Comparative study on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Caesalpinia crista and Centella asiatica leaf extracts
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Amyloidosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Traditionally, Caesalpinia crista and Centella asiatica leaf extracts are used to treat brain related diseases in India. C. crista is used as a mental relaxant drink as well as to treat inflammatory diseases, whereas C. asiatica is reported to be used to enhance memory and to treat dementia. OBJECTIVE: The present study is aimed to understand the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of C. asiatica and C. crista leaf extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phenolic acid composition of the aqueous extracts of C. crista and C. asiatica were separated on a reverse phase C18 column (4.6 x 250 mm) using HPLC system. Antioxidant properties of the leaf extracts were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the reducing potential assay. The anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extracts of C. crista and C. asiatica were studied using 5-lipoxygenase assay. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) were isolated from blood by Ficoll-Histopaque density gradient followed by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes. RESULTS: Gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were the phenolic acids identified in C. crista and C. asiatica leaf aqueous extracts. However, gallic acid and ferulic acid contents were much higher in C. crista compared to C. asiatica. Leaf extracts of C. asiatica and C. crista exhibited antioxidant properties and inhibited 5-lipoxygenase (anti-inflammatory) in a dose dependent manner. However, leaf extracts of C. crista had better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared to that of C. asiatica. The better activity of C. crista is attributed to high gallic acid and ferulic acid compared to C. asiatica. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the leaf extract of C. crista can be a potential therapeutic role for Alzheimer's disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Compounds in CA such as ferulic acid and asiatic acid induce Nrf2 and its ARE-regulated targets, exhibiting a neuroprotective effect.
“Compounds such as the phenolic ferulic acid [89,90] and the triterpene asiatic acid [2,91], induce Nrf2 and its ARE-regulated targets, exhibiting a neuroprotective effect [92,93,94,95].”
From Centella Asiatica Improves Memory and Promotes Antioxidative Signaling in 5XFAD Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [90]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
PROTEIN MEASUREMENT WITH THE FOLIN PHENOL REAGENT
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. (1951) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6 · Cited by 315,771 · see citing works
Uttara, B., Singh, A., Zamboni, P., & Mahajan, R. (2009) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/157015909787602823 · Cited by 3,378 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance
Houstis, N., Rosen, E. D., & Lander, E. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04634 · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
Isolation of Lymphocytes, Granulocytes and Macrophages
Bøyum, A. (1976) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1976.tb03851.x · Cited by 1,595 · see citing works
Cocoa Has More Phenolic Phytochemicals and a Higher Antioxidant Capacity than Teas and Red Wine
Lee, K. W., Kim, Y. J., Lee, H. J., & Lee, C. Y. (2003) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0344385 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Allanbutterfield, D., Castegna, A., Lauderback, C. M., & Drake, J. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00340-2 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Foti, M. C., Daquino, C., & Geraci, C. (2004) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo035758q · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
Reynolds, A. D., Laurie, C., Mosley, R., & Gendelman, H. (2007) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(07)82016-2 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Chung, Y., Chang, C.-T., Chao, W., Lin, C.-F., & Chou, S. (2002) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf011369q · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease
Chauhan, V. P. S., & Chauhan, A. (2006) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.004 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species: Stuck in the Middle of Neurodegeneration
Patten, D. A., Germain, M., Kelly, M., & Slack, R. S. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-100498 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease: relevance to pathogenesis and therapy
Zotova, E., Nicoll, J. A. R., Kalaria, R. N., Holmes, C., & Boche, D. (2010) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt24 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Mansouri, M. T., Farbood, Y., Sameri, M. J., Sarkaki, A., Naghizadeh, B., & Rafeirad, M. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.022 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Screening of Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity
Mukherjee, P. K., Venkatesan, K., & Houghton, P. J. (2007) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.2224 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Crooks, S. W., & STOCKLEY, R. A. (1998) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(97)00123-4 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Sultana, R., Perluigi, M., & Butterfield, D. A. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0517-0 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease: dietary polyphenols as potential therapeutic agents
Darvesh, A. S., Carroll, R. T., Bishayee, A., Geldenhuys, W. J., & der Schyf, C. J. V. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.42 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Dhanasekaran, M., Holcomb, L. A., Hitt, A. R., Tharakan, B., Porter, J. W., Young, K. A., & Manyam, B. V. (2009) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.2405 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Increased 5-Lipoxygenase Immunoreactivity in the Hippocampus of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Ikonomović, M. D., Abrahamson, E. E., Uz, T., Manev, H., & DeKosky, S. T. (2008) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/jhc.2008.951855 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Yoon, C., Chung, S.-J., Lee, S., Park, Y., Lee, S.-K., & Park, M. (2012) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.08.010 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Kinetic mechanism of guinea pig neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase.
