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Qualitative Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy
Abstract
Qualitative Inquiry and the Reconstruction of Counselling and Psychotherapy The Relevance and Contribution of Hermeneutics The Phenomenological Approach Hermeneutics and Phenomenology The Core of Qualitative Method Ethnographic Approaches to Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy Using Grounded Theory The Analysis of Conversation, Discourse and Narrative Qualitative Inquiry as Bricolage How to Do Qualitative Research The Role of Qualitative Research Methods in Outcome Research Critical Issues in the Use of Qualitative Inquiry
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“An important strength is that we used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in order to examine the phenomenon of remission and the perceived reasons for positive and negative outcome [46].”
From Helpful and hindering factors for remission in dysthymia and panic disorder at 9-year follow-up: A mixed methods study (2008) · cites this paper as [46]
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Possibilities and limits of cross-disciplinary supervision:An exploratory study
Crocket, K., Cahill, F., Flanagan, P., et al. (2010) · Cited by 3
La ricerca qualitativa in psicoterapia. Controversie, applicazioni e criteri di qualità
Blasi, S. (2010) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2010.9 · Cited by 3
Westwood, J. (2013) · Goldsmiths (University of London) · Cited by 3
Expansive Visibilization to Stimulate EFL Teacher Reflection
Ito, R. (2012) · TESL Canada Journal · doi:10.18806/tesl.v29i2.1101 · Cited by 3
WHEN THE BODY SPEAKS: TUMMY RUMBLINGS IN THE THERAPEUTIC ENCOUNTER
King, A. E. V. (2011) · British Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0118.2011.01233.x · Cited by 3
The fears of the counsellors: A qualitative study
Smith, M. D. P. (2003) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/0306988031000102388 · Cited by 3
Self-descriptions of socially phobic persons in short-term group psychotherapy
Penttinen, H., Wahlström, J., & Kuusinen, K. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2013.765133 · Cited by 3
“We analysed the data qualitatively, using a generic datadriven approach (cf. McLeod, 2001), aiming to identify, describe and classify the self-descriptions given by the client participants in the therapy sessions in question, and to find possible subgroups among those participants.”
MethodHow do counsellors make client assessments?
Milner, J., & O’Byrne, P. (2003) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140312331384512 · Cited by 3
Service users’ perceptions of shared agency in mental health services
Romakkaniemi, M., & Järvikoski, A. (2012) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2012.733556 · Cited by 3
“In the relationships between professionals and service users there is always an imbalance of power, which is related to expertise or control of service allocation (Masterson & Owen, 2006; McLeod, 2006, p. 18).”
BackgroundFrom the Didactic to the Dialectic—Intercultural Exchanges in Contemporary Counsellor Education
Moir-Bussy, A., & Sun, C. T.-L. (2008) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-008-9058-9 · Cited by 4
What Do We Mean When We Use The Word ‘Research’?
du Plock, S. (2004) · Existential Analysis Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis · doi:10.65828/95qfvp96 · Cited by 3
Narrative change in Gloria Films : Comparing various processes of therapeutic innovation
Barbosa, E., Cunha, C. A. C., Santos, A., et al. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1072286 · Cited by 3
“Thematic analysis is a way to perform grounded theory approach to qualitative research, which can be applied to counseling and psychotherapy studies (McLeod, 2011; Meier, Boivin, & Meier, 2006, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodRober, P., & Borcsa, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23306-2_1 · Cited by 3
Sundet, R. (2016) · Fokus på familien · doi:10.18261/issn.0807-7487-2016-02-03 · Cited by 3
Qualitative perspectives on a family group intervention program for improving physical wellness
Linville, D. C., Savercool, V., Barrera, S., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/08975353.2018.1440098 · Cited by 3
“Given that our primary aim was to understand the socially constructed experiences of participants, qualitative methods were the most appropriate for our data collection and analyses (McLoud, 2011).”
MethodSigad, L. I., & Nour, M. (2018) · Identities · doi:10.1080/1070289x.2017.1406189 · Cited by 3
“In the third stage, the similar units of meaning were clustered together by comparing them and synthesising them into themes that constitute the study findings (McLeod 2011).”
