identify adults at risk for misuse and use disorders.
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Claims the paper makes
58 Own result · 16 Not checked yet · 8 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.2 (95% CI=0.13–0.21) million for benzodiazepine abuse”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among U.S. adults in 2015–2016, 12.5% (annual average, 95% CI=12.19%–12.81%) used benzodiazepines”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > Abstract > RESULTS:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.19% (95% CI=0.15%–0.22%) had a benzodiazepine use disorder”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2.1% (95% CI=2.03%–2.25%) misused benzodiazepines at least once”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > Abstract > RESULTS:
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.5 (95% CI= 0.38–0.52) million met criteria for benzodiazepine use disorders”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“5.2 (95% CI=4.94–5.48) million misused benzodiazepines at least once”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“based on IMS data, we further estimated that 25.7 million adults were dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in the U.S. in 2015.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker data accurately count unique adults dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among benzodiazepine users, 17.1% (95% CI=16.30%–17.93%) misused benzodiazepines at least once”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0.3 (95% CI=0.23–0.33) million for benzodiazepine dependence”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“approximately 30.5 (annual average, 95% CI= 29.63–31.29) million U.S. adults used benzodiazepines”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Prevalence of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among U.S. adults
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“having Medicaid”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Characteristics of adults with past-year benzodiazepine use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“having ER visit(s)”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > RESULTS > Characteristics of adults with past-year benzodiazepine use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While benzodiazepine use was associated with females, probably due to greater prevalence of anxiety disorders29 and higher probability of treatment seeking among women than among men”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
- Not checked yetcites [25]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The annual average weighted response rate for the 2015–2016 NSDUH was 54.3 percent”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > METHODS > Study Population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“benzodiazepine use disorders were associated with men, possibly reflecting the greater prevalence of substance use disorders among men”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increasing prevalence of benzodiazepine use with age may be due to long-term use of benzodiazepines among those who start them”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that younger users, socioeconomically disadvantaged users, and those with psychopathology (particularly substance use disorders) are at increased risk for benzodiazepine misuse, use disorders, and associated harms.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NSDUH data collection was approved by the Institutional Review Board at RTI International. Oral informed consent was received from each study participant.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > METHODS > Study Population
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NSDUH data are subject to recall and social-desirability biases”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepine misuse and use disorders are associated with multiple adverse health effects,8, 9 including decreased motor coordination and traffic accidents,9, 10 overdose,11, 12 and premature mortality.13”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
- Not checked yetcites [10]
- Not checked yetcites [11]
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These measures have good validity and reliability.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analyses are based on DSM-IV criteria. Analyses based on DSM-5 criteria may have yielded different results”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepines are often used for the short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
- Not checked yetcites [2]
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“consistent with a prior study showing upward trends in benzodiazepine use during 2002–2014”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Because the study was based on pharmacy data, it could not examine other important sociodemographic characteristics, assess diagnostic information of users, or estimate the prevalence or correlates of misuse and use disorders among benzodiazepine users.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the lack of nationally representative data, it has not been possible to date to estimate what proportion of users meet criteria for misuse or use disorders and which users are at greatest risk for benzodiazepine misuse or use disorders.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An important recent study provided the first estimates of benzodiazepine use in the U.S using data from IMS Health, describing the age and sex of benzodiazepine users.”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“none has estimated the national prevalence of benzodiazepine use, examined whether correlates of use are similar to those of misuse and use disorders, or investigated motivations for benzodiazepine misuse in a national sample”
§ Prevalence and correlates of benzodiazepine use, misuse, and use disorders among adults in the U.S. > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
- Not checked yetcites [7]
- Not checked yetcites [16]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Retail pharmacy data do not include adults obtaining benzodiazepines from hospitals, clinics, and other non-retail settings.
“Because retail pharmacy data do not include adults obtaining benzodiazepines from hospitals, clinics, and other non-retail settings”
The paper relies on this without support.
NSDUH provides nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
“providing the first opportunity to obtain nationally representative data on benzodiazepine use, misuse, and motivations for benzodiazepine misuse among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2015–2016 NSDUH sample of 102,000 adults is representative of U.S. adults.
