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100 Questions (and Answers) About Qualitative Research
Open accessAbstract
100 Questions (and Answers) About Qualitative Research, by Lisa M. Given, addresses the practical decisions that researchers must make in their work, from the design of the study, through ethics approval, implementation, and writing. The book’s quick-scan, question-and-answer format make it ideal as a supplementary text or as a ready reference for graduate students preparing for comprehensive exams and writing research proposals, undergraduates in affiliated programs who will not be taking a primary course in qualitative research methods, and researchers working across disciplines in academic or practice environments.
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“We found saturation being the point at which 'additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes' [36].”
From “It’s Weird That it Knows What I Want”: Usability and Interactions with Copilot for Novice Programmers (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Preliminary data analysis was performed concurrently with data collection, allowing us to determine when saturation, the point at which ‘additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes’ [26], was reached and recruitment was ceased.”
From Young People’s Barriers and Facilitators of Engagement with Web-Based Mental Health Interventions for Anxiety and Depression: A Qualitative Study (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 · Cited by 12,033
A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research
Guest, G., Namey, E., & Chen, M. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232076 · Cited by 2,929
Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management
Sutton, J. W., & Austin, Z. (2015) · The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.4212/cjhp.v68i3.1456 · Cited by 1,172
Prather, J., Reeves, B. N., Denny, P., Becker, B. A., Leinonen, J., Luxton-Reilly, A., Powell, G., Finnie-Ansley, J., & Santos, E. A. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3617367 · Cited by 256
“We found saturation being the point at which ‘additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes’ [36].”
BackgroundWhat is your definition of Big Data? Researchers’ understanding of the phenomenon of the decade
Favaretto, M., Clercq, E. D., Schneble, C. O., & Elger, B. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228987 · Cited by 178
Digital supply chains in omnichannel retail: A conceptual framework
Ishfaq, R., Davis‐Sramek, B., & Gibson, B. (2021) · Journal of Business Logistics · doi:10.1111/jbl.12277 · Cited by 171
QuillBot as an online tool: Students’ alternative in paraphrasing and rewriting of English writing
Fitria, T. N. (2021) · Englisia Journal of language education and humanities · doi:10.22373/ej.v9i1.10233 · Cited by 165
“Given (2015) states that documents can be used as the sole focus for data collection and analysis.”
BackgroundAbe, E. N., & Chikoko, V. (2020) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00256-x · Cited by 146
“Saturation happens at the point where “additional data does not lead to any new emergent themes” (Given, 2015, p. 134).”
BackgroundIkiz, E., Maclaren, V. W., Alfred, E., & Sivanesan, S. (2020) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105111 · Cited by 107
“We judged that the interviews had reached what is known in qualitative research as the point of saturation (Given, 2016).”
Stagewise Overview of Issues Influencing Organizational Technology Adoption and Use
Saghafian, M., Laumann, K., & Skogstad, M. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630145 · Cited by 113
“This is when the data only feed into the existing codes and do not result into any new codes (Urquhart, 2013), new themes (Given, 2016), or new theoretical insights (Saunders et al.”
BackgroundHealth system responsiveness: a systematic evidence mapping review of the global literature
Khan, G., Kagwanja, N., Whyle, E. B., Gilson, L., Molyneux, S. C., Schaay, N., Tsofa, B., Barasa, E., & Olivier, J. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01447-w · Cited by 89
“These searches were conducted iteratively until saturation was reached and no new relevant materials, nor further topics were found [51].”
BackgroundHughes, B., Miller‐Idriss, C., Piltch-Loeb, R. N., White, K., Creizis, M., Cain, C., & Savoia, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147556 · Cited by 104
Considerations for the use of qualitative methodologies in genetic counseling research
Wainstein, T., Elliott, A. M., & Austin, J. (2022) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1644 · Cited by 103
“Given this focus on frequencies of codes or ideas as surmised from the language with less attention given to context, this technique is often criticized for its lack of nuanced interpretation (Given, 2016).”
