The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Brown Longitudinal Obsessive Compulsive Study: Clinical Features and Symptoms of the Sample at Intake
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: This article describes the method and intake findings of the Brown Longitudinal Obsessive Compulsive Study, the first comprehensive prospective investigation of the naturalistic course of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a large clinical sample using longitudinal research methodology. METHOD: Intake data, collected between June 2001 and October 2004, are presented for 293 adult participants in a prospective, naturalistic study of OCD. Participants had a primary diagnosis of DSM-IV OCD and had sought treatment for the disorder. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that OCD typically has a gradual onset and a continuous course regardless of age at onset. There is a substantial lag between the onset of the disorder and initiation of treatment. OCD, which almost always coexists with other psychiatric symptoms, leads to serious social and occupational impairment. Compared with participants with late-onset OCD, early-onset participants had higher rates of lifetime panic disorder, eating disorders, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. The groups also differed on the types of obsessive-compulsive symptoms that were first noticed, as well as on rates of current obsessions and compulsions. CONCLUSION: The demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidity rates, and symptom presentation of the sample are consistent with those reported for cross-sectional studies of OCD, including the DSM-IV Field Trial. The current sample has a number of advantages over previously collected prospective samples of OCD in that it is large, diagnostically well characterized, recruited from multiple settings, and treatment seeking. This unique data set will contribute to the identification of meaningful phenotypes in OCD based on stability of symptom dimensions, prospective course patterns, and treatment response.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is a substantial average gap of up to 17 years between symptom onset and receipt of treatment [10, 11], together with high rates of disengagement from efficacious treatments such as psychological therapy [12].”
From Testing the psychometric properties of the illness perceptions questionnaire for OCD (IPQ-O) (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712
Higgins, S. M. F., Macken, A. P., Cullen, W., Saunders, J., Dunne, C. P., & O’Gorman, C. S. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.34961/9953 · Cited by 4,807
Keller, M. B. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009 · Cited by 1,643
A family study of obsessive–compulsive disorder
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.1.76 · Cited by 1,022
Self-citationKeller, M. B. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100053010 · Cited by 864
The Brown assessment of beliefs scale: Reliability and validity
Eisen, J. L., Phillips, K. A., Baer, L., Beer, D. A., Atala, K. D., & Rasmussen, S. A. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.1.102 · Cited by 705
Self-citationClinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive- compulsive disorder
(1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.3.317 · Cited by 668
Self-citationA Family Study of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
Nestadt, G., Samuels, J., Riddle, M., Bienvenu, O. J., Liang, K.-Y., LaBuda, M., Walkup, J., Grados, M., & Hoehn-Saric, R. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.358 · Cited by 657
A 40-Year Follow-up of Patients With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
Skoog, G., & Skoog, I. G. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.2.121 · Cited by 634
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [1]Murray CJ, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease. Boston, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1996. [Google Scholar]
- [16]First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, et al. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, version 2.0) New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996. [Google Scholar]
- [17]First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, et al. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997. [Google Scholar]
- [19]Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL. Clinical features and phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Ann. 1989;19:67–73. [Google Scholar]
- [25]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. Text Revision. [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–386 of 386
Treatment Approaches Based on Neuroscientific Data in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Asl, M. A., Asgari, P., & Bakhti, S. Z. (2021) · International Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.34172/icnj.2021.24 · Cited by 2
Linking Orthorexia and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Tamam, L., & Yılmaz, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67929-3_80-1 · Cited by 2
Suggerimenti di buona pratica clinica per il disturbo evitante di personalità
Mammone, I., & Dimaggio, G. (2023) · QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA · doi:10.3280/qpc52-2023oa16175 · Cited by 2
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Pato, M. T., Arnold, P. D., Zohar, J., Bitan, S., Klein, K. P., & Eisen, J. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_23-1 · Cited by 3
Self-citationEating Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Prevalence and Effect on Treatment Outcome
Tobiassen, L. G. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 2
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Wheaton, M. G., & Pinto, A. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch40 · Cited by 2
Self-citationShafti, S. S., & Kaviani, H. (2019) · Current Psychopharmacologye · doi:10.2174/2211556008666190314113446 · Cited by 1
Jaber, H., Fikraoui, N., Zaazoui, N., Bourkhiss, B., & Ouhssine, M. (2024) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202452701015 · Cited by 1