“Based on the 102,000 sampled adults from the 2015–2016 NSDUH”
The paper relies on this without support.
IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker data accurately count unique adults dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.
“IMSHealth Total Patient Tracker to assess the number of unique adults who were dispensed benzodiazepines in outpatient retail pharmacies in 2015.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This paper outlines principles for deprescribing benzodiazepines and z-drugs in patients who take them as prescribed – without benzodiazepine use disorder – which accounts for 98% of benzodiazepine users (Blanco et al., 2018).”
From Pharmacological principles for safe benzodiazepine and Z-drug dose reduction (2026) · cites this paper as Blanco et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“For example, older individuals taking opioids may experience constipation, fatigue, pruritus, anorexia, somnolence, mental status changes, and nau sea.”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [327]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Misuse of benzodiazepines and other sedatives can lead to an array of adverse consequences, such as the development of sedative/anxiolytic use disorder (9)”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“However, there is evidence that other substance use disorders are highly prevalent among those with benzodiazepine misuse (9), and that benzodiazepine misuse is associated with poorer substance use disorder treatment outcomes (14).”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Of note, the sedative/anxiolytic use disorder rates among those with any benzodiazepine use reported herein were similar to those previously estimated using 2015–2016 NSDUH data (9)”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Our estimate for the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse is similar to prior reports in the literature (9), indicating that approximately 2% of the U.S. population engages in misuse each year.”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
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Relationship between Nonmedical Prescription-Opioid Use and Heroin Use
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Benzodiazepine Use in the United States
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The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale: A multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence
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Bandelow, B., Sher, L., Bunevicius, R., Hollander, E., Kasper, S., Zohar, J., Möller, H.-J., WFSBP Task Force on Mental Disorders in Primary Care, & WFSBP Task Force on Anxiety Disorders, O. A. P. (2012) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2012.667114 · Cited by 428
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Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review*
Votaw, V. R., Geyer, R., Rieselbach, M. M., & McHugh, R. K. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.033 · Cited by 479
“Among those with OUD and/or injection drug use who misused benzodiazepines in the previous month, 27–60% report daily benzodiazepine misuse (Darke et al., 1993; Fatseas et al., 2009; Gilchrist et al., 2006), with misuse occurring on an average of 13 days (Eiroa-Orosa et al., 2010; Stein et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVolkow, N. D., & Blanco, C. (2023) · World psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21073 · Cited by 503
Self-citationPolysubstance use in the U.S. opioid crisis
Compton, W. M., Valentino, R. J., & DuPont, R. L. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00949-3 · Cited by 298
“37,47,48 For example, the addition of cocaine to decrease the dose of heroin and degree of physical dependence has been reported by out-of-treatment users and by methadone patients.”
Self-citationCompton, W. M., Han, B., Blanco, C., Johnson, K., & Jones, C. M. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17091048 · Cited by 263
Self-citationXu, K. Y., Hartz, S. M., Borodovsky, J. T., Bierut, L. J., & Grucza, R. A. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28557 · Cited by 87
Kramer, P. F., Twedell, E. L., Shin, J. H., Zhang, R., & Khaliq, Z. M. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.55729 · Cited by 76
“Benzodiazepines can have rewarding effects that, in some cases, can lead to habit formation (Blanco et al., 2018; Tan et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPrescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective
Schepis, T. S., Klare, D. L., Ford, J. A., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221820909352 · Cited by 71
Liu, L., Jia, L., Jian, P., Zhou, Y., Zhou, J. H., Wu, F., & Tang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00755 · Cited by 62
“BZD abuse behaviors include meeting sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic use disorder criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and using a higher frequency or dose, or longer use time than prescribed, or without a prescription (1, 4, 33).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrunner, E., Chen, C.-Y. A., Klein, T., Maust, D., Mazer-Amirshahi, M., Mecca, M., Najera, D., Ogbonna, C., Rajneesh, K. F., Roll, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09499-2 · Cited by 51
Keller, M. S., Carrascoza-Bolanos, J., Breda, K., Kim, L. Y., Kennelty, K. A., Leang, D. W., Murry, L. T., Nuckols, T. K., Schnipper, J. L., & Pevnick, J. M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066234 · Cited by 35
McHugh, R. K., Votaw, V. R., Trapani, E. W., & McCarthy, M. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1129447 · Cited by 38
“Our estimate for the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse is similar to prior reports in the literature (9), indicating that approximately 2% of the U.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLimited Utility for Benzodiazepines in Chronic Pain Management: A Narrative Review
Wright, S. L. (2020) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01354-6 · Cited by 39
Islam, M. T., Sarkar, C. K., Hossain, R., Bhuia, M. S., Mardare, I., Kulbayeva, M., Ydyrys, A., Călina, D. C., Habtemariam, S., Kieliszek, M., et al. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114900 · Cited by 33
Behar, E., Bagnulo, R., Knight, K. R., Santos, G., & Coffin, P. O. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230408 · Cited by 26
Common substance use disorders in older adults
Seim, L. A., Vijapura, P., Pagali, S. R., & Burton, M. C. (2020) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2020.1733287 · Cited by 27
“Misuse is more common when used to relieve anxiety and insomnia [48].”