BackgroundHahne, J., Liang, T., Khoshnood, K., Wang, X., & Li, X. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.08.022 · Cited by 69
Well-Being and Resilience in Children With Speech and Language Disorders
Lyons, R., & Roulstone, S. (2018) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-16-0391 · Cited by 83
“Given that a qualitative design was used in this study the analysis of the data was embedded in a “constructionist view of reality” which acknowledges that different people may interpret the data in different ways (Given, 2016, p. 156).”
BackgroundMethodSaturation in Qualitative Educational Technology Research
Daher, W. M. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13020098 · Cited by 107
Vaezipour, A., Rakotonirainy, A., Haworth, N. L., & Delhomme, P. (2017) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.030 · Cited by 61
Finding a path in a methodological jungle: a qualitative research of resilience
Zelčāne, E., & Pipere, A. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2164948 · Cited by 86
“Saturation can be defined as the point at which additional data do not lead to any new emerging themes (Given, 2016).”
BackgroundFostering ICT use by older workers
Soja, E., & Soja, P. (2020) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-12-2018-0282 · Cited by 54
Bridging the Digital Divide in Ethnic Minority Older Adults: an Organisational Qualitative Study
Choudrie, J., Zamani, E. D., & Chike-Obuekwe, C. (2021) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10126-8 · Cited by 58
“There are mounting instances of the same codes, but no new ones ’ (Urquhart, 2013: 194); the point at which ‘ additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes ’ (Given, 2016; 135).”
BackgroundSmith, H. S., Morain, S. R., Robinson, J. O., Canfield, I., Malek, J., Rubanovich, C. K., Bloss, C. S., Ackerman, S., Biesecker, B. B., Brothers, K. B., et al. (2021) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-021-00558-4 · Cited by 45
“No additional interviews were conducted when the research team agreed that informational redundancy had been reached, determined by the team’s assessment that additional data did not lead to any new emergent themes [29, 30].”
BackgroundRoss, J., Stevenson, F. A., Dack, C., Pal, K., May, C. R., Michie, S., Yardley, L., & Murray, E. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029961 · Cited by 50
Cosmopolitan tourists: the resilient segment in the face of terrorism
Veréb, V. N., Nobre, H. M., & Farhangmehr, M. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100620 · Cited by 43
Salary, Suppression, and Spies: Journalistic Challenges in Uganda
McIntyre, K. E., & Cohen, M. S. (2021) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2020.1852097 · Cited by 36
Jones, R. D., Chapman, C. H., Holliday, E. B., Lalani, N., Wilson, E., Bonner, J. A., Movsas, B., Kalnicki, S., Formenti, S. C., Thomas, C. R., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.01.012 · Cited by 36
“The present study intentionally adhered to the strictest standards for rigor in qualitative analysis (21-23).”
MethodIt's a New Year…So Let's Stop the Paradigm Wars
Given, L. M. (2017) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406917692647 · Cited by 43
“(Given 2016, p. 13) So, how can we stop the “paradigm wars”?”
BackgroundSelf-citationGelhorn, H. L., Gries, K. S., Speck, R. M., et al. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02135-7 · Cited by 35
“Data were entered into saturation grids to organize the concepts that emerged in each interview; saturation was said to occur when no novel information was obtained in two consecutive interviews [26, 27].”
MethodSherriff, S., Kalucy, D., Tong, A., Naqvi, N., Nixon, J., Eades, S., Ingram, T., Slater, K., Dickson, M., Lee, A., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13202-z · Cited by 35
“Recruitment ceased when data saturation was reached, where interviews were no longer giving additional information to develop new themes but instead were endorsing already identified themes [49].”
BackgroundRecchia, S. L., & McDevitt, S. E. (2017) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2017.1387206 · Cited by 33
Development of Performance Measurement System in the Context of Industry 4.0: a Case Study
Klovienė, L., & Uosytė, I. (2019) · Engineering Economics · doi:10.5755/j01.ee.30.4.21728 · Cited by 32
“As all selected respondents - 476 - provided the same information and arguments about the same phenomenon, comments were repeating, also no new codes occurred in the data (Urquhart, 2013; Given, 2016), could be stated that the saturation point was achieved.”
