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The Content Analysis Guidebook
Abstract
List of Boxes List of Tables and Figures Foreword Acknowledgments 1. Defining Content Analysis Is Content Analysis Easy? Is It Something That Anyone Can Do? A Six-Part Definition of Content Analysis 2. Milestones in the History of Content Analysis The Growing Popularity of Content Analysis Milestones of Content Analysis Research 3. Beyond Description: An Integrative Model of Content Analysis The Language of the Scientific Method How Content Analysis Is Done: Flowchart for the Typical Process of Content-Analysis Research Approaches to Content Analysis The Integrative Model of Content Analysis Evaluation With the Integrative Model of Content Analysis 4. Message Units and Sampling Units Defining the Population Archives Medium Management Sampling Sample Size 5. Variables and Predictions Identifying Critical Variables Hypotheses, Predictions, and Research Questions 6. Measurement Techniques Defining Measurement Validity, Reliability, Accuracy, and Precision Types of Validity Assessment Operationalization Computer Coding Selection of a Computer Text Content Analysis Program Human Coding Index Construction in Content Analysis 7. Reliability Intercoder Reliability Standards and Practices Issues in the Assessment of Reliability Pilot and Final Reliabilities Intercoder Reliability Coefficients: Issues and Comparisons Calculating Intercoder Reliability Coefficients Treatment of Variables That Do Not Achieve an Acceptable Level of Reliability The Use of Multiple Coders Advanced and Specialty Issues in Reliatbility Coefficient Selection 8. Results and Reporting Data Handling and Transformations Hypothesis Tesing Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Tests Frequencies Co-Occurences and In-Context Occurrences Time Lines Bivariate Relationships Multivariate Relationships 9. Contexts Psychometric Applications of Content Analysis Open-Ended Written and Pictorial Responses Linguistics and Semantic Networks Stylometrics and Computer Literary Analysis Interaction Analysis Other Interpersonal Behaviors Violence in the Media Gender Roles Minority Portrayals Advertising News Political Communication Web Analyses Other Applied Contexts Commercial and Other Client-Based Applications of Content Analysis Future Directions Resource 1: Message Archives - P.D. Skalski General Collections Film, Television and Radio Archives Literary and General Corpora Other Archives Resource 2: Using NEXIS for Text Acquisition for Content Analysis Resource 3: Computer Content Analysis Software - P.D. Skalski Part I. Quantitative Computer Text Analysis Programs Part II. VBPro How-To Guide and Executional Flowchart Resource 4: An Introduction to PRAM--A Program for Reliability Assessment With Multiple Coders Resource 5: The Content Analysis Guidebook Online Content Analysis Resources Bibliographies Message Archives and Corpora Reliability Human Coding Sample Materials Computer Content Analysis References Author Index Subject Index About the Authors
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“Content analysis [77] of transcripts from the thinking aloud sessions, field notes, and feedback interviews was coded using predetermined codes related to usability issues (navigation, content, layout, learnability, errors, and satisfaction) after each iterative cycle.”
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Racine, É., Bar-Ilan, O., & Illes, J. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1609 · Cited by 359
“To understand this context specifically in relation to neuroimaging, and to launch a discussion of these issues, we carried out a press content analysi”
Progressive Focusing and Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research
Sinkovics, R. R., & Alfoldi, E. A. (2012) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-012-0140-5 · Cited by 493
“5) or the idea that ‘different people should code the same text in the same way’ (Neuendorf 2002; Strijbos et al. 2006; see also Welch et al. 2010).”
BackgroundOlder people and mobile phones: A multi-method investigation
Kurniawan, S. (2008) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.03.002 · Cited by 357
Measuring Deliberation’s Content: A Coding Scheme
Stromer‐Galley, J. (2007) · Journal of Deliberative Democracy · doi:10.16997/jdd.50 · Cited by 355
“The data used to t est the coding scheme came from the Virtual Agora Project, in which Pittsburgh, PA residents deliberate d school policy (Muhlberger, 2005) . The coding procedure followed rigorous standards for content analysis as described by Neuendorf (2002) and Krippendor ff (2003) , including establishing a code…”
MethodWut, T. M., Xu, J. B., & Wong, S.-M. H. (2021) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104307 · Cited by 356
“Two coders were involved in the process to avoid subjective bias judgement from a single coder (Neuendorf, 2002).”