BackgroundLiu, L., Jian, P., Zhou, Y., Zhou, J. H., Jia, L., Tang, M., Zhang, R., & Tang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595623 · Cited by 27
“Benzodiazepines (BZD) are a class of psychoactive drugs that can enhance the binding of the neurotransmitter gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) on the GABA-A receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects (1).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPatterns of Polysubstance Use among Adults with Tranquilizer Misuse
Votaw, V. R., McHugh, R. K., Vowles, K. E., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1708118 · Cited by 23
“Co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders are common among those with substance use disorders (Lai, Cleary, Sitharthan, & Hunt, 2015), and psychological distress increases risk of tranquilizer misuse (Blanco et al., 2018; McHugh, Geyer, Karakula, Griffin, & Weiss, 2018; McHugh et al., 2017; Schepis et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBDZs, Designer BDZs and Z-drugs: Pharmacology and Misuse Insights
Zaami, S., Graziano, S., Tittarelli, R., Beck, R., & Marinelli, E. (2021) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612827666210917145636 · Cited by 22
Medicine misuse: A systematic review and proposed hierarchical terminology
Singier, A., Noïze, P., Berdaï, D., Daveluy, A., Arnaud, M., Molimard, M., Bégaud, B., & Salvo, F. (2020) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14604 · Cited by 25
Ross, M. C., Sartin‐Tarm, A., Letkiewicz, A. M., Crombie, K. M., & Cisler, J. M. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00918-y · Cited by 18
Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD
Marchese, S., & Huckins, L. M. (2022) · Advanced Genetics · doi:10.1002/ggn2.202200017 · Cited by 21
Bushnell, G., Olfson, M., & Martins, S. S. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108609 · Cited by 18
“BZD users typically have higher prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders than non-BZD users; thus, BZD users are recommended to be assessed on an ongoing basis for psychiatric conditions.(Blanco et al. 2018) Many youth do not receive necessary treatment for these Bushnell et al.”
BackgroundBenzodiazepine Use and Dependence in Relation to Chronic Pain Intensity and Pain Catastrophizing
Lape, E. C., Powers, J. M., Hooker, J. E., Edwards, R. R., & Ditre, J. W. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.09.019 · Cited by 19
“5% meet criteria for BZD-related substance use disorder (Blanco et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGall, A. J., & Shuboni‐Mulligan, D. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.911153 · Cited by 18
Benzodiazepines: the time for systematic change is now
Schmitz, A. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15095 · Cited by 20
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x16_substance_related_disorders · Cited by 25
Epidemiologic assessment of benzodiazepine exposure among suicide deaths in Colorado, 2015–2017
Ghosh, T., Bol, K., Butler, M., Gabella, B., Kingcade, A., Kaplan, G., & Myers, L. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09250-y · Cited by 17
Addiction and physical dependence are not the same thing
Horowitz, M. A., & Taylor, D. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00230-4 · Cited by 16
Saloner, R., Grelotti, D. J., Tyree, G. A., Sundermann, E. E., Ma, Q., Letendre, S. L., Heaton, R. K., & Cherner, M. (2019) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002183 · Cited by 18
A qualitative study of benzodiazepine/z-drug and opioid co-use patterns and overdose risk
Family, H. E., Vojt, G., Poulter, H. L., Bailey, C. P., Abdala, A. P., Cavallo, D., Karimi, S., Booth, N., Silva, P. D., Aitken, L., et al. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01153-8 · Cited by 13
“Co-use of benzodiazepines has been reported to enhance the effects of opioids including heroin and methadone [13, 22–25].”