BackgroundFuentes, N. S., Rogers, A. E., & Portillo, M. C. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7467-9 · Cited by 34
Lyons, R., Carroll, C., Gallagher, A., Merrick, R., & Tancredi, H. (2022) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2022.2038669 · Cited by 38
“Qualitative research is underpinned by beliefs that there are multiple realities (Given, 2016; Pope & Mays, 2020) and that knowledge is socially constructed in cultural and historic contexts (McAllister & Lyons, 2019a).”
BackgroundPrather, J., Margulieux, L., Whalley, J., Denny, P., Reeves, B. N., Becker, B. A., Singh, P., Powell, G., & Bosch, N. (2022) · Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1 · doi:10.1145/3501385.3543970 · Cited by 31
“We applied a similar interpretation to that of Given [22], with saturation being the point at which ‘additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes’.”
MethodCulpability, blame, and stigma after pregnancy loss in Qatar
Omar, N., Major, S. C., Mohsen, M. O., Tamimi, H. A., Taher, F. E., & Kilshaw, S. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2354-z · Cited by 30
Perera, E., Chou, S., Cousins, N., Mota, N. P., & Reynolds, K. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05509-5 · Cited by 29
Utilizing Flipgrid Application on Student Smartphones in a Small-Scale ESL Study
Petersen, J. B., Townsend, S. D. C., & Onaka, N. (2020) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v13n5p164 · Cited by 27
“As a pilot-phase study, we needed to gather initial data as a “proof of concept” so that we could validate continuation (Given, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmithers, D., & Waitzkin, H. B. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114961 · Cited by 27
Talk from the Top: Leadership and Self-Legitimation in International Organizations
von Billerbeck, S. (2022) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viac022 · Cited by 27
Water security determines social attitudes about dams and reservoirs in South Europe
Dopico, E., Arboleya, E., Fernández, S., Borrell, Y. J., Consuegra, S., de Leániz, C. G., Lázaro, G., Rodríguez, C., & García‐Vázquez, E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10170-7 · Cited by 25
Kersten, A., Scholz, F., van Woerkom, M., Krabbenborg, M. A. M., & Smeets, L. (2024) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22261 · Cited by 28
Nurses' perceptions of systems and hierarchies shaping their responses to child abuse and neglect
Lines, L. E., Grant, J. M., & Hutton, A. E. (2020) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12342 · Cited by 25
Adam, M., Chase, R. P., McMahon, S. A., Kuhnert, K.-L., Johnston, J. S., Ward, V. C., Prober, C. G., & Bärnighausen, T. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11043-w · Cited by 26
“The investigators agreed that saturation had been reached when interviews 15–20 revealed no new codes, in line with definitions in the literature on qualitative in-depth interviews [36, 37].”
BackgroundAstle, S. M., McAllister, P., Emanuels, S. K., Rogers, J., Toews, M. L., & Yazedjian, A. (2021) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-020-00530-1 · Cited by 25
Barriers and facilitators for the safe handling of antineoplastic drugs
Fazel, S. S., Keefe, A. R., Shareef, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/10781552211040176 · Cited by 24
The Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Newsrooms in Kenya: a Multi-case Study
Kioko, P., Booker, N., Chege, N., & Kimweli, P. (2022) · European Scientific Journal · doi:10.19044/esj.2022.v18n22p278 · Cited by 21
“It occurs when a further collection of data is www.eujournal.org 284 unnecessary since data is redundant, and any additional data may not lead to new themes (Given, 2016).”
BackgroundLee, S. Y., Shin, M., & Recchia, S. L. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.1076675 · Cited by 25
“Despite the small sample size, the number of participants in the study was carefully and intentionally selected to adequately answer the research questions (Given, 2015).”
BackgroundChinyamurindi, W. (2018) · South African Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.20853/32-3-2581 · Cited by 31
The spiritual experiences of contemporary Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand: A qualitative analysis
Lindsay, N. M., Haami, D., Tassell-Matamua, N., Pomare, P., Valentine, H., Pahina, J., Ware, F., & Pidduck, P. (2020) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2020.1825152 · Cited by 22
“To avoid bias or misinterpretation, and convey participant accounts as accurately as possible, we have elected to include rich, thick (Given, 2016) and at times, lengthy, data excerpts.”
