Cited by 9,286Computational and Text Analysis MethodsQualitative Research Methods and ApplicationsReliability and Agreement in Measurement

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The Content Analysis Guidebook

Neuendorf, Kimberly A.·2017·Sage eBooks

DOI 10.4135/9781071802878

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Abstract

List of Boxes List of Tables and Figures Foreword Acknowledgments 1. Defining Content Analysis Is Content Analysis Easy? Is It Something That Anyone Can Do? A Six-Part Definition of Content Analysis 2. Milestones in the History of Content Analysis The Growing Popularity of Content Analysis Milestones of Content Analysis Research 3. Beyond Description: An Integrative Model of Content Analysis The Language of the Scientific Method How Content Analysis Is Done: Flowchart for the Typical Process of Content-Analysis Research Approaches to Content Analysis The Integrative Model of Content Analysis Evaluation With the Integrative Model of Content Analysis 4. Message Units and Sampling Units Defining the Population Archives Medium Management Sampling Sample Size 5. Variables and Predictions Identifying Critical Variables Hypotheses, Predictions, and Research Questions 6. Measurement Techniques Defining Measurement Validity, Reliability, Accuracy, and Precision Types of Validity Assessment Operationalization Computer Coding Selection of a Computer Text Content Analysis Program Human Coding Index Construction in Content Analysis 7. Reliability Intercoder Reliability Standards and Practices Issues in the Assessment of Reliability Pilot and Final Reliabilities Intercoder Reliability Coefficients: Issues and Comparisons Calculating Intercoder Reliability Coefficients Treatment of Variables That Do Not Achieve an Acceptable Level of Reliability The Use of Multiple Coders Advanced and Specialty Issues in Reliatbility Coefficient Selection 8. Results and Reporting Data Handling and Transformations Hypothesis Tesing Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Tests Frequencies Co-Occurences and In-Context Occurrences Time Lines Bivariate Relationships Multivariate Relationships 9. Contexts Psychometric Applications of Content Analysis Open-Ended Written and Pictorial Responses Linguistics and Semantic Networks Stylometrics and Computer Literary Analysis Interaction Analysis Other Interpersonal Behaviors Violence in the Media Gender Roles Minority Portrayals Advertising News Political Communication Web Analyses Other Applied Contexts Commercial and Other Client-Based Applications of Content Analysis Future Directions Resource 1: Message Archives - P.D. Skalski General Collections Film, Television and Radio Archives Literary and General Corpora Other Archives Resource 2: Using NEXIS for Text Acquisition for Content Analysis Resource 3: Computer Content Analysis Software - P.D. Skalski Part I. Quantitative Computer Text Analysis Programs Part II. VBPro How-To Guide and Executional Flowchart Resource 4: An Introduction to PRAM--A Program for Reliability Assessment With Multiple Coders Resource 5: The Content Analysis Guidebook Online Content Analysis Resources Bibliographies Message Archives and Corpora Reliability Human Coding Sample Materials Computer Content Analysis References Author Index Subject Index About the Authors