Hoopsick, R. A., Las, S., & Sun, R. C. F. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02496-y · Cited by 19
“Given the self-medication theory and that psychotropic medication use is highly prevalent among adults in the US [31, 32], it is possible that burnout among healthcare workers might manifest in both prescribed psychotropic medication use and misuse (i.”
Ford, J. A., Schepis, T. S., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103017 · Cited by 13
“, alcohol other drug use, and substance use disorders) (Blanco et al., 2018; Compton et al., 2018; Han et al., 2018; Schepis et al. 2020a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBenzodiazepine and unhealthy alcohol use among adult outpatients.
Hirschtritt, M. E., Palzes, V. A., Kline‐Simon, A. H., Kroenke, K., Campbell, C. I., & Sterling, S. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 13
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Bushnell, G., Lloyd, K., Olfson, M., Gerhard, T., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., & Hasin, D. S. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16749 · Cited by 12
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Lopez‐Quintero, C., Warren, T. B., Falise, A. M., Sharma, V., Bares, C. B., & Oshri, A. (2021) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173169 · Cited by 10
Li, D., Chen, S., Chang, Y., & Yen, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030851 · Cited by 10
“5% of US adults used benzodiazepines in 2015 [8].”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of the Risks of Motor Vehicle Crashes Associated with Psychiatric Disorders
Rapoport, M. J., Chee, J. N., Prabha, T., Dow, J., Gillespie, I., Koppel, S., Charlton, J., O’Neill, D. J., Donaghy, P. C., Ho, A. O., et al. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437221128468 · Cited by 14
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The Psychiatric Characteristics of People on a Mephedrone (“bath salts”) Binge
Ordak, M., Nasierowski, T., Muszyńska, E., & Bujalska‐Zadrożny, M. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1753775 · Cited by 9
“This is confirmed by the fact that numerous studies indicate that sleep disorders are among the effects of alcohol (Blanco et al., 2018; Blumenthal et al., 2019).”
BackgroundTaha, S. A., Westra, J. R., Tacker, D. H., Raji, M. A., & Kuo, Y. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102584 · Cited by 9
Jovita-Farias, C., Follett, M. E., Dias-Júnior, B. C., Serra, Y. A., Kisaki, N. D., Barros-Santos, T., de Jesus, N. M. S., Rodrigues, I. R. S., Macedo, L. E. L., Malpezzi-Marinho, E. L. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1122568 · Cited by 9
“For cluster 1 (aversion; Figure 5 top panel), the ANOVA demonstrated no effects of dose [dose main effect: F(2, 7) = 1.”
InfluentialThalib, H. I., Damanhory, A. A., Shaikh, A. H., Haidar, S., Khan, S., Jamal, A., & Abdelghany, O. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2025.1639890 · Cited by 8
“They are often administered to treat muscle spasms due to musculoskeletal or neurological conditions (Blanco et al., 2018).”
Carminati, M., Tondello, M., & Zanardi, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1471083 · Cited by 12
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Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: Clinical Aspects
Wright, S. L. (2020) · The Benzodiazepines Crisis · doi:10.1093/med/9780197517277.003.0008 · Cited by 7
Trends in Benzodiazepine and Z-Drug Prescriptions in Eastern China (2015–2021)
Deng, Q., & Chen, H. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap38792 · Cited by 7
“Previous study reveals that while benzodiazepine use is common among US adults, misuse and use disorders are relatively rare, though certain demographics are at higher risk for misuse and associated health issues [9].”
