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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following September 11, 2001
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study endeavored to evaluate the use of virtual reality (VR) enhanced exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consequent to the World Trade Center attacks of September 11, 2001. METHOD: Participants were assigned to a VR treatment (N = 13) or a waitlist control (N = 8) group and were mostly middle-aged, male disaster workers. All participants were diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). The study was conducted between February 2002 and August 2005 in offices located in outpatient buildings of a hospital campus. RESULTS: Analysis of variance showed a significant interaction of time by group (p < .01) on CAPS scores, with a between-groups posttreatment effect size of 1.54. The VR group showed a significant decline in CAPS scores compared with the waitlist group (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that VR is an effective treatment tool for enhancing exposure therapy for both civilians and disaster workers with PTSD and may be especially useful for those patients who cannot engage in imaginal exposure therapy.
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“Our previous studies have documented the efficacy of VRE therapy for the treatment of WTC-related PTSD (Difede et al, 2007).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Difede et al, 2007
In the citing paper
“This is especially impressive given that both groups received an active psychotherapy with documented efficacy for the treatment of terrorist-related chronic PTSD (Difede et al, 2007; Parsons and Rizzo, 2008).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Difede et al, 2007
In the citing paper
“Our data are consistent with earlier reports suggesting that VRE therapy is an effective treatment for WTC-related PTSD (Difede et al, 2007).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Difede et al, 2007
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Metadata
- Authors
- Difede, J., & Cukor, J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- ORCID
- Difede, JoAnn
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2007-11-15
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1682-1689
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2146491372
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 24.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH6216S)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, September 11 attacks, disaster workers, World Trade Center, PTSD treatment, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, User-Computer Interface, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, September 11 Terrorist Attacks
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