Corporate social responsibility reporting: A comprehensive picture?
Bouten, L., Everaert, P. C., Liedekerke, L. V., et al. (2011) · Accounting Forum · doi:10.1016/j.accfor.2011.06.007 · Cited by 353
“As advised by Krippendorff (2004) and Neuendorf (2002), these annual reports were random subsamples of the total sample.”
MethodModeling the information‐seeking behavior of social scientists: Ellis's study revisited
Meho, L. I., & Tibbo, H. R. (2003) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.10244 · Cited by 381
Value co-creation and co-destruction in the Airbnb sharing economy
Camilleri, J., & Neuhofer, B. (2017) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-09-2016-0492 · Cited by 371
Digital orientation: Conceptualization and operationalization of a new strategic orientation
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Swani, K., Milne, G. R., Brown, B. P., Assaf, A. G., & Donthu, N. (2016) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.07.006 · Cited by 345
Hutchison, A. C., & Reinking, D. (2011) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.002 · Cited by 340
“Responses were analyzed using a content analysis approach (Neuendorf, 2002) with an emergent coding scheme.”
MethodWünderlich, N. V., von Wangenheim, F., & Bitner, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670512448413 · Cited by 343
“The transcribed versions of the inter-views, notes, and tapes, including both the original language audio and the statements by the on-site translators, constitute the material for the subsequent interpretation of meaning through qualitative content analysis (Mayring 2000; Neuendorf 2002).”
BackgroundMethodMitigating climate change – how do corporate strategies differ?
Weinhofer, G., & Hoffmann, V. H. (2008) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.618 · Cited by 329
Using Twitter to Examine Smoking Behavior and Perceptions of Emerging Tobacco Products
Myslín, M., Zhu, S., Chapman, W. W., & Conway, M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2534 · Cited by 323
“Using the first four categories identified by Prier et al as a starting point, we used an iterative content analysis technique [24] to build a multidimensional annotation scheme of tobacco-related tweets reflecting those categories important for public health.”
MethodMaditati, D. R., Munim, Z. H., Schramm, H., & Kummer, S. (2018) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.08.004 · Cited by 327
Stahl, G. K., & Caligiuri, P. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.603 · Cited by 324
“After the interviews had been fully transcribed, they were analyzed by use of techniques of qualitative and quantitative content analysis (Krippendorff, 1980; Neuendorf, 2002).”
MethodWilliamson, K., Given, L. M., & Scifleet, P. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102220-7.00019-4 · Cited by 348
Gatekeeping, Indexing, and Live-Event News: Is Technology Altering the Construction of News?
Livingston, S. G., & Bennett, W. L. (2003) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600390244121 · Cited by 320
“The other variables offered “manifest content” and required only clerical coding ( Neuendorf, 2002 ).”
BackgroundStress and eating behaviours in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hill, D., Conner, M. T., Clancy, F., Moss, R. H., Wilding, S., Bristow, M., & O'Connor, D. B. (2021) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2021.1923406 · Cited by 396
“%) to agreement accepted in most situations at 80% (Neuendorf, 2016).”
BackgroundRossini, P. (2020) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650220921314 · Cited by 369
“I developed a systematic content analysis (Neuendorf, 2002) coding scheme to capture a set of dimensions of online political talk and incivility, inspired by prior research (Coe et al., 2014; Stromer-Galley, 2007).”
MethodUser involvement competence for radical innovation
Lettl, C. U. (2007) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2007.01.004 · Cited by 311
Corporate Carbon Strategies in Responding to Climate Change
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Korkmaz, A. V., Engen, M. L. V., Knappert, L., & Schalk, R. (2022) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100894 · Cited by 436
Business Intelligence: An Analysis of the Literature1
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Corporate social responsibility disclosures over time: evidence from Malaysia
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“Studies of media communication content conducted by social scientists reveal that data derived from media messages correlate with other indicators obtained independently ( Neuendorf, 2002 ).”
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Heung, V. C. S., Küçükusta, D., & Song, H. (2010) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.012 · Cited by 305
Hofer, C., Cantor, D. E., & Dai, J. (2011) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2011.06.002 · Cited by 306
Martinez, D. L., & Brusoni, S. (2018) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2774 · Cited by 333
“Consistent with the commonly accepted standards of verbal protocol and content analysis (Krippendorff, 2004; Neuendorf, 2002), each coder coded the data independently.”
