Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody detection by electrochemiluminescence assay identifies latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with poor islet function
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The detection of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibodies is essential for the prediction and diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). The aim of the current study was to compare a newly developed electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-GAD65 antibody assay with the established radiobinding assay, and to explore whether the new assay could be used to define LADA more precisely. METHODS: Serum samples were harvested from 141 patients with LADA, 95 with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and 99 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and tested for GAD65 autoantibodies using both the radiobinding assay and ECL assay. A glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) competition assay was also performed to assess antibody affinity. Furthermore, the clinical features of these patients were compared. RESULTS: <0.05), and were more likely to have other diabetes-associated autoantibodies. The β-cell function of ECL-GAD65 antibody-positive patients was similar to that of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients, whereas ECL-GAD65 antibody-negative patients were more similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with ECL-GAD65 antibody-negative share a similar phenotype with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, whereas patients with ECL-GAD65 antibody-positive resemble those with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Thus, the detection of GADA using ECL may help to identify the subtype of LADA.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) should be less latent
Fourlanos, S., Dotta, F., Greenbaum, C. J., Palmer, J. P., Rolandsson, O., Colman, P. G., & Harrison, L. C. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1960-7 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Adult-Onset Autoimmune Diabetes in Europe Is Prevalent With a Broad Clinical Phenotype
Hawa, M. I., Kolb, H., Schloot, N., Beyan, H., Paschou, S. A., Buzzetti, R., Mauricio, D., De Leiva, A., Yderstraede, K., Beck-Neilsen, H., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0931 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Islet Cell Antibodies Identify Latent Type I Diabetes in Patients Aged 35–75 Years at Diagnosis
Groop, L., Bottazzo, G. F., & Doniach, D. (1986) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.35.2.237 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Bonifacio, E., Yu, L., Williams, A. K., Eisenbarth, G. S., Bingley, P. J., Marcovina, S. M., Adler, K., Ziegler, A. G., Mueller, P. W., Schatz, D. A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0293 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Xiang, Y., Ji, L., Jia, W., Ning, G., Huang, G., Yang, L., Lin, J., Liu, Z., Hagopian, W. A., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0207 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Buzzetti, R., Di Pietro, S., Giaccari, A., Petrone, A., Locatelli, M., Suraci, C., Capizzi, M., Arpi, M. L., Bazzigaluppi, E., Dotta, F., et al. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1696 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Achenbach, P., Koczwara, K., Knopff, A., Naserke, H. E., Ziegler, A., & Bonifacio, E. E. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci21307 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Lohmann, T., Kellner, K., Verlohren, H.-J., Krug, J., Steindorf, J., Scherbaum, W. A., & Seißler, J. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100602 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Liu, L., Li, X., Xiang, Y., Huang, G., Lin, J., Yang, L., Zhao, Y., Yang, Z., Hou, C., Li, Y., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-1770 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mayr, A., Schlosser, M., Grober, N., Kenk, H., Ziegler, A. G., Bonifacio, E. E., & Achenbach, P. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1715 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Palmer, J. P., & Hirsch, I. B. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2.536 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Jin, P., Huang, G., Lin, J., Yang, L., Xiang, B., Zhou, W., & Zhou, Z. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.03976.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Miao, D., Steck, A. K., Zhang, L., Guyer, K. M., Jiang, L., Armstrong, T., Muller, S. M., Krischer, J. P., Rewers, M., Yu, L., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2014.0186 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
β-Cell Protection and Therapy for Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Cernea, S., Buzzetti, R., & Pozzilli, P. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-s317 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Achenbach, P., Hawa, M. I., Krause, S., Lampasona, V., Jerram, S. T., Williams, A. J. K., Bonifacio, E. E., Ziegler, A. G., & Leslie, R. D. G. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4605-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Krause, S., Landherr, U., Agardh, C., Hausmann, S., Link, K., Hansen, J. M., Lynch, K. F., Powell, M. J., Furmaniak, J., Rees-Smith, B., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1719 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Siljander, H., Härkönen, T., Hermann, R., Simell, S., Hekkala, A., Salonsaari, R., Simell, T., Simell, O., Ilonen, J., Veijola, R., et al. (2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.998 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Curnock, R., Reed, C. R., Rokni, S., Broadhurst, J. W., Bingley, P. J., & Williams, A. J. K. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04495.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Islet Autoantibody Detection by Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Assay
Yu, L. (2015) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/7651_2015_296 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Islet Autoantibody Detection by Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Assay
