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100 Questions (and Answers) About Qualitative Research
Open accessAbstract
100 Questions (and Answers) About Qualitative Research, by Lisa M. Given, addresses the practical decisions that researchers must make in their work, from the design of the study, through ethics approval, implementation, and writing. The book’s quick-scan, question-and-answer format make it ideal as a supplementary text or as a ready reference for graduate students preparing for comprehensive exams and writing research proposals, undergraduates in affiliated programs who will not be taking a primary course in qualitative research methods, and researchers working across disciplines in academic or practice environments.
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“We found saturation being the point at which 'additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes' [36].”
From “It’s Weird That it Knows What I Want”: Usability and Interactions with Copilot for Novice Programmers (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Preliminary data analysis was performed concurrently with data collection, allowing us to determine when saturation, the point at which ‘additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes’ [26], was reached and recruitment was ceased.”
From Young People’s Barriers and Facilitators of Engagement with Web-Based Mental Health Interventions for Anxiety and Depression: A Qualitative Study (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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Items 201–300 of 310
Sehgal, A., Scott, S., Murry, A. T., Henderson, R., Barnabe, C. C. M., & Crowshoe, L. L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073184 · Cited by 2
Liboro, R. M. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11080391 · Cited by 2
“By the ninth interview, the study reached the point at which no new information and themes were emerging from the data—the position of non-emergence of new codes and themes (Birks and Mills 2015; Guest et al. 2006; Given 2016; Olshansky 2015; Urquhart 2013).”
BackgroundUsman, B., & Hashim, S. (2020) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i6/7276 · Cited by 2
“Hence data was saturated at the total of 10th interviews were carried out to compliment the need of present research exercise as suggested by Given (2016) as saturation point.”
Mulatiningsih, B. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.112768 · Cited by 2
Zimunya, S. (2020) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 2
Usman, B., Hashim, S., Lamptey, J., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i6/7369 · Cited by 1
“Hence data was saturated at the total of 10th interviews were carried out to compliment the need of present research exercise as suggested by Given (2016) as saturation point.”
Çekiç, A. (2022) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.1045468 · Cited by 1
“Besides, the qualitative data from one open-ended question in the scale was submitted to sentimental analysis as there was only one question, which yielded limited qualitative data (Given, 2016, p. 13).”
MethodLingfang, S. O. N. G. (2023) · Management international · doi:10.59876/a-1kmt-fh7w · Cited by 1
Discourse Management and Communicative Competence in Preparing English Language Examination
Wong, C. I., & Li, Y. (2024) · Open Journal of Modern Linguistics · doi:10.4236/ojml.2024.144038 · Cited by 1
Goldberg, D. G., Soylu, T. G., Hoffman, C. F., Kishton, R. E., & Cronholm, P. F. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251334043 · Cited by 1
“29”
Maguvhe, M. O., & Mpya, N. G. (2025) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v45n2a2449 · Cited by 1
“Given (2016) defines dependability as the degree to which research findings are repeatable when research is conducted with the same participants or in similar settings.”
Managerial approaches to mitigate police professionals’ online harms in the United Kingdom
Wong, Y. N., Horgan, S., & Aston, E. (2025) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2025.2522835 · Cited by 1
“Given (2016, p. 135) defines saturation as the point at which ‘additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes’.”
Generative AI in Foreign Language Inquiry-Based Learning: A Qualitative Study of Student Experiences
Chen, M. (2025) · International Conference on Digital Society and Artificial Intelligence (DSAI) · doi:10.1145/3748825.3748851 · Cited by 2
“During the coding process, a constant comparative method and iterative analysis was employed to monitor for theme saturation, following principles described by Urquhart and Given [20] [21].”
Producer perspectives on the constraints to aquaculture development in the US Great Lakes region
Hartenstine, H., & Carlton, J. S. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0340682 · Cited by 2
“Saturation is reached when additional interviews are not producing any new emergent themes ([30]: p. 135).”
Taylor-Phillips, F., O’Cathain, A., Connell, J., Price, M. L., Brooke, C., Jha, S., Doumouchtsis, S. K., Gray, T. G., Radley, S. C., Fisher, V., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2026.1643835 · Cited by 1
“This continued until data saturation, i.e., “the point at which additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes” was reached (35).”
Information Behavior: An Introduction
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016001 · Cited by 1
Anokye, R., Radavelli‐Bagatini, S., Bondonno, C. P., Sim, M., Blekkenhorst, L. C., Connolly, E. L., Bondonno, N. P., Schousboe, J. T., Woodman, R. J., Zhu, K., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036395 · Cited by 1
GENERATION Z AND SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION: MOTIVATORS TO PURCHASE BEAUTY AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS
Sertori, B. R. P., Bagatini, F. Z., & Perin, M. G. (2023) · Revista Gestão e Desenvolvimento · doi:10.25112/rgd.v20i1.3147 · Cited by 3
Lost in the pandemic: COVID‐19's impact on health professions educators
Newman, L. R., Nagler, A., Rudd, M. J., Blanchard, R. D., Whicker, S. A., Winn, A. S., Cohen, A., Parry, G. J., Leichtner, A. M., & Kesselheim, J. C. (2024) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.13764 · Cited by 1
“21 Consensus on codes and themes was achieved through repeated open-ended response analyses, discussion and comparison of findings.”