MethodBehavioral Signal Processing: Deriving Human Behavioral Informatics From Speech and Language
Narayanan, S. S., & Georgiou, P. (2013) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2012.2236291 · Cited by 302
“As Neuendorf [18] states ''without the establishment of reliability, content analysis measures are useless.''”
BackgroundFamily Firms and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Publicly Traded Firms
Short, J. C., Payne, G. T., Brigham, K. H., Lumpkin, G. T., & Broberg, J. C. (2009) · Family Business Review · doi:10.1177/0894486508327823 · Cited by 289
“Following established content analysis texts (e.g., Neuendorf, 2002), our word lists were mutually exclusive, and each word was associated with a single EO dimension.”
MethodEntrepreneurial Identity: A Review and Research Agenda
Radu-Lefebvre, M., Lefèbvre, V., Crosina, E., & Hytti, U. (2021) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587211013795 · Cited by 326
“To begin, we generated descriptive themes that helped us map and situate each article within the EI literature (cf. Grégoire et al., 2011; Krippendorff, 2004; Neuendorf, 2017).”
Understanding fan motivation for interacting on social media
Stavros, C., Meng, M. D., Westberg, K., & Farrelly, F. J. (2013) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.004 · Cited by 333
ประจักษ์เนตร, พ. (n.d.) · Journal of communication and innovation NIDA · doi:10.14456/jcin.2015.9 · Cited by 294
Graf, S., Паолини, С., & Rubin, M. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2052 · Cited by 291
Media Matter: How Newspapers and Television News Cover Campaigns and Influence Voters
Druckman, J. N. (2005) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600500311394 · Cited by 290
Assessing what to address in science communication
de Bruin, W. B., & Bostrom, A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1212729110 · Cited by 318
Weber, P. (2014) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444813495165 · Cited by 302
“Moreover, nearly all kappas were above .40, which indicates at least fair to good agreement beyond chance (cf. Fleiss, 1981: 218; Neuendorf, 2002: 143).”
BackgroundMethodJennings, W. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00329.x · Cited by 354
Lumineau, F., & Henderson, J. E. (2012) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2012.03.005 · Cited by 293
“For each variable in our study, the Cohen’s kappa and the Krippendorff’s alpha were significantly superior to 0.7, which is the typical threshold indicating an adequate level of inter-rater reliability (Neuendorf, 2002).”
InfluentialChung, J., & Tan, F. B. (2003) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2003.08.016 · Cited by 286
Pless, N. M., Maak, T., & Stahl, G. K. (2011) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.10.2.zqr237 · Cited by 388
“The interrater reliability coefficients for the learning outcome categories ranged between .72 and 1.00, which suggests that the coding process produced reliable data (Neuendorf, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOn the automatic classification of app reviews
Maalej, W., Kurtanović, Z., Nabil, H., & Stanik, C. (2016) · Requirements Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00766-016-0251-9 · Cited by 284
“First, we created a coding guide [27] that precisely defines the review types with detailed examples.”
MethodBones, body parts, and sex appeal: An analysis of #thinspiration images on popular social media
Ghaznavi, J., & Taylor, L. D. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.006 · Cited by 271
Conceptualizing community in energy systems: A systematic review of 183 definitions
Bauwens, T., Schraven, D. F. J., Drewing, E., et al. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111999 · Cited by 278
“This is acknowledged as good practice to enhance reliability in manual coding [69,70].”
MethodThe value of social media for innovation: A capability perspective
Muninger, M.-I., Hammedi, W., & Mahr, D. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.012 · Cited by 277
“The intra-rater reliability, calculated in NVivo using Cohen's (1960) Kappa coefficient, reached 0.887, above the cutoff point of 80% recommended by Neuendorf (2016).”
MethodInfluentialArts-based methods in health research: A systematic review of the literature
Fraser, K. D., & Sayah, F. A. (2011) · Arts & Health · doi:10.1080/17533015.2011.561357 · Cited by 278
“Content analysis is defined as a systematic, replicable technique for constructing content categories from text (Neuendorf, 2005).”
MethodChild, J., Lü, Y., & Tsai, T. (2007) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840607078112 · Cited by 274
“We applied content analysis to the 1,734 activities (cf. Neuendorf 2002), based on separate coding by two of the authors who are bilingual in English and Mandarin Chinese, with an initial 88.8% agreement between them.”