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Method
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Background
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Method
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Method
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Background
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Background
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“This involved categorizing and counting the presence of certain words or concepts to enable inferences to be made from the participants’ responses (Neuendorf, 2002).”
Background
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“Addressing this topic, Neuendorf (2017) identifies two types of content with respect to its appearance: manifest and latent content – also referred to as the denotative and connotative parts of a message.”
BackgroundMethod
Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse
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“Overarching terms such as e-Government, agency, country, government, ministry, nation, organization, sector and state, as well as any of their possible combinations were avoided (Neuendorf, 2002).”
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“Content analysis was conducted, following the procedures recommended by Neuendorf (2002). “Human” coding by two trained coders identified major topics and themes, generating nine dimensions and 40 items, presented in Table III as the basis of further data collection.”
Method
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“Using an iterative qualitative approach, 2 coders developed a coding scheme by listening to the first 10 audiotapes (58).”
Method
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“0 e n = The above formula is derived from Neuendorf (2002) (i.e. Neuendorf's formula d, with z c = 1.96, and p = 0.5 as a worst case).”
BackgroundInfluential
Content Analysis, Quantitative
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“decision rules of PhVCs by Nicholls (2010), Austin et al.”
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“On the basis of Neuendorf’s [43] typology of CA texts, CA researchers should take into consideration the number of participants or setting of the messages.”
Introduction to the Special Issue: The Statistical Analysis of Political Text
Monroe, B. L., & Schrodt, P. A. (2008) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpn017 · Cited by 99
“The first is classical content analysis (Holsti 1969; Krippendorf 2004; Neuendorf 2001; Roberts 1997; Weber 1990), updated with the use of machine-readable texts and automated coding.”
Method
Understanding large social-ecological systems: introducing the SESMAD project.
Cox, M. (2014) · International Journal of the Commons · doi:10.18352/ijc.406 · Cited by 97
So Many Recalls, So Little Research: A Review of the Literature and Road map for Future Research
Wowak, K. D., & Boone, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1111/jscm.12079 · Cited by 101
Success factors and constraints among nature-based tourism entrepreneurs
Lundberg, C., & Fredman, P. (2011) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2011.630458 · Cited by 98
“Two sets of coders were included in the data analysis in order to reach inter-coder reliability (Neuendorf, 2002).”
Method
Second Homes: Curse or Blessing? A Review 36 Years Later
Müller, D. K., & Hoogendoorn, G. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism · doi:10.1080/15022250.2013.860306 · Cited by 98
“In accordance with the terminology used by Neuendorf (2002), the ambition of this analysis is to go beyond a pure descriptive analysis outlying the main topics of a text.”
Method
A qualitative study exploring why individuals opt out of lung cancer screening
Carter‐Harris, L., Brandzel, S. D., Wernli, K. J., Roth, J. A., & Buist, D. S. M. (2016) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmw146 · Cited by 102
“Data were analyzed using standard content analytic procedures (15).”
Corporate social responsibility disclosures in Malaysia: evidence from large companies
Sadou, A., Alom, F., & Laluddin, H. (2017) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-06-2016-0104 · Cited by 98
The current state of methods for establishing reliability in qualitative chemistry education research articles
Watts, F. M., & Finkenstaedt-Quinn, S. A. (2021) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d1rp00007a · Cited by 115
What online game spectators want from their twitch streamers: Flow and well-being perspectives
Kim, M., & Kim, H.-M. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102951 · Cited by 98
Large Language Models Outperform Expert Coders and Supervised Classifiers at Annotating Political Social Media Messages
Törnberg, P. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241286471 · Cited by 173
“However, manual annotation is also not without its own issues (Murthy et al., 2019; Van Atteveldt et al., 2021), as humans can be slow, costly, biased, and prone to fatigue, all of which can undermine data quality and limit the scope of analysis (Grimmer & Stewart, 2013; Neuendorf, 2017).”
Subjective well‐being: what do adolescents say?
Navarro, D., Montserrat, C., Malo, S., et al. (2015) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12215 · Cited by 98
Engagement in occupations among men and women with schizophrenia
Bejerholm, U., & Eklund, M. (2006) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.210 · Cited by 97
We are in the same boat: Tourist citizenship behaviors
Liu, J. S., & Tsaur, S. (2013) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.11.001 · Cited by 102
An examination of CSCL methodological practices and the influence of theoretical frameworks 2005–2009
Jeong, H., Hmelo‐Silver, C. E., & Yu, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-014-9198-3 · Cited by 96
“The outcome of the code and count analysis could then be subjected to inferential statistics or other more advanced quantitative analysis (Chi 1997; Jeong 2013; Neuendorf 2002).”
Method
Towards Third-Generation Living Lab Networks in Cities
Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M., & Westerlund, M. (2017) · Technology Innovation Management Review · doi:10.22215/timreview/1118 · Cited by 97
“So doing, we followed the examples of Roberts (1997) and Neuendorf (2002) to understand the cases by coding and content analysis.”
Method
Social Sustainability in Delivery and Procurement of Public Construction Contracts
Montalbán-Domingo, L., García-Segura, T., Sanz-Benlloch, A., & Pellicer, E. (2018) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000674 · Cited by 102
“80 are often considered satisfactory (Neuendorf 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The semantic conservation of architectural heritage: the missing values
Del, M. S. T. T., Sedghpour, B. S., & Tabrizi, S. K. (2020) · Heritage Science · doi:10.1186/s40494-020-00416-w · Cited by 98
Gendered access to productive resources – evidence from small holder farmers in Awutu Senya West District of Ghana
Ankrah, D. A., Freeman, C. Y., & Afful, A. (2020) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00604 · Cited by 114
Ludoliteracy: Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Games Education
Zagal, J. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.1184/r1/6686828 · Cited by 97
News media coverage of human papillomavirus
Anhang, R., Stryker, J. E., Wright, T. C., & Goldie, S. J. (2004) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.20006 · Cited by 97
Adolescents' Perceptions of Parental Roles and Involvement in Diabetes Management
Leonard, B. J., Garwick, A. W., & Adwan, J. Z. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2005.03.010 · Cited by 96
Embedding social innovation process into the institutional context: Voids or supports
Turker, D., & Altuntas Vural, C. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.03.019 · Cited by 96

Authors: Neuendorf, K. A.
Corresponding author: Neuendorf, Kimberly A.
Venue: Sage eBooks
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc
Published: 2017
DOI: 10.4135/9781071802878
OpenAlex: W1568955415
Cited by: 9,286
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 135 · 2025: 271 · 2024: 474 · 2023: 569 · 2022: 571 · 2021: 609 · 2020: 603 · 2019: 628 · 2018: 474 · 2017: 488
FWCI: 317.83
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Keywords: content analysis, sampling units, measurement validity, measurement reliability, intercoder reliability, coding, corpora, interaction analysis, media violence, gender roles in media, advertising, political communication, website analysis

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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