BackgroundBrown, A. G. M., Houser, R. F., Mattei, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2019.19 · Cited by 21
Kalucy, D., Nixon, J., Parvizian, M., Fernando, P., Sherriff, S., McMellon, J., D'Este, C., Eades, S., & Williamson, A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025670 · Cited by 19
Hahne, J., Wang, X., Liu, R., et al. (2022) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-022-00750-7 · Cited by 21
“We recruited participants until reaching data saturation, at which point no new themes were emerging from the data [27].”
BackgroundCibangu, S. K. (2019) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2019.1647403 · Cited by 23
“Development studies (Giugale, 2014; Peet & Hartwick, 2015) started out as and still is an international or large-scale endeavor to help developing nations become developed at the example of nations in Western Europe.”
BackgroundGalié, A., Farnworth, C. R., Njiru, N., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063449 · Cited by 21
Social Impact Business Angels as New Impact Investors
Viglialoro, D., Botelho, T., Ughetto, E., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12864 · Cited by 20
Bott, A., Meyer, C., Hickson, L. M. H., et al. (2020) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2020.1805537 · Cited by 20
“This approach allowed areas to be discussed by participants that may not have been considered by the research group (Given, 2016).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Adult Uveitis on Quality of Life: An Exploratory Study
Senthil, M. P., Lim, L. L., Braithwaite, T., et al. (2020) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/09286586.2020.1856385 · Cited by 20
“However, the sample size for this study was determined by the concept of saturation.(26) The number of participants in each group ranged from 6 to 10.”
MethodSantos, D. L., Gallo, H., Barbera, J., & Mooring, S. R. (2021) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d1rp00092f · Cited by 22
Hybrid mediation opportunity structure? A case study of Hong Kong’s Anti-National Education Movement
Wong, S. C., & Wright, S. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819879509 · Cited by 20
“The accounts provided were broadly similar, with no new emergent themes being generated—indicating saturation had been achieved (Given, 2016: 135).”
BackgroundImpact of Undergraduate Students’ Library Use on Their Learning beyond GPA: Mixed-Methods Approach
Scoulas, J., & De Groote, S. (2022) · College & Research Libraries · doi:10.5860/crl.83.3.452 · Cited by 20
25 years of qualitative research in sport and exercise Psychology: How did it Go? and what now?
Smith, B. M., Roderick, M., Hockin‐Boyers, H., Monforte, J., Williams, T. L., Jachyra, P., Dodd-Reynolds, C. J., & Phoenix, C. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102958 · Cited by 22
Schoenberg, N. E., Dunfee, M., Yeager, H., Rutledge, M., Pfammatter, A. F., & Spring, B. J. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/18853 · Cited by 20
“We convened 38 participants in 4 focus groups, complemented by 16 key informant interviews, with peer debriefing through a 10-person community advisory board [3].”
BackgroundMethodBoadu, E. F., Sunindijo, R. Y., Wang, C., & Frimpong, S. (2021) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105605 · Cited by 20
Haas, E. J., Cecala, A. B., & Hoebbel, C. (2016) · PubMed · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3972704 · Cited by 19
Hughes, B., Miller‐Idriss, C., Piltch-Loeb, R. N., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.21253727 · Cited by 19
Local-Language Radio Stations in Kenya: Helpful or Harmful?
Cohen, M. S., & McIntyre, K. E. (2019) · African Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/23743670.2020.1729830 · Cited by 18
Gender dynamics around introduction of improved forages in Kenya and Ethiopia
Njuguna‐Mungai, E., Omondi, I., Galié, A., Jumba, H., Derseh, M. B., Paul, B. K., Zenebe, M., Juma, A., & Duncan, A. J. (2021) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.1002/agj2.20956 · Cited by 18
Lin, C.-Y., Renwick, L., & Lovell, K. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.05.030 · Cited by 18
Joshi, N., & Lau, S. (2021) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2021.1919718 · Cited by 17
“Once no new information or themes emerged (Given, 2015), i.e. upon reaching 30 respondents, the interviews were concluded.”