MethodInfluentialDiscourses of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion: Trenchant Formulations or Transient Fashions?
Oswick, C., & Noon, M. (2014) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00830.x · Cited by 224
The Application of DICTION to Content Analysis Research in Strategic Management
Short, J. C., & Palmer, T. B. (2007) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428107304534 · Cited by 273
“These include texts concerning content analysis in general (Krippendorf, 2004; Neuendorf, 2002; Weber, 1990), texts that specifically address computer-aided techniques (Alexa & Zuell, 1999; Kelle, 1995), and a number of published articles outlining content analysis procedures, comparing techniques and/or different sof…”
MethodAditomo, A., Goodyear, P., Bliuc, A., & Ellis, R. A. (2011) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2011.616584 · Cited by 316
“Content analysis (Neuendorf 2002) was performed to code the data in terms of type of inquiry, type of educational objective, whether the task involves group work, temporal scale (whether the task spans more than one lecture session), whether the inquiry is 1244 A. Aditomo et al. expected to produce…”
MethodChiappetta, E. L., & Fillman, D. A. (2007) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500690601159407 · Cited by 272
“In a review of reliability, Neuendorf ( 2002 ) compared three popular agreement coefficients: Scott’s pi , Cohen’s kappa , and Krippendorff’s alpha .”
MethodContent Analysis—A Methodological Primer for Gender Research
Neuendorf, K. A. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9893-0 · Cited by 271
“…applications to analyze text (called CATA, Computer-Aided Text Analysis), will be addressed here only occasionally (see Gottschalk and Bechtel 2008; Neuendorf 2002; Roberts 1997; West 2001; for a list of CATA programs, see The Content Analysis Guidebook Online (Neuendorf and Kane 2010) at http://…”
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Kim, H., & Stepchenkova, S. O. (2015) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.004 · Cited by 298
Qualitative generalising in accounting research: concepts and strategies
Parker, L. D., & Northcott, D. (2016) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/aaaj-04-2015-2026 · Cited by 277
Carney, P. A., Hamada, J. L., Rdesinski, R. E., Sprager, L., Nichols, K. R., Liu, B. Y., Pelayo, J., Sanchez, M. A., & Shannon, J. (2011) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9522-z · Cited by 270
“Two or more independent coders reviewed the text responses from pre-post gardening questionnaires and used classical content analysis [16] and constant comparative techniques to identify, define and characterize emerging themes.”
Pless, N. M., Maak, T., & Waldman, D. A. (2012) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2012.0028 · Cited by 290
Training Mentors of Clinical and Translational Research Scholars
Pfund, C., House, S. C., Asquith, P., Fleming, M. F., Buhr, K. A., Burnham, E. L., Gilmore, J. M. E., Huskins, W. C., McGee, R., Schurr, K., et al. (2014) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000218 · Cited by 269
'Big build': hidden depression in men
Brownhill, S., Wilhelm, K. A., Barclay, L. M., & Schmied, V. A. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01665.x · Cited by 338
“The women’s data were analysed using content analysis [48] with reference to a priori categories generated from the men’s data.”
MethodConceptualizing the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 114 DefinitionsPreprint
Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. P. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3037579 · Cited by 269
The interplay of digital transformation and employee competency: A design science approach
Blanka, C., Krumay, B., & Rueckel, D. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121575 · Cited by 366
An Integrated Text Analytic Framework for Product Defect Discovery
Abrahams, A. S., Fan, W., Wang, G. A., Zhang, Z., & Jiao, J. (2014) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/poms.12303 · Cited by 258
Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belgium
Pauwels, T. (2011) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2011.539483 · Cited by 297
“A second method to measure populism is based on content analysis, i.e. the systematic, objective, quantitative analysis of message characteristics (Neuendorf, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodPless, N. M., Maak, T., & STAHL, G. K. (2011) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2011.62798932 · Cited by 260
Actor roles and role patterns influencing innovation in living labs
Nyström, A.-G., Leminen, S., Westerlund, M., & Kortelainen, M. (2014) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.12.016 · Cited by 254
Travel photos: Motivations, image dimensions, and affective qualities of places
Pan, S., Lee, J., & Tsai, H. K. (2013) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.007 · Cited by 266
“The Scott’s pi for image dimensions (nine levels) and motivations (four levels) are both 0.942, higher than the acceptable threshold of 0.9 (Neuendorf, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnalyzing destination branding and image from online sources: A web content mining approach
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“Content analysis is a summarizing process, a quantitative analysis of messages that relies on social scientific methods and is not limited to measurable variables or to the context in which the messages are created or presented (Neuendorf, 2002, p. 10).”