BackgroundBloch‐Elkouby, S., Eubanks, C. F., Knopf, L., Gorman, B. S., & Muran, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01180 · Cited by 3
The Use of Technology by Gold Coast Legal Practitioners
Jones, L. J., & Pearson, A. (2020) · Law Technology and Humans · doi:10.5204/lthj.v2i1.1304 · Cited by 3
Spontaneous clarity - a new reality dawns: Psychotherapists’ lived experience of epiphany moments
McGovern, M. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.24377/ejqrp.article3068 · Cited by 3
Dirham, U. R. (2022) · Scope Journal of English Language Teaching · doi:10.30998/scope.v7i1.12992 · Cited by 3
Dynamic accountability in clinical training and supervision: Three orienting ideals
Gaete, J., Strong, T., & Amundson, J. K. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2017.1313882 · Cited by 3
“In order to improve the validity of our interpretation (i.e. the adequacy and persuasiveness of the data; Polkinghorne, 2007), several sources of feedback were integrated (i.e. triangulation; McLeod, 2001).”
BackgroundDuero, D. G., & Villegas, F. J. O. (2018) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2018.309 · Cited by 3
“…a new understanding of the way in which language constructs personal realities, assuming that subjects make sense of and communicate their experiences in the form of stories; on the other hand, the stories told by clients in this context may be considered a primary source of data (McLeod, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodPerceived Racism and Discrimination Among People of Color: An Ethnographic Content Analysis
Evans, A. M., Hemmings, C., Ramsay‐Seaner, K., & Barnett, J. (2021) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12221 · Cited by 3
Looking for a subject : art therapy and assessment in autism
Tipple, R. (2011) · Goldsmiths Research Online · Cited by 3
How Do Young Adult Children Deal with Parental Divorce?
Scabini, E., & Cigoli, V. (2004) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1300/j085v15n01_16 · Cited by 4
“The interviews were analysed through the software Atlas.ti in its most recent version, proceeding according to the methodology typical of “grounded theory” (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000; McLeod, 2000; Strauss & Corbin, 1990).”
MethodSolli, H. P. (2014) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 3
Relating to LGB research: A journey from marriage guidance
Evans, M. A. (2004) · Lesbian & gay psychology review · doi:10.53841/bpslg.2004.5.2.67 · Cited by 3
Ebrahim, T. (2010) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 3
Al-Roubaiy, N. S. (2014) · Figshare · Cited by 3
Duero, D. G., Osorio, F., Córdoba, M. C., & Grané, M. D. C. G. (2021) · Psykhe (Santiago) · doi:10.7764/psykhe.2018.22229 · Cited by 2
Fernández‐Navarro, P., da Silva, J. R., & Batista, J. (2023) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2023.2248531 · Cited by 2
“Several authors (e.g., Binder et al., 2012; Finlay & Evans, 2009; McLeod, 2011), present reflexivity as an important exercise to increase the rigor and validity of a study.”
BackgroundGryesten, J. R., Moltu, C., Poulsen, S., Biering, E. B., Møller, K. A., Dichmann, K., & Arnfred, S. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2462146 · Cited by 2
“Qualitative approaches make substantial contributions to psychotherapy research, in particular in areas that need novel understanding and exploratory approaches (Levitt, 2015; McLeod, 2011).”
Abrams, J. A., Pollock, A., Tillett, E., et al. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03133-2 · Cited by 2
“This approach is useful for summarizing, analyzing, and reporting themes from qualitative data (Braun & Clarke, 2006; McLeod, 2001).”
Professional development of creative arts therapists: Foundations, experiences and paths
Machorrinho, J., Prado, L., & Santos, G. (2025) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2025.102358 · Cited by 2
Finding my voice: Telling stories with heuristic self-search inquiry
Nicholl, E., Loewenthal, D., & Davies, J. (2020) · Critical Existential-Analytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/13642537.2020.1766528 · Cited by 3
“Yet, McLeod (2001) has argued that research can be valuable for talking therapists in that it generates ‘new understandings of the therapeutic process, and [enables] the experience of different participants in therapy, particularly clients, to be heard’ (McLeod, 2001, p. viii).”
BackgroundInfluentialAcculturation Challenges Faced by Malaysian Muslim Students Studying Abroad
Akhwan, S. N. A., Kari, D. N. P. M., Amat, S., et al. (2021) · Pertanika journal of science & technology · doi:10.47836/pjssh.29.s1.18 · Cited by 2
“The researchers used the interview protocol as a guideline throughout the interview process and included probe questions during the interviews to strengthen their understanding of the phenomenon being investigated (Frost, 2011; McLeod, 2001; Seidman, 2006).”
MethodDecelis, K., & Falzon, R. V. (2021) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12413 · Cited by 2
Bhebhe, S. (2022) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.2.0436 · Cited by 2
“From the situated learning theory, behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning [34].”