BackgroundUddin, S. M. J., Albert, A., Tamanna, M., & Alsharef, A. F. (2023) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2022.2162096 · Cited by 17
“…videos yielded theoretical saturation – where no new coverage code items were being identified with the review of subsequent video transcripts for each of the topics (Barney and Anselm 1967, Anselm and Juliet 1998, Bowen 2008, Urquhart 2012, Morse et al. 2014, Given 2015, Merriam and Tisdell 2015).”
BackgroundMohammed, V., & Razé, A. (2023) · Journal of Sustainable Marketing · doi:10.51300/jsm-2023-105 · Cited by 17
Goldberg, D. G., Soylu, T. G., Hoffman, C. F., Kishton, R. E., & Cronholm, P. F. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08536-2 · Cited by 23
Kaiser, M. L., Hand, M. D., & Pence, E. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17061831 · Cited by 21
Militello, L. G., Hurley, R. W., Cook, R. L., Danielson, E. C., Diiulio, J., Downs, S. M., Anders, S. H., & Harle, C. A. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06178-2 · Cited by 19
The weight of waiting: the impact of delayed early intervention on parental self‐efficacy
Murphy, K., & Harrison, E. (2022) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/1467-8578.12381 · Cited by 16
Moral Injury Among Frontline Long-Term Care Staff and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Reynolds, K., Pankratz, L., Jain, B., Grocott, B. B., Bonin, L., King, G. A., Sommer, J. L., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Giuliano, R. J., Kredentser, M. S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.841244 · Cited by 18
“Recruitment continued until we reached theoretical sufficiency in our analyses, in which additional interview data did not reveal novel thematic dimensions (40).”
BackgroundStarke, G., Schmidt, B. R., Clercq, E. D., & Elger, B. S. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00177-1 · Cited by 21
“To monitor data saturation, conceptualized as thematic redundancy indicated by recurrent coding, data analysis took place in parallel to data collection [40].”
MethodMunson, A., Davis, D. A., & Barrington, C. (2020) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2020.1718212 · Cited by 16
“Using ATLAS.ti software (ATLAS.ti 8 Mac Version 1.6.0, ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin, Germany), we systematically coded each transcript and identified emergent themes until reaching thematic saturation (Given 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHo, T. Q. A., Engel, L., Melvin, G., Le, L. K.-D., Le, H. N. D., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2024) · The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research · doi:10.1007/s40271-024-00707-5 · Cited by 15
“Preliminary data analysis was performed concurrently with data collection, allowing us to determine when saturation, the point at which ‘additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes’ [26], was reached and recruitment was ceased.”
MethodAli, S. H., Merdjanoff, A. A., Parekh, N., & DiClemente, R. J. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211058161 · Cited by 15
“…hold implications for identifying qualitative data saturation; in other words, when the full range of salient themes or constructs in qualitative data are represented in a way that further data does not provide any substantively new insights (Given, 2015; Saunders et al., 2018; Urquhart, 2012).”
BackgroundCoutts, K. A., & Solomon, M. (2020) · South African Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.4102/sajcd.v67i1.777 · Cited by 15
“Confirmability The research supervisor assisted with the data analysis and interpretation of the findings (Given, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodLivingstone, A., Milne, D., Dempsey, K., Muscat, D. M., Menzies, A. M., Howard, K., Stockler, M. R., & Morton, R. L. (2021) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-021-00507-1 · Cited by 15
Galié, A., Njiru, N., Heckert, J., Myers, E. C., & Alonso, S. (2022) · Gender Technology and Development · doi:10.1080/09718524.2022.2084491 · Cited by 14
“Saturation is reached when new incoming data produces little or no new information to address the research question (Given, 2016).”
BackgroundVisual Instruction to Enhance Teaching of Technical Subject to Design Students
Lau, S., Joshi, N., & Pang, M. F. (2021) · International Journal of Art & Design Education · doi:10.1111/jade.12343 · Cited by 18
Chu, D., Lessard, D., Laymouna, M. A., Engler, K., Schuster, T., Ma, Y., Kronfli, N., Routy, J., Hijal, T., Lacombe, K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12020314 · Cited by 14
“The FGD with three HCPs was limited in size, thus, limiting the group’s perspectives and experiences; however, this study aimed to mitigate this through a relatively large number of ten focus groups to achieve thematic saturation [39].”