BackgroundEriksson, M. H. (2018) · International Journal of Strategic Communication · doi:10.1080/1553118x.2018.1510405 · Cited by 255
“In the third analytical phase, a quantitative descriptive content analysis (Neuendorf, 2002) was conducted of the research context characteristics of the studies building up each identified thematic lesson.”
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“Any context analysis should follow standard guidelines: using careful descriptions and multiple coders and reporting inter-coder reliability (Neuendorf 2002).”
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Kazemitabaar, M., Ye, R., Wang, X., Henley, A. Z., Denny, P., Craig, M., & Grossman, T. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642773 · Cited by 290
Li, Y. (2011) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.02828 · Cited by 254
Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse – Abgrenzungen, Spielarten, Weiterentwicklungen
Mayring, P. (2019) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-20.3.3343 · Cited by 249
Vehicle defect discovery from social media
Abrahams, A. S., Jiao, J., Wang, G. A., & Fan, W. (2012) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.04.005 · Cited by 246
“We followed a research design consistent with earlier studies of consumer postings [23], and adhering to the guidelines of content analysis research [41].”
MethodCommunicating health crisis: a content analysis of global media framing of COVID-19
Ogbodo, J. N., Onwe, E. C., Chukwu, J. N., Nwasum, C. J., Nwakpu, E. S., Nwankwo, S. U., Nwamini, S. C., Elem, S., & Ogbaeja, N. I. (2020) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2020.40 · Cited by 258
Campaign Communications in U.S. Congressional Elections
Druckman, J. N., Kifer, M., & PARKIN, M. (2009) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055409990037 · Cited by 241
“We found no change whatsoever using this variable. variables used in the analyses below, we find high levels of reliability, nearly always exceeding the .80 threshold, correcting for chance agreement (Neuendorf 2002, 143; Riffe, Lacy, and Fico 1998, 131).”
MethodDividing climate change: global warming in the Indian mass media
Billett, S. (2009) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9605-3 · Cited by 242
“These interviews were based on, although did not explicitly refer to, the results of the article content analysis (Neuendorf 2002).”
ResultBlended Learning: How Teachers Balance the Blend of Online and Classroom Components
Jeffrey, L. M., Milne, J., Suddaby, G., & Higgins, A. (2014) · Journal of Information Technology Education Research · doi:10.28945/1968 · Cited by 237
“Oliver and Trigwell (2005) also suggest that a blended environment may offer experiences that are not available in non-blended environments and that the nature of these different experiences promote learning.”
BackgroundMethodKellermanns, F. W., Walter, J., Crook, T. R., Kemmerer, B., & Narayanan, V. K. (2014) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12126 · Cited by 289
“…percent (with associated Cohen 1960 kappa values of .92 and .89) for the research and entrepreneurial samples, respectively.6 Consensus exists among the various guidelines for the interpretation of Cohen’s kappa that a kappa of .8 or above indicates good to excellent reliability (Neuendorf 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe influence of executive cognition on competitive dynamics
Marcel, J. J., Barr, P. S., & Duhaime, I. M. (2010) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.870 · Cited by 230
“To accomplish this, we applied a grounded process of variable identification to build dictionary lists of language proxies for each type of competitive action identified in Step 2, as well as for overall organizational performance (Neuendorf, 2002).”
MethodThe Effect of Functional Roles on Group Efficiency
Strijbos, J.-W., Martens, R. L., Jochems, W. M. G., & Broers, N. J. (2004) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496403260843 · Cited by 241
“However, as Neuendorf (2002) states, “Without the establishment of reliability, content analyses measures are useless” (p. 141).”
BackgroundIRobot: Teaching the Basics of Artificial Intelligence in High Schools
Burgsteiner, H., Kandlhofer, M., & Steinbauer, G. (2016) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v30i1.9864 · Cited by 241
“A content analysis (Neuendorf 2002) was performed after transcribing all recorded interviews.”