Milgram, L., Toranzo, T., Mathews, R. E., & Lewin, A. B. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70025 · Cited by 1
Woodson, O., Xu, J., Falkenstein, M. J., & Kuckertz, J. M. (2025) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2025.89.3.175 · Cited by 1
Aicoboaie, S., Pappaianni, E., Abdulkadir, M., Davies, H. L., & Micali, N. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101839 · Cited by 1
Du, H., Gao, F., Han, Y., Xiao, C., Li, Q., Zhang, D., Wang, Z., Yu, Q., Cai, S., Fan, J., et al. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1087782 · Cited by 1
Fawcett, E. J., Morris, Q., Lahey, C. A., Corran, C., Krause, S. C., Bishop, O. C., Rash, J. A., Carter, J. C., & Fawcett, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.051 · Cited by 1
Rijn, E. M. D.-V., Mensinger, M. E., Dougherty, D. D., & Widge, A. S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99742-3.00015-1 · Cited by 2
Till, J., Henning, C. T., & Summerfeldt, L. J. (2026) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70292 · Cited by 1
Dyason, K. M., (717125), S. W., Pham, P., Farrell, L. J., Grisham, J. R., Taylor, N. J., Tapp, B., Dyson, T., Richmond, B., Bustos, T., et al. (2026) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2026.2692599 · Cited by 1
Fineberg, N. A. (2007) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651500701388534 · Cited by 1
A heterogeneidade do Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC): uma revisão seletiva da literatura
Couto, L., Rodrígues, L. S., Vivan, A. D. S., & Kristensen, C. H. (2010) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.4013/4572 · Cited by 1
Cluster C Personality Disorders and Anxiety Disorders
Cain, N. M., Ansell, E. B., & Pinto, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7_22 · Cited by 1
Self-citationUtilizing a medical questionnaire to predict anxiety and depression in outpatients
Kajiwara, H., Ohira, Y., Ikegami, A., Hanazawa, N., Masuyama, T., Yamashita, T., Kondo, T., Shikino, K., & Ikusaka, M. (2016) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s101556 · Cited by 1
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Childhood and Its Treatment with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Koçak, L. (2016) · Journal of Family Counseling and Education · doi:10.32568/jfce.286625 · Cited by 1
Voderholzer, U. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_70 · Cited by 1
Linking Orthorexia and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Tamam, L., & Yılmaz, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16691-4_80 · Cited by 1
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Conelea, C. A., & McLaughlin, N. C. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812777-3.00008-8 · Cited by 1
Self-Help Treatments for Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Including Bibliotherapy
Krebs, G., & Turner, C. (2019) · Innovations in CBT for Childhood Anxiety, OCD, and PTSD · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.016 · Cited by 2
Church, H. A., Corvin, A. P., & Lucey, J. V. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3397-1.00016-1 · Cited by 1
A heterogeneidade do Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC): uma revisão seletiva da literatura
Couto, L., Rodrigues, L., Vivan, A. D. S., & Kristensen, C. H. (2010) · Contextos Clínicos · doi:10.4013/ctc.2010.32.07 · Cited by 1
Challenges in diagnosing pathological anxiety
Simpson, H. B., Neria, Y., Lewis‐Fernández, R., & Schneier, F. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511777578.009 · Cited by 1
Biological Models and Treatments for OCD in Adults
Stewart, S. E., & Loh, A. S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch14 · Cited by 1
Gil-Delgado Armada, I., Zaragoza Ferrando, L., Pelayo Revetún, P., García Fernández, L., Cabedo Barber, E., Roncero Sanchís, M., & García Soriano, G. (2023) · Revista de Psicopatologia y Psicologia Clinica · doi:10.5944/rppc.33872
“Su curso es crónico en ausencia de tratamiento (MataixCols et al., 2002; Pinto et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Collins, L. M., Bragdon, L. B., & Coles, M. E. (2018) · Evidence‐Based Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/9781119462996.ch6 · Cited by 1
Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders: Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Hoarding Disorder
Pato, M. T., Steketee, G. S., Eisen, J. L., Yip, A. G., & Phillips, K. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch57
Self-citationObsessive–compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: epidemiological and clinical aspects
Poyurovsky, M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511686931.005
Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: psychopathological characteristics
Poyurovsky, M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511686931.006
"DIFERENÇAS DE GÊNERO NA APRESENTAÇÃO FENOMENOLÓGICA DO TRANSTORNO OBSESSIVO-COMPULSIVO"
Torresan, R. C. (2010) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder in the context of an avoidant personality disorder
Frankenburg, F. R. (2008) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.39
Ablative procedures in psychiatric neurosurgery
Huie, D., Aronson, J. P., & Eskandar, E. N. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118801086.ch22
Fabricant, L. E. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/d4t6-an95
Starčević, V., & Brakoulias, V. (2014)
Integrative Therapie der Zwangsstörungen
Voderholzer, U. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_70-1
Elliott, S., Read, R. K., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.06.003
Deep Brain Stimulation for Pediatric Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Quon, J. L., Kim, L. H., Quon, C. A., Prolo, L. M., Grant, G. A., & Halpern, C. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812777-3.00010-6
Zhou, Y., Cao, X., Wang, J., Gao, R., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Storch, E. A., & Fan, Q. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.042 · Cited by 1