Liu, Y., Wang, X., Fang, J., Zhou, W., & Luo, D. (2024) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-024-00370-1 · Cited by 1
“Following the principle of information saturation in qualitative research [17], this study achieved saturation after recruiting 13 health professionals for interviews.”
MethodMcCabe, J., & Hagan, H. (2024) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2024.2396094 · Cited by 1
“Data saturation is known to have been reached when additional interviews produce repeated codes in the data instead of new codes (Given, 2016; Saunders et al., 2018).”
Selvakumar, P., & Manjunath, T. C. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9511-0.ch012 · Cited by 1
Carvalho, L. P., Oliveira, J., & Santoro, F. M. (2025) · doi:10.5753/sbsi_estendido.2025.246761 · Cited by 1
Information Needs, Motivations, and Use
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016005 · Cited by 1
Economic Development on U.S. Native American Reservations: A Case Study of the Tribes of Florida
Benitez, D. (2018) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc006997 · Cited by 1
“…research methods are often used in exploratory research, when there is a desire to decide the why of a dilemma where a researcher seeks in-depth understanding about a topic, providing “a window into understanding why people do what they do and think what they think” (Given, 2016, p. 20).”
MethodZschomler, D. (2018) · Goldsmiths (University of London) · doi:10.25602/gold.00025976 · Cited by 1
Transcultural Competence as Transformative Learning for Building an Inclusive Society
Jurkova, S. (2019) · doi:10.11575/prism/36912 · Cited by 1
Yu, S. V. (2019) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5dcd1f8842cd5 · Cited by 1
Maseko, G. J. (2018) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 1
Barker, R. (2020) · Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) · Cited by 1
Breckons, M., Thorne, S., Walsh, R. B., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.21254661 · Cited by 1
Sherriff, S., Kalucy, D., Tong, A., Naqvi, N., Nixon, J., Eades, S., Ingram, T., Slater, K., Dickson, M., Lee, A., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-463149/v1 · Cited by 1
Mpya, N. G. (2021) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 1
The Complex Nature of Information Behavior
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016002
Research by Roles and Contexts
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016010
Metatheories, Theories, and Paradigms
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016008
The History and Focus of Information Behavior Research
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016003
Research Design, Methodology, and Methods
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016009
Reviewing, Critiquing, Concluding
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016011
Public Information Advertisements: Māori Perspectives
Elers, S. (2016) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
Everett-Haynes, L. M. (2016) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Woods, J. (2017) · Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)
Connectivity and Empowerment: A Case Study of Cell Phone Technology in Rural Congo
Cibangu, S. K. (2017) · Library trends · doi:10.1353/lib.2017.0032
“As a social science, library and information science [LIS] literature (Case & Given, 2016; Bawden and Robinson 2012; Hjørland 2014) overlaps with a number of information-related disciplines and/or social science disciplines in which cell phones and their potentials for empowerment or connectivity…”
BackgroundAN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Brown, A. D. (2019) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/557
Supporting Causes: Non-Profit Sponsorship of Gay Games IX
Hack, D. (2019) · International Journal of Business and Social Science · doi:10.30845/ijbss.v10n5p1
Hollanti, L. (2019) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Emonson, R. M. (2019) · ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) · doi:10.25903/5e30bbf0f1658
“Given the varying needs of parents, Marcy (2001) suggests that ‘adult learners have differing ways of gathering, processing, interpreting, organising and thinking”
BackgroundHafoka, M. (2019) · Research Exchange (Washington State University)
Bott, A. (2020) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2020.93
Career decision making of grade 12 learners at a rural high school in Limpopo : an exploratory study
Rasemane, T. G. (2017) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
Ziaee, M. (2019) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)
Li, G., Suwannaset, W., & Charoenarpornwattana, P. (2020) · HRD Journal
Ismaila, Y., Bayes, S. J., & Geraghty, S. (2021) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100374
“This is similar to triangulation (Given 2015).”
BackgroundChiappetta, M. (2020) · YorkSpace (York University)
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016032
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016013
Posters and Development: A Case Study of Cell Phone Posters in the Rural Congo
Cibangu, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Social and Development Sciences · doi:10.22610/jsds.v12i4(s).3241
Positive and Negative Emotions of Emirati Student-Teachers During an EFL Practicum
Assali, M. A., & Troudi, S. (2022) · English language teaching · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8888-1_15
Given, L. M. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102220-7.00031-5
Self-citationAdjuvant Immunotherapy Recommendations For Stage III Melanoma: Physician And Nurse Interviews.Preprint
Livingstone, A., Dempsey, K., Stockler, M. R., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-514816/v1
(2016) · Studies in information · doi:10.1108/s2055-53772016006
Teaching and Assessing for Information Literacy Learning: A United Arab Emirates Case Study
Ross, J. A. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.132446
AL-AJMI, H. B. H., & AL-MAAMARI, S. N. (2022) · RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.47832/2717-8293.20.8
Placed-Based Experiences of the Young Adult Inmates in Nsukka Correctional Centre
Elufidipe-Olumide, H. A., Ofuebe, J. I., & Dike, F. O. (2023) · British Journal of Education Learning and Development Psychology · doi:10.52589/bjeldp-ajfgijix
Policy Implementation of Credit Management at Selected South African Universities of Technology
Oberholzer, M., Maseko, G. J., & Middelberg, S. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9479-1_7
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.003.0002
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.002.0004
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.003.0005
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.003.0004
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.005.0001
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.003.0003
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.003.0001
Cohen, M. S., & Hopkinson, K. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634202.003.0006
The Perceived Impact of the Intergenerational Component of an Ageing Well Program
van der Veen, R. J., Robson, K., & Curtin, M. (2023) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2023.2272812
“Qualitative research explores the experiences, perceptions, behaviors and beliefs of an individual (Given, 2016).”
Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion Initiatives in Graduate Engineering: A UK based case study
Bartram, F., Wint, N., & Rea, D. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--44662
Hollestelle, M. J., van der Graaf, R., Sturkenboom, M., et al. (2024) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/47092
“Thematic saturation was reached when additional data did not lead to any new emergent themes after 14 interviews [23].”
BackgroundNegotiating Public Land Rights in Rural China: Insights into Conflict Resolution
Wang, X., Yusof, N. A. M., & Salleh, S. H. (2024) · Public Administration Research · doi:10.5539/par.v13n1p42 · Cited by 1
“Since coding underpins the emergence of themes, some scholars have suggested that saturation is achieved when new data no longer contribute to the evolution of new themes (Birks & Mills, 2015; Given, 2015; Olshansky & de Chesnay, 2014; Urquhart, 2013).”
BackgroundEquity and social vulnerability in earthquake and wildfire mitigation policy
Saiyed, Z. N. (2023) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20623246
Stock Inhalers: A Qualitative Data Analysis of Illinois Health Policy Trials and Triumphs
Wrona, J., Hardy, P., Youssef, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13500
Cattlin, J. (2024) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1044
“An exploratory approach supports a wide-ranging and inductive exploration of a phenomenon that is still emerging, is not well documented, and varies across institutional contexts (Given, 2016; Stebbins, 2001).”
Lewis, C., Johnson, S. J., Mann, C., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20320-3
“Interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached and new themes were no longer being generated by the interviews [22].”
BackgroundNvivo as a Handy Tool in Qualitative Meta-Synthesis Studies in L2 Research
Bakla, A. (2024) · Journal of Language Research · doi:10.51726/jlr.1524329
Challenges and Resistance: Computing and Research Ethics Committees in Brazil
Carvalho, L. P., Oliveira, J., & Santoro, F. M. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05008-3_35
Leshargie, C. T., Demant, D., Burrowes, S., Alamirew, N. M., & Frawley, J. (2025) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2025.2571620
“An iterative approach was used for data collection and preliminary analysis, and recruitment proceeded until thematic saturation was achieved, defined as the point at which no novel themes or insights emerged, and interview data became redundant (Given, 2015; Saunders et al., 2018).”
Gbadago, F. Y. (2025) · Strategy and Leadership · doi:10.1108/sl-07-2025-0201 · Cited by 1
Carvalho, L. P., Oliveira, J., & Santoro, F. M. (2025) · doi:10.5753/ihc.2025.10953
Whish‐Wilson, G. A., Edbrooke, L., Krishnasamy, M., Visentin, E., Kinnersly, E. G., Mitchell, R., Granger, C. L., & Parry, S. M. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-10091-x
“Data collection occurred until saturation, defined a priori as the point where additional data did not lead to the development of new themes (File S1) [15, 20].”
Wong, Y. N., Aston, L., & Horgan, S. (2026) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2025.2606888
Legitimacy of life cycle assessment for sustainable communities
Grimal, L., Loreto, I. D., & Troussier, N. (2026) · Cleaner Production Letters · doi:10.1016/j.clpl.2026.100131
“…2020), progressing through familiarization, coding, theme development, refinement, and final definition of themes (and we stopped when no new theme were found, which corresponds to (Given, 2015)'s definition of theoretical saturation: “ additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes ” ).”
A qualitative examination of career adaptation of LGBT+ individuals
Çohadar, E., & Özdemir, N. K. (2026) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-025-09788-6
Japanese Use in English Language Classrooms for Young Learners
Harris, A. D. (2026) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2026.142020
Panattoni, N., Manzon, G., Campoli, A., Anselmi, V., Laurenza, F., Giammaria, C., Leo, A. D., Spano, A., Petrone, F., Simone, E. D., et al. (2026) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol33050270
“Data collection continued until data saturation was reached [26], meaning that no new relevant information or themes emerged from subsequent interviews, in accordance with Guest, Namey, and Chen’s operational definition [26,27].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Given, L. M.
- Corresponding author
- Given, Lisa M.
- ORCID
- Given, Lisa M.
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc
- Published
- 2016
- OpenAlex
- W2747973994
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 41.13
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Keywords
- qualitative research, research design, research ethics approval, evidence-based practice implementation, comprehensive exam, graduate student training
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