Bushnell, G., Rynn, M. A., Gerhard, T., Keyes, K. M., Hasin, D. S., Cerdá, M., Nyandege, A. N., & Olfson, M. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16359 · Cited by 6
Weleff, J., Anand, A., Squeri, M., Sieke, R., Thompson, N. R., & Barnett, B. S. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2191610 · Cited by 6
Suicide in Older Adult Men Is Not Related to a Personal History of Participation in Football
Iverson, G. L., Deep‐Soboslay, A., Hyde, T. M., Kleinman, J. E., Erskine, B., Fisher‐Hubbard, A., deJong, J. L., & Castellani, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.745824 · Cited by 6
“People who misuse alcohol (28), drugs (29), benzodiazepines (45), and opioids (46, 47) are at increased risk for suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundPeñarrubia‐María, M. T., Parker, L. A., Puig‐García, M., Fuente‐Moreno, M., Lumbreras, B., López-Pintor, E., Domènech‐Abella, J., Sáez, M., Dima, A. L., Guzmán, A. F., et al. (2025) · Family Medicine and Community Health · doi:10.1136/fmch-2024-003233 · Cited by 6
Särkilä, H., Taipale, H. T., Tanskanen, A. J., Kurko, T., Taiminen, T. J., Tiihonen, J., Sund, R., Saastamoinen, L., Hietala, J. A., & Niemelä, S. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.780 · Cited by 5
“22 Our findings, utilising national data on all reimbursed prescription drug purchases in Finland, indicate that a high proportion, up to 10% of young men using BZDRs end up using them in very high doses periodically, i.e. ≥ 3.0 DDDs/day.”
BackgroundInfluentialGriffeuille, P., Balkhi, S. E., Dulaurent, S., et al. (2024) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000001189 · Cited by 5
Palma-Álvarez, R. F., Daigre, C., Ros‐Cucurull, E., Perea-Ortueta, M., Ortega‐Hernández, G., Ríos-Landeo, A., Roncero, C., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., & Grau‐López, L. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115147 · Cited by 5
Benzodiazepine exposures among women of reproductive age in the US, 2004–2018
Michaels, N. L., Spiller, H., Badeti, J., Sheftall, A., Funk, A., & Smith, G. A. (2021) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/09603271211013431 · Cited by 6
Thornton, S. L., Whitacre, J., Pallo, N., Roberts, N. B., & Oller, L. (2021) · Kansas Journal of Medicine · doi:10.17161/kjm.vol1414653 · Cited by 4
Opioid use disorder and concurrent benzodiazepine use: clinical risks and management strategies
Fakhri, A., Ritvo, A. D., Casarella, J., & Tang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2025.2593244 · Cited by 4
Intentional benzodiazepine poisoning in older adults reported to United States Poison Centers
Choi, N. G., Choi, B. Y., Marti, C. N., & Baker, D. (2024) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2334828 · Cited by 5
“Benzodiazepine misuse among older adults has been identified as a contributing factor for suicidality [20,21,24,25].”
BackgroundPylväs-Korolainen, M., Karjalainen, K., & Lintonen, T. (2021) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/14550725211003417 · Cited by 4
“Becker et al. (2007) established in their cross-sectional study in the United States that, among people aged 18 years or older, non-medical use of sedatives was also associated with low socioeconomic level and older age, whereas Blanco et al. (2018) found an association with younger age.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBenzodiazepine and Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics (Z-Drugs): The Other Epidemic
Umbricht, A., & Vélez, M. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_11 · Cited by 5
Logan, J. E., Ertl, A. M., Rostad, W. L., Herbst, J. H., & Plant, E. A. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12685 · Cited by 4
“While benzodiazepines are controlled prescription drugs, they are susceptible to misuse (Blanco et al., 2018), which may partially explain the link between insomnia and prescription drug misuse in this study.”
