Cited by 357Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following September 11, 2001

Difede, JoAnn, Cukor, Judith·2007·The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

DOI 10.4088/jcp.v68n1102

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study endeavored to evaluate the use of virtual reality (VR) enhanced exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consequent to the World Trade Center attacks of September 11, 2001. METHOD: Participants were assigned to a VR treatment (N = 13) or a waitlist control (N = 8) group and were mostly middle-aged, male disaster workers. All participants were diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). The study was conducted between February 2002 and August 2005 in offices located in outpatient buildings of a hospital campus. RESULTS: Analysis of variance showed a significant interaction of time by group (p < .01) on CAPS scores, with a between-groups posttreatment effect size of 1.54. The VR group showed a significant decline in CAPS scores compared with the waitlist group (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that VR is an effective treatment tool for enhancing exposure therapy for both civilians and disaster workers with PTSD and may be especially useful for those patients who cannot engage in imaginal exposure therapy.

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Authors: Difede, J., & Cukor, J.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
ORCID: Difede, JoAnn
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
Publisher: Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
Published: 2007-11-15
Volume: 68
Issue: 11
Pages: 1682-1689
ISSN: 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v68n1102
OpenAlex: W2146491372
Cited by: 357
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 24.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH6216S)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: virtual reality exposure therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, September 11 attacks, disaster workers, World Trade Center, PTSD treatment, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
MeSH terms: Adult, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, User-Computer Interface, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, September 11 Terrorist Attacks

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following September 11, 2001

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