BackgroundGuo, R., Zhang, Y., Zemmelman, S. E., & Li, X. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12750 · Cited by 3
Naughton, T. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2023.2175889 · Cited by 2
“An important element of IPA is the practice of bracketing off the researcher’s own feelings and experiences (McLeod, 2011) and this assists in addressing preunderstandings.”
Background1. Velferdsstatens kommunalisme
Vike, H. (2022) · Fagbokforlaget eBooks · doi:10.55669/oa200901 · Cited by 2
Eyer, J. C., Won, C. R., Sawyer, M., Luo, Y., Wang, K., Chipalo, E., Thomas-Leblanc, G., & Lee, H. Y. (2023) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5915 · Cited by 3
Loewenthal, D., & Altson, C. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2023.2277430 · Cited by 1
Cavic, E., Cullen, A., Sims, G. M., & Breslow, A. S. (2025) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399251331948 · Cited by 2
“Building upon this framework, we analyzed data using hermeneutic phenomenological analysis, gaining insight into the specific thoughts of experiences of an individual and subsequently using interpretation to uncover broader themes (McLeod, 2001; Plager, 2010; Suddick et al., 2020).”
Tafatolu (three-sides): A Samoan research methodological framework
Pala'amo, A. F. (2019) · Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work · doi:10.11157/anzswj-vol30iss4id608 · Cited by 2
“McLeod (2001) describes qualitative research in the following way: Qualitative research is a process of careful, rigorous inquiry into aspects of the social world.”
BackgroundGuideline-based programs in the treatment of complex PTSD
Connor, P. (2005) · Cited by 2
Zulu, S. (2016) · Business & Social Sciences Journal (BSSJ) · doi:10.26831/bssj.2016.1.1.91-106 · Cited by 2
Development through interruptions and reparations – A case study of a dual challenging psychotherapy
Råbu, M., Hytten, K., Haavind, H., & Binder, P. (2010) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2010.530080 · Cited by 2
Wilson, J., Gabriel, L., & James, H. (2014) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2014.936823 · Cited by 2
“Methodologies of grief counselling research Meanwhile, the authors would argue that the wider field of qualitative counselling research, has tended to move away from positivism and towards new, more relativist methodologies (Etherington, 2004; McLeod, 2011; Polkinghorne, 1991).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Stressful Life Events on Highly Religious Chinese Christians Living in Belgium
Wang, H., Rober, P., Dillen, A., & Enzlin, P. (2014) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9832-4 · Cited by 2
Organisational impact of a forensic education programme
Walker, H., Young, J., Langton, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-09-2012-0020 · Cited by 2
Kelly, M., & Galvin, K. (2010) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.5042/jmhtep.2010.0687 · Cited by 2
Enosh, G., Buchbinder, E., & Shafir, O. (2013) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x13492404 · Cited by 2
Mundy, T. (2013) · Griffith Law Review · doi:10.1080/10383441.2013.10854784 · Cited by 2
“59 McLeod (2011), p 133. the option of choosing the time and location of the interview.”
BackgroundModel Kontrak Belajar Bermuatan Nilai Sosial-Budaya dalam Bimbingan Akademik Mahasiswa
At, A. M. (2010) · Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran (JPP) · Cited by 2
Johnson, K. F. (2013) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.2753/imh0020-7411420207 · Cited by 2
Familiemoord gepleeg deur kinders: 'n Gevallestudie
Moen, M. C., & Bezuidenhout, C. (2017) · Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe · doi:10.17159/2224-7912/2017/v57n4a8 · Cited by 2
Sarı, S. (2019) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.495378 · Cited by 2
The therapeutic use of metaphor : a heuristic study
Lloyd, J. (2015) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 2
Novice therapist, the client and therapy: Integrating the triad
Bhandari, A., & Sriram, S. (2022) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12548 · Cited by 2
Androutsopoulou, A., Kalyvopoulos, I., Koukidis, E., et al. (2021) · Narrative Inquiry · doi:10.1075/ni.20134.and · Cited by 2
Wolters, M. G. (2008) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2008.9688464 · Cited by 2
As associações de doenças raras em Portugal: Uma fonte importante de apoio psicossocial
Costa, C., Alonso, I. D. C. M. P., Sequeiros, J., & Paneque, M. (2022) · Psicologia · doi:10.17575/psicologia.1803 · Cited by 2