Aharony, D., & Stein, R. L. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67273-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Mandal, S., Hazra, B., Sarkar, R., Biswas, S., & Mandal, N. (2009) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1093/ecam/nep072 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Zeni, A. L. B., Zomkowski, A. D. E., Maraschin, M., Rodrigues, A. L. S., & Tasca, C. I. (2012) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.041 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Mansouri, M. T., Naghizadeh, B., Ghorbanzadeh, B., Farbood, Y., Sarkaki, A., & Bavarsad, K. (2013) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.09.002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Manyam, B. V. (1999) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.1999.5.81 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Peñarrieta, J. M., Alvarado, J., Åkesson, B., & Bergenståhl, B. (2008) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700189 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Raghavenra, H., Diwakr, B. T., Lokesh, B. R., & Naidu, K. A. (2005) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2005.08.006 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationKang, S.-W., Kang, S., Shin, H., Yoon, S., Kim, J., Ko, H., & Kim, S. (2013) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.033 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ferulic acid prevents the cerebral ischemic injury-induced decrease of Akt and Bad phosphorylation
Koh, P. (2011) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.012 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Prince, P. S. M., & Roy, A. J. (2013) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.138 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Srivastava, A., Greenspan, P., Hartle, D. K., Hargrove, J. L., Amarowicz, R., & Pegg, R. B. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf1004836 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Anti-amyloidogenic property of leaf aqueous extract of Caesalpinia crista
Ramesh, B. N., Indi, S. S., & Rao, K. S. J. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.062 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationMontelukast regulates eosinophil protease activity through a leukotriene-independent mechanism
Langlois, A., Ferland, C., Tremblay, G. M., & Laviolette, M. (2006) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Methyl Migrated Cassane-Type Furanoditerpenes of Caesalpinia crista from Myanmar
Kalauni, S. K., Awale, S., Tezuka, Y., BANSKOTA, A. H., Linn, T. Z., & Kadota, S. (2005) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.53.1300 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effect of Probucol, An Oral Hypocholesterolaemic Agent, on Acute Tobacco Smoke Inhalation in Rats
Ishizaki, T., Kishi, Y., Sasaki, F., Ameshima, S., NAKAI, T., & Miyabo, S. (1996) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0900517 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Centella asiatica: Phytochemistry and mechanisms of neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement
Gray, N. E., Alcazar Magana, A., Lak, P., Wright, K. M., Quinn, J., Stevens, J. F., Maier, C. S., & Soumyanath, A. (2018) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9528-y · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Ahmad, S., Zahiruddin, S., Parveen, B., Basist, P., Parveen, A., Gaurav, G., Parveen, R., & Ahmad, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.578970 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Centella Asiatica Improves Memory and Promotes Antioxidative Signaling in 5XFAD Mice
Matthews, D. G., Caruso, M., Murchison, C. F., Zhu, J. Y., Wright, K. M., Harris, C. J., Gray, N. E., Quinn, J. F., & Soumyanath, A. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8120630 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Compounds such as the phenolic ferulic acid [89,90] and the triterpene asiatic acid [2,91], induce Nrf2 and its ARE-regulated targets, exhibiting a neuroprotective effect [92–95].”