BackgroundCarrasco‐Garrido, P., Jiménez‐Trujillo, I., Hernández‐Barrera, V., Florêncio, L. L., & Palacios‐Ceña, D. (2020) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2020.1800846 · Cited by 5
Axonal mechanisms mediating GABA-A receptor inhibition of striatal dopamine releasePreprint
Kramer, P. F., Twedell, E. L., Shin, J. H., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.941179 · Cited by 4
“Effect of benzodiazepines on axons Benzodiazepines can have rewarding effects that, in some cases, can lead to habit formation (Blanco et al., 2018; Tan et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDifferences in Prescription Drug Misuse Among U.S. Adults With and Without Disabilities
Garcia, J. M., Ross, S. M., & Haegele, J. A. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.01.025 · Cited by 3
de Anta, L., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Pereira-Sánchez, V., Donat‐Vargas, C., Lara-Abelenda, F. J., Arrieta, M., Montero-Torres, M., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Mora, F., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06111-5 · Cited by 3
“The hypothesis that Twitter users are not identifying certain symptoms as side effects of benzodiazepines might extend to other complications of prolonged use, which are difficult to correlate directly with benzodiaz-epine intake, such as the risk of traffic accidents or falls [71, 72].”
BackgroundMother's little helper turned a foe: Alprazolam use, misuse, and abuse
Cardona-Acosta, A. M., Meisser, N., Vardeleon, N. I., Steiner, H., & Bolaños‐Guzmán, C. A. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111137 · Cited by 3
Nowels, M., Duberstein, P. R., Crystal, S., Treitler, P. C., Miles, J., Olfson, M., & Samples, H. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.11.003 · Cited by 4
McCabe, S. E., Schulenberg, J. E., Wilens, T. E., Schepis, T. S., McCabe, V. V., & Veliz, P. T. (2023) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20220247 · Cited by 2
Hoopsick, R. A., Las, S., & Sun, R. C. F. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002068/v1 · Cited by 3
Missbrauch und Abhängigkeit von Benzodiazepinen und Z-Drugs
Soyka, M. (2021) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1523-5718 · Cited by 3
“Daten der National Survey on Drug Use and Health zeigten, dass 2,1 % der Erwachsenen Benzodiazepine missbraucht haben, fanden aber nur eine Prävalenz von BZD-Konsumsubstanzstörungen von 0,2 % [46].”
BackgroundBenzodiazepines and Other Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
LaGrotta, C., & Thomas, A. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33404-8_9 · Cited by 4
Downey, P. M., Collins, J. C., El‐Den, S., & O’Reilly, C. L. (2025) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640251384126 · Cited by 3
Supporting Patients Through Benzodiazepine Tapering: A New Joint Clinical Practice Guideline
Zgierska, A. E., Boyle, M. P., & Conigliaro, J. C. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09634-z · Cited by 2
Allopregnanolone Regulation of Phasic Dopamine Release and Motivated Behavior
McFarland, M. H., Morrow, A. L., & Robinson, D. L. (2025) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00774 · Cited by 2
Law, R., Gupta, N., Langford, A. V., & Reeve, E. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06717-3 · Cited by 3
“Chronic use of other psychotropic medicines, specifically benzodiazepines, may also confer a greater risk of harm in patients with psychiatric disorders and can contribute to cognitive impairment, behavioural disinhibition, paradoxical agitation and exacerbation of psychotic symptoms [25–27].”
Chirica, M. G., Adams, S. M., Quinn, P. D., Meraz, R., Rickert, M. E., Sidorchuk, A., Kroenke, K., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.065 · Cited by 3
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Self-citationA qualitative study of Benzodiazepine/Z-drug and Opioid co-use patterns and overdose riskPreprint
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Otufowora, A., Liu, Y., Okusanya, A., Ogidan, A. O., Okusanya, A., & Cottler, L. B. (2024) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2023.230226r2 · Cited by 1
Disorders due to Substance Use: Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
Blanco, C., Wesson, D. R., & Smith, D. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_163 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDisorders Due to Substance Use: Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
Blanco, C., Wesson, D. R., & Smith, D. E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_163-1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSoyka, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00033-5 · Cited by 2
Li, M., Lv, G., Lee, T.-Y., Wu, J., & Lu, K. (2020) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2020.1842320 · Cited by 2
“(Vinkers & Olivier, 2012) The utilization rate of benzo-diazepines was 12% in 2016 and increased over time in the U.S. (Blanco et al., 2018; Maust et al., 2019) Given the short-term bene fi ts and long-term risks, benzo-diazepines should be used with caution and are an important medication class for…”
BackgroundInfluentialPreclinical evidence for a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach for treating benzodiazepine addiction
Berro, L. F., Cook, J. E., Moreira-Junior, E. D. C., Hembree, H. L., Comfort, V. L., Rüedi‐Bettschen, D., Platt, D. M., & Rowlett, J. K. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03762-0 · Cited by 1
“Of note, the prevalence of benzodiazepine misuse in the U.S. population may be as high as 6 million people per given year [4, 5].”