BackgroundOptimising electronic prescribing in hospitals: a scoping review protocol
Williams, J. R., Bates, D. W., & Sheikh, A. (2020) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2019-100117 · Cited by 14
“18 This approach of inductive thematic saturation 17 will allow the scoping review to succinctly map the emerging themes in this diverse field of literature.”
BackgroundHow to deal with negative preferences in recommender systems: a theoretical framework
Cena, F., Console, L., & Vernero, F. (2022) · Journal of Intelligent Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10844-022-00705-9 · Cited by 14
“org/ 5Saturation can be defined as the point at which “additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes” (Given, 2015) and is therefore used as a guidance for data collection/analysis in qualitative research 42 Journal of Intelligent Information Systems (2023) 60:23–47”
MethodWard, M. J., Vogus, T. J., Bonnet, K. R., et al. (2020) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-020-00355-6 · Cited by 14
“We targeted an estimated 10–15 interviews per site in order to reach theoretical saturation, the point at which additional data do not identify new themes [13].”
BackgroundOostra, D. L., Vos, W. L., Rikkert, M. G. M. O., Nieuwboer, M. S., & Perry, M. (2023) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5869 · Cited by 13
“Data saturation was reached since the last three interviews did not reveal new themes.(33) Open coding was applied to the transcripts by two trained researchers (DO: MSc; WV: BSc).”
BackgroundGuo, M., Jia, X., & Wang, W. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01689-7 · Cited by 13
‘I'm not just a number on a sheet, I’m a person’: Domiciliary care, self and getting older
Hughes, S., & Burch, S. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12921 · Cited by 15
“Fictitious names were chosen, to give a sense of the persons in the experiences (Given, 2015).”
BackgroundUnderstanding how to reach the hard to reach in cancer rehabilitation
(2020) · Global Journal of Nursing · doi:10.28933/gjn-2020-10-3005 · Cited by 15
Collaborating with qualitative researchers to co‐design social‐ecological studies
Keith, R. J., Given, L. M., Martin, J. M., et al. (2022) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.13172 · Cited by 13
Self-citationWhat makes inauthenticity dangerous
Nair, B. B., Sinha, S., & Dileep, M. R. (2020) · Tourism · doi:10.37741/t.68.4.1 · Cited by 13
Astle, S. M., Duncan, J. C., Toews, M. L., Perez‐Brena, N. J., McAllister, P., Maddy, M. A., & Feinberg, M. E. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584211062116 · Cited by 13
Lin, C.-Y., Renwick, L., & Lovell, K. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.2022608 · Cited by 13
“Data saturation is recognised as the point at which no new codes or themes are identified with additional data (Given, 2016).”
BackgroundMentink, M. D. C., Noordman, J., Busch, M., van Vliet, L., Timmer-Bonte, J. N. H., & van Dulmen, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053005 · Cited by 12
A Descriptive Model of Voyeuristic Behavior
Lister, V., & Gannon, T. A. (2023) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632231168072 · Cited by 11
Adjuvant immunotherapy recommendations for stage III melanoma: physician and nurse interviews
Livingstone, A., Dempsey, K., Stockler, M. R., Howard, K., Long, G. V., Carlino, M. S., Menzies, A. M., & Morton, R. L. (2021) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-021-08752-1 · Cited by 13
“This is me”: The transition of coming-out for gay men through an occupational perspective
Lukaš, M., Forsyth, L., Bunting, K., & Forwell, S. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2021.1981986 · Cited by 10
“Saturation is considered “the point at which additional data does not lead to any new emergent themes” (Given, 2016, p. 135).”
BackgroundSpeck, R. M., Lenderking, W. R., & Shaw, J. W. (2018) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-018-0063-4 · Cited by 11
“Saturation is said to occur when no new information is gained during several sequential interviews [18, 19].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Given, L. M.
- Corresponding author
- Given, Lisa M.
- ORCID
- Given, Lisa M.
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc
- Published
- 2016
- OpenAlex
- W2747973994
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 41.13
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Keywords
- qualitative research, research design, research ethics approval, evidence-based practice implementation, comprehensive exam, graduate student training
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