Gu, Y., Zhao, Z., High, H., Yang, T., & Yu, L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology · doi:10.4172/2155-9899.1000531 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies
Gu, Y., Zhao, Z., Miao, D., High, H., Yang, T., & Yu, L. (2018) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/57227 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s002 · Cited by 4,792 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021</i>
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s002 · Cited by 3,116 · see citing works
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D. M., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s002 · Cited by 2,652 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i>
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Gaglia, J. L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s002 · Cited by 2,086 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Ebekozien, O., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s002 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s002 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes in 2020: An update
Maddaloni, E., Moretti, C., Mignogna, C., & Buzzetti, R. (2020) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.04.014 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a focus on β-cell protection and therapy
Yin, W., Luo, S., Xiao, Z., Zhang, Z., Liu, B., & Zhou, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.959011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Jia, X., He, L., Miao, D., Waugh, K., Rasmussen, C. G., Dong, F., Steck, A. K., Rewers, M., & Yu, L. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab575 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mourelatou, N. G., Kounatidis, D. C., Jude, E. B., & Rebelos, E. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16234072 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Screening Strategy for Islet Autoantibodies in Diabetes Patients of Different Ages
Nan, X., Li, X., Xiang, Y., Yan, X., Zhou, H., Tang, X., Cheng, J., Niu, X., Liu, J., Ji, Q., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0177 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Atypical Diabetes and Management Considerations
Patil, S. P. (2022) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2021.11.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Method comparison of diabetes mellitus associated autoantibodies in serum specimens
Lenard, A., Rapp, A., Busch, S., & Findeisen, P. (2025) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2025-0137 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Keerthana, G., & Mohanasundaram, R. (2025) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-025-20632-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Determination of autoantibodies in type 2 diabetes: one simple way to improve classification
Ludvigsson, J. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05858-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Tian, Q., Guo, K., Wu, J., Ye, J., Ding, Z., Zhou, Q., Huang, G., Li, X., Zhou, Z., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.948157 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lada or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Challenging Diagnosis in Clinical Approach
Custură, L. M., Deteșan, O., Tilinca, R. M., Schmiedt, R. A., Bacso, B. I., & Tilinca, M. C. (2021) · Acta Medica Transilvanica · doi:10.2478/amtsb-2021-0052 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A fluorescence enhancement assay for measurement of glutamate decarboxylase activity
Messripour, M., & Azadeh, M. (2020) · Open Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.17352/ojabc.000018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, Q., Zhu, Y., Luo, Y., Zhang, M., Yu, L., Liu, Y., & Yang, T. (2022) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-22-0325 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
L’eterogeneità del diabete autoimmune
Maddaloni, E., & Buzzetti, R. (2023) · il Diabete · doi:10.30682/ildia2303a
Mirică, A., & Păun, D. L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65300-1_2
Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Jiang, D. (2025) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios15010047
Maaz, M., Yasir, M., Siddique, A., Qammar, B., & Hadi, N. (2026) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-03167-4
Yang, Y., Lu, J., Wang, Z., Lu, T., Ding, J., Wang, R., Zhou, S., Zhou, Z., & Hu, J. (2026) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-026-03203-2
Abdelfattah, A. I., Ahmad, E. A. E.-K., Tork, M. A., & Fahmy, N. A. (2026) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-026-01267-1
Diabetes Mellitus: Review of the Common, Rare, and Uncommon (Conceptual and Metaphorical) Types
Pliszka, M., & Szablewski, L. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27219611
- Authors
- Zhu, Y., Qian, L., Liu, Q., Zou, J., Zhou, Y., Yang, T., Huang, G., Zhou, Z., & Liu, Y.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Hospital (CN)
- Central South University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Yu
- Venue
- Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
- Publisher
- Korean Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 260
- ISSN
- 2233-6079 (ISSN-L)
- 2233-6087
- PMC
- PMC7188968
- OpenAlex
- W2984743897
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes & Metabolism Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1305000, 2016YFC1305005)
- Nanjing Science and Technology Committee (201605084)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81770778, 81570704)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, GAD65 antibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase, electrochemiluminescence assay, radiobinding assay, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, beta-cell function, diabetes autoantibodies, antibody affinity
- MeSH terms
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults, Adolescent, Adult, Autoantibodies, C-Peptide, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Humans, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