Abubakar, M. M., Isah, A., Jeminiwa, R. N., Abioye, I., Yunusa, I. U., Abba‐Aji, M., Cole, O. K., Sani, J., Ijaiya, M., Nwachuya, C. A., et al. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11996-y · Cited by 1
“There are existing recommendations that the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioural therapy would help to better manage insomnia [58].”
Kuijpers, K. W. K., Hämäläinen, M., Zetterström, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1584716 · Cited by 1
Trends in drug use among young adult females: a 22-year retrospective analysis
Clifford, E., Kilgore, P. C. S. R., Cvek, U., Trutschl, M., Baker, S. G., Conrad, S. A., Arnold, T., & Korneeva, N. L. (2022) · Toxicology Communications · doi:10.1080/24734306.2022.2110201 · Cited by 1
Wheeler, P. B., Miller-Roenigk, B. D., Jester, J. K., & Stevens-Watkins, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2022.2101575 · Cited by 1
Weleff, J., Anand, A., Squeri, M., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4133122 · Cited by 1
Uso inapropiado de psicofármacos prescritos: diazepam intravenoso en la emergencia psiquiátrica.
Quispe-Turpo, F., Huanco-Condori, J., & Cruzado, L. (2021) · Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría · doi:10.20453/rnp.v84i2.4001 · Cited by 1
“Además puede apreciarse un incremento progresivo de estas cifras a lo largo de épocas recientes (3,5), todo esto en el contexto de la “medicalización” y “psiquiatrización” de la sociedad, donde la expectativa de una receta farmacológica para paliar todas y cada una de las molestias presentadas por el paciente, aunque…”
BackgroundCo‐ingestion of prescription drugs and alcohol in US adults aged 50 years or older
Schepis, T. S., Ford, J. A., & McCabe, S. E. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2803 · Cited by 1
“…the 35–49 age group in terms of co‐ingestion prevalence than adults age 65 and older, and future research should investigate whether this is a cohort effect or characteristic of that age range, given evidence of cohort effects in opioid PDM and other substance use (Boeri, 2018; Wall et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThompson, C., Alcover, K. C., & Yip, S. W. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108344 · Cited by 1
Herbal detox – Benzodiazepine withdrawal treatment with the help of St. John's Wort?
Moeller, S., Sitter, A., Darrelmann, U. G., Philipsen, A., Müller, H., Wang, R., & Olek, A. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.08.006 · Cited by 1
Lifetime Substance Use Disorder in 4250 Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorder Patients
Miola, A., Tondo, L., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01718-z
Gundim, V. A., da Silva, H. C., Costa, R. C. D. A., Nascimento, L. F. S., Jovita-Farias, C., Tiruveedhula, V. V. N. P. B., Mondal, P., Favoretto, C. A., Cook, J. M., Rowlett, J. K., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261473409
Metadata
- Authors
- Blanco, C., Han, B., Jones, C. M., Johnson, K., & Compton, W. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2018-10-16
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-2101
- PMC
- PMC10309967
- OpenAlex
- W2897046664
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 8.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 DA999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine misuse, benzodiazepine use disorder, prevalence, suicidal ideation, emergency department visits, substance use, mental illness, socioeconomic factors, health insurance status, National Survey on Drug Use and Health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Benzodiazepines, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Prescription Drug Misuse
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