4. Kan folkehelsearbeidet bidra til en styrking av velferdsstaten?
Fosse, E., & Torp, S. (2022) · Fagbokforlaget eBooks · doi:10.55669/oa200904 · Cited by 2
Edginton, E. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/0075417x.2024.2302136 · Cited by 2
“Midgley’s (2004) contribution helpfully expands the debate, drawing on McLeod (2001) to outline three main stages in the historical development of psychotherapy research: the formative period, where the main approach was the single case study; the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, the era of…”
BackgroundFactors Affecting Utilization of Employee Assistance Program: A Case Study of ABSA Bank Zambia
Katema, R., & Hapunda, G. (2024) · African Journal of Commercial Studies · doi:10.59413/ajocs/v4.i4.3 · Cited by 2
“These programs are designed to enhance the physical and mental well-being of employees, boost their job satisfaction, and lower turnover rates and absenteeism (Mcleod, 2001).”
BackgroundO'Neill, M. F., & Borland, D. (2018) · International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice · doi:10.29044/v9i1p23 · Cited by 2
Exploring Terror Victims' Expectations of Government Communication
(2020) · International Journal of Media Journalism and Mass Communications · doi:10.20431/2454-9479.0604002 · Cited by 2
Kivimäki, H., & Kämäräinen, H.-L. (2003) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 2
Hurley, J. (2026) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · doi:10.26192/9z79y · Cited by 2
GAY MEN AT MIDLIFE AND ADULT LEARNING: AN UNEASY TRUCE WITH HETERONORMATIVITY
Bettinger, T. V. (2007) · New Prairie Press (Kansas State University) · Cited by 2
Kennedy, V. L. (2013) · ChesterRep (University of Chester) · Cited by 2
Dunn, E. I. (2014) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3gt1v · Cited by 3
Towards an understanding of the measurement of individual progression in adult guidance
Hearne, L. (2009) · SETU Waterford Libraries - Open Access Repository · doi:10.34961/5571 · Cited by 3
Exploring the lived experiences and meanings of the body during depression.
Sherry, A. (2009) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 2
Positions constructed in specialist health care for patients experiencing intimate partner violence
Koistinen, I. (2012) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 2
Christodoulidi, F. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 2
A Mixed Method Study of How Trainee Counsellors Change
Folkes-Skinner, J. (2012) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) · Cited by 2
Freemasonry : men’s lived experience of their membership of a male-only society
Brownrigg, S. D. (2005) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 2
Råbu, M. (2011) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 2
Rosenrot, S. A. (2015) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 2
Language learner cognition: Exploring adult migrants’ L2 activity beyond the classroom
Navarro, D. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17019329.v1 · Cited by 2
An Exploratory Study of Resilience in Refugee Post-Secondary Students
Wong, A. H. C. (2013) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3bz61h3g · Cited by 2
Stress, Coping, and Religiosity among Recent Syrian Refugees in Canada
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Courtney, G. (2019) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17136569.v1 · Cited by 3
“Grounded theory involves producing a plausible theory that is grounded in the data, rather than deductively applied to it (McLeod, 2001).”
BackgroundThe experience of transitioning from relapsing remitting to secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis
O’Loughlin, E. (2015) · Cited by 2
Weaver, N. (2019) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.53686 · Cited by 3
Wright, K. M. (2013) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 2
Transitions to fatherhood: a constructivist grounded theory study
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Vosloo, D. S. (2011) · Cited by 2
The Wand in the Well: A Tabletop Role-Playing Campaign in a Child Protection Context
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“Narrative analysis is a discursive approach to analysing data based on the idea that people make sense of and communicate their experience in the form of stories and storytelling (McLeod, 2001).”
BackgroundThe impact of career guidance on well-being outcomes
Robertson, P. J. (2026) · Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) · doi:10.17869/enu.183546 · Cited by 2
The effects of a hospital ward eating environment on patients' mealtime experience
Shepherd, P. A. (2011) · Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University) · Cited by 2
Narratives of depression in couple therapy
Rautiainen, E. (2003) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 2
An autoethnographic study into mindfulness meditation and the impact on psychotherapy training
Bartlett, C. (2015) · Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- McLeod, J.
- Corresponding author
- McLeod, John
- Venue
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications Ltd
- Published
- 2001
- OpenAlex
- W1505468096
- Cited by
- 1,166
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 50.20
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- qualitative research, counseling, psychotherapy, hermeneutics, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, conversation analysis, discourse analysis, narrative analysis, bricolage, outcomes research
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