MethodLatino Representation on Primetime Television
Mastro, D. E., & Behm‐Morawitz, E. (2005) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769900508200108 · Cited by 234
Schlueter, E., & Davidov, E. (2011) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcr054 · Cited by 229
“…reanalysis to check for possible problems with the issue content of the automatically selected articles (Schafraad, Wester and Scheepers, 2006; Neuendorf, 2007).8 Summarizing the absolute numbers of articles for each of the 8-week period preceding the 12 annual surveys yielded the frequency…”
BackgroundMethodKemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal HOTS Mata Pelajaran Matematika
Saraswati, P. M. S., & Agustika, G. N. S. (2020) · Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar · doi:10.23887/jisd.v4i2.25336 · Cited by 232
From mindless eating to mindlessly eating better
Wansink, B. C. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.05.003 · Cited by 234
“The qualitative data collected during the post-experiment debriefings was coded using standard content analysis procedures [82,83].”
MethodBravo, R., Matute, J., & Pérez, J. M. P. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1027-2 · Cited by 229
“Specifically, each entity was reviewed by two judges independently and the inter-judge agreement coefficients in the categories analyzed were in all cases above 90%, acceptable for this type of method (Neuendorf 2002) and similar to previous literature (Gram 2007).”
MethodCorporate Reporting of Nonfinancial Leading Indicators of Economic Performance and Sustainability
Cohen, J. R., Holder-Webb, L. L., Nath, L., et al. (2012) · Accounting Horizons · doi:10.2308/acch-50073 · Cited by 230
Inductive and Deductive: Ambiguous Labels in Qualitative Content Analysis
Armat, M. R., Assarroudi, A., Rad, M., Sharifi, H. P., & Heydari, A. (2018) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2018.2872 · Cited by 228
The perceived importance of price as one hotel selection dimension
Lockyer, T. (2004) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.03.009 · Cited by 228
The domestic battle over the design of non-trade issues in preferential trade agreements
Lechner, L. (2016) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2016.1231130 · Cited by 226
“First, coding 262 data points – rather than 126 – increases precision (Neuendorf, 2002).”
BackgroundDefining corporate social responsibility
Silberhorn, D., & Warren, R. C. (2007) · European Business Review · doi:10.1108/09555340710818950 · Cited by 237
“The content analysis's coding scheme was developed using a combination of techniques suggested by Neuendorf (2002)”
MethodAsexuality: classification and characterization
Prause, N., & Graham, C. A. (2007) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3 · Cited by 225
“Qualitative content analyses were completed using methods outlined for textual analysis by Carpenter (2002) with the coding system criteria from Neuendorf (2002) using the software N6 (QSR International Pty Ltd., 2002).”
MethodMaytum, J. C., Heiman, M. B., & Garwick, A. W. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2003.12.005 · Cited by 225
“Content analytic strategies (DowneWamboldt, 1992; Neuendorf, 2002) were used to systematically identify and categorize types of symptoms and triggers of compassion fatigue and burnout as well as coping strategies that participants identified as they described their experiences of compassion and fatigue in working with…”
MethodThe Efficacy of Executive Coaching in Times of Organisational Change
Grant, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2013.805159 · Cited by 278
“Prior to each coaching session coachees completed a preparation sheet and in the documentation they outlined their progress to date, noted any specific challenges they had faced, and detailed their goals for coaching in the session.”
BackgroundMethodApplying Content Analysis to Web-based Content
Kim, I., & Kuljis, J. (2010) · Journal of Computing and Information Technology · doi:10.2498/cit.1001924 · Cited by 255
“Figure 1. A flowchart for content analysis research adapted from Neuendorf [ 16 ]].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApplying Constant Comparative Method with Multiple Investigators and Inter-Coder Reliability
Olson, J., McAllister, C. A., Grinnell, L., Walters, K., & Appunn, F. D. (2016) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2447 · Cited by 256
Metadata
- Authors
- Neuendorf, K. A.
- Corresponding author
- Neuendorf, Kimberly A.
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc
- Published
- 2017
- OpenAlex
- W1568955415
- Cited by
- 9,286
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 135 · 2025: 271 · 2024: 474 · 2023: 569 · 2022: 571 · 2021: 609 · 2020: 603 · 2019: 628 · 2018: 474 · 2017: 488
- FWCI
- 317.83
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- content analysis, sampling units, measurement validity, measurement reliability, intercoder reliability, coding, corpora, interaction analysis, media violence, gender roles in media, advertising, political communication, website analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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