New Technologies to Deliver CBT for Young Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Aspvall, K., Lenhard, F., Serlachius, E., & Mataix‐Cols, D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.017
The neurocognitive correlates of compulsivity
Seow, X. F. T. (2020) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
Angst- und Zwangsstörungen im Alter
Bandelow, B., Pfeiffer, K., Lenouvel, E., Tagay, S., & Freyer, T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21155-3.00022-8
Psychic euosmia among obsessive-compulsive personality disorder patients: A case control study
Maraone, A., Tarsitani, L., Frascarelli, M., Petrini, F., Roselli, V., Tinè, M., Cavaggioni, G., Brakoulias, V., Biondi, M., & Pasquini, M. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i2.50
Sarkis, C. M., Amaral, J., & da Silva, L. J. (2022) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia Brazilian Neurosurgery · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1748846
Nevell, A. (2020) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Efe, A., Açıkel, S. B., Uygun, S. D., Canlı, M., Temeltürk, R. D., Gürel, Y., Çetinkaya, M., & Çakmak, F. H. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001402
Menchón, J. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119941125.ch1
Psychic euosmia among obsessive-compulsive personality disorder patients: A case control study
Maraone, A., Tarsitani, L., Frascarelli, M., Petrini, F., Roselli, V., Tinè, M., Cavaggioni, G., Brakoulias, V., Biondi, M., & Pasquini, M. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i2.36
Pinciotti, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp.2021-0044
Neurosurgery in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
van der Vlis, T. A. M. B. (2022) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221006tb
Şenay, O., & Tükel, R. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001608
Do all obsessions contradict personal values to the same degree? A pilot investigation
Alcolado, G. M., Rowa, K., Milosevic, I., & McCabe, R. E. (2023) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2023.87.3.291
(2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259472.refs
Obsessive‐Compulsive and Related Disorders
Neer, S. M., Gramlich, M. A., & Ragsdale, K. A. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394258970.ch10
Ravelo, Y., González-Méndez, R., Birba, A., Méndez, M. D. C. L., Rico, E., Jan-Cordón, D. E., Padrón, I., de Vega, M., & Marrero, H. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4606972/v1
Dsilva, C. H., Mythri, S. V., Arora, S., Karia, S., Desousa, A., & Reddy, M. S. S. (2024) · Annals of Indian Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/aip.aip_87_24
Pato, M. T., Arnold, P. D., Zohar, J., Bitan, S., Klein, K. P., & Eisen, J. L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_23
Self-citationvan Passel, B., Danner, U. N., Dingemans, A. E., Broekman, T. G., Sternheim, L. C., Becker, E. S., Elburg, A. A. V., van Furth, E. F., Hendriks, G., & Cath, D. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1456890 · Cited by 1
Intentions of Clinical Social Workers for Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Smith, A., Solomon, P., & Brown, L. A. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315251333635
Alves, M. M., Machado, G. M., & Carvalho, L. D. F. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07980-z
Chtibi, M., & DEMİR, Ö. Ö. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1618945
Davies, J., Salkovskis, P., Laidlaw, K., & Beck, J. S. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009090940.017
Bridge centrality: A network approach to understanding comorbidityPreprint
McNally, R. J., Ma, R., & Jones, P. J. (2019) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Wu, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, H., Zhou, P., Shao, C., ZHANG, X., Tang, W., Li, Q., Yan, J., Mi, S., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-07854-z · Cited by 1
Predictors of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Trajectories Across Six Months
Davies, H. M., & Berle, D. (2026) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-026-00278-3
Ravelo, Y., González-Méndez, R., Birba, A., Méndez, M. D. C. L., Rico, E., Jan-Cordón, D. E., Padrón, I., de Vega, M., & Marrero, H. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04101-8
Soman, S., & Nair, R. (2026) · Archives of Mental Health · doi:10.4103/amh.amh_194_25
Bation, R. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3c89240bzc242z45f4z9247z73969c8af558 · Cited by 1
Jaisoorya, T. S., Sudhir, P. M., Thennarassu, K., & Reddy, Y. C. J. (2026) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437261442377
Gennari, R., Capretti, N., Daroui, D., Terracina, S., Martellone, L., Mastrostefano, A., & Greco, G. (2026) · Targets · doi:10.3390/targets4020019
Grierson, N., Gale, A., & Shaw, S. L. (2026) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2026.101033
Sakakibara, K. (2026) · Subjektivierung und Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-52015-1_8
Cid-Rodríguez, F. X., Schmahl, R., Márquez-Franco, R., Heiden, P., Soriano-Ursua, M. A., Wagemann, W., Huys, D., Baldermann, J. C., Kuhn, J., Visser-Vandewalle, V. E. R. M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1905823
Metadata
- Authors
- Pinto, A., Mancebo, M. C., Eisen, J. L., Pagano, M. E., & Rasmussen, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Butler Hospital (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2006-05-15
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 05
- Pages
- 703-711
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3272757
- OpenAlex
- W2135721147
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 14.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060218)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, age of onset, treatment-seeking delay, comorbidities, panic disorder, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, obsessions and compulsions, presenting symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Personality Inventory, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Age of Onset, Age Distribution, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review