BackgroundTeerapattarakan, N., Benya-aphikul, H., Tansawat, R., Wanakhachornkrai, O., Tantisira, M. H., & Rodsiri, R. (2018) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.028 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Yang, B., Xu, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, Y., Lü, X., Tsui, C., Lü, L., & Liang, X. (2016) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.015 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ravi, S. K., Ramesh, B. N., Mundugaru, R., & Vincent, B. (2018) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationMagaña, A. A., Wright, K. M., Vaswani, A., Caruso, M. A., Reed, R. L., Bailey, C. F., Nguyen, T. T. M., Gray, N. E., Soumyanath, A., Quinn, J. F., et al. (2020) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.2936 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Bioprospecting for Anti-COVID-19 Interventions From African Medicinal Plants: A Review
Akindele, A. J., Sowemimo, A., Agunbiade, F. O., Sofidiya, M. O., Awodele, O., Ade-Ademilua, O. E., Orabueze, I. C., Ishola, I. O., Ayolabi, C. I., Salu, O. B., et al. (2022) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x221096968 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Eze, F. N., Leelawatwattana, L., & Prapunpoj, P. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9040128 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sukketsiri, W., Tanasawet, S., Moolsap, F., Tantisira, M. H., Hutamekalin, P., & Tipmanee, V. (2019) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.b19-00248 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pagliuca, G., Gallo, F. R., Multari, G., Panzini, G., D’Amore, E., & Altieri, I. (2015) · Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.4103/0250-474x.169031 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Verma, V., Tripathi, A. C., & Saraf, S. K. (2016) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.3109/13880209.2016.1160132 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jin, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Liu, Y., Chen, Q., & Wang, Q. (2019) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2019.1669986 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, C., Zhao, Y., Yang, R., & Liu, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75554-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Caesalpinia Crista Linn. Induces protection against DNA and membrane damage
Narasingappa, R., Kumar, R., Joshi, C. G., Girish, T. K., & Danagoudar, A. (2017) · Pharmacognosy Magazine · doi:10.4103/pm.pm_557_16 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationCaesalpinia crista: A coastal woody climber with promising therapeutic values
Chan, E. W. C., Tangah, J., Baba, S., Chan, H. T., Kainuma, M., & Inoue, T. M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science · doi:10.7324/japs.2018.8319 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Feng, X., Yang, L., Liu, X., Liu, M., Liu, L., Liu, J., & Luo, J. (2024) · Medical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12032-023-02287-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Use of Phytochemicals against Neuroinflammation
Ong, W., Farooqui, T., Ho, C. F., Ng, Y., & Farooqui, A. A. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119155195.ch1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hegde, M. (2014) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/0975-7406.129168 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shin, H. Y., Kim, Y. S., Joung, M. Y., Kim, W. J., Shin, K., & Yu, K. (2025) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.14213 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jin, Y., Li, J., Ding, L., Zhao, Q., Song, Y., Li, G., Ji, J., Ni, Y., & Hu, Q. (2021) · Molecular & Cellular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13273-021-00174-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Huyen, L. T., Son, V. H., Hoa, T. T. V., Hanh, L. T. M., Seo, Y., SeonJu, P., Nhiệm, N. X., Hằng, Đ. T. T., Kiệm, P. V., & Tài, B. H. (2021) · Biochemical Systematics and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.bse.2021.104376 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ekka, R., Naik, K., Chandel, S. S., & Ahirwar, B. (2026) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation · doi:10.1007/s12247-025-10310-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Muneerungsee, N., Tanasawet, S., Moolsap, F., Udomuksorn, W., Tantisira, M. H., Zaima, N., & Sukketsiri, W. (2022) · Biologia · doi:10.1007/s11756-022-01194-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Phytomolecules and Novel Drug Delivery Approach for COVID-19
Maheshwari, M., Patel, B., & Acharya, N. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20537-8_17
Hamid, M. A. A., Novita, C. E., Wijaya, J. F., & Djamin, D. (2024) · Jurnal Prima Medika Sains · doi:10.34012/jpms.v6i2.5743
Phanumartwiwath, A., Teethaisong, Y., Khonthun, C., Sichaem, J., Jantarit, N., Myo, H., Liana, D., Savaspun, K., Kodsueb, R., Aonbangkhen, C., et al. (2025) · Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research · doi:10.26538/tjnpr/v9i10.37
LC-MS-Based Identification of Phytochemicals Present in the Leaf Extracts of Caesalpinia crista L.
Valvi, R., Takate, S. J., & Athare, A. E. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrset261373
Ngoc, N. A. N., Thi, T. T. P., Huynh, B. C. N., Vũ, T. A., Thi, A. T. D., & Hong, H. H. L. (2026) · Journal of Biological Studies · doi:10.62400/jbs.v9i2.18135
- Authors
- Rao, K., Ramesh, B., Girish, T., Raghavendra, R., Naidu, K., & Prasada Rao, U. J. S.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (PA)
- Central Food Technological Research Institute (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Rao, KS
- ORCID
- Rao, KS
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 86
- ISSN
- 0975-7406 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3983751
- OpenAlex
- W2110723235
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Keywords
- Caesalpinia crista, Centella asiatica, leaf extract, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, phenolic acids, gallic acid, ferulic acid, 5-lipoxygenase inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging, Alzheimer's disease, oